ES EVM (ЕС ЭВМ, Единая система электронных вычислительных машин, meaning "Unified System of Electronic Computers") was a series of clones of IBM's System/360, System/370 and System/390 mainframes, released in the Comecon countries under the initiative of the Soviet Union since the 1960s. International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology The IBM System/360 ( S/360) is a Mainframe computer system family announced by IBM on April 7, 1964. The IBM System/370 (often S/370) was a model range of IBM mainframes announced on June 30, 1970 ESA/390 (Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 was introduced in September 1990 and is IBM 's last 31-bit -address/ 32-bit -data mainframe computing The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Production continued until 1998. The total number of ES EVM mainframes produced was more than 15,000.
In the period from 1986 to 1997, there were also produced a series of PC-compatible desktop computers, called ПЭВМ ЕС ЭВМ (Personal Computers of ES EVM series); the newer versions of these computers are still produced under a different name on a very limited scale in Minsk. Minsk (Мінск mʲinsk Минск mʲinsk is the Capital and largest city in Belarus, situated on the Svislach and Niamiha rivers
In 1966, the Soviet economists suggested creating a unified series of mutually compatible computers. Due to the success of the IBM System/360 in the USA, the economic planners decided to use the IBM design, although some prominent Soviet computer scientists had criticized the idea and suggested instead choosing one of the Soviet indigenous designs, such as БЭСМ or Minsk. This article is about the Soviet computer "BESM" redirects here Minsk family of mainframe computers was developed and produced in the Byelorussian SSR from 1959 to 1975. The first works on the cloning began in 1968; production started in 1972. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In addition, after 1968, other Comecon countries joined the project.
Contrary to the popular myth, the Soviet engineers did not "use the IBM technology, stolen by the KGB". During 1960s-1970s, several other companies, such as Amdahl, Siemens and Hitachi, had also cloned the IBM architecture without IBM's approval. Amdahl Corporation was founded by Dr Gene Amdahl, a former IBM employee in 1970 and specializes in IBM mainframe -compatible computer products () is a Multinational corporation specializing in high-technology and services headquartered in Marunouchi Itchome Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. With the exception of only a few hardware pieces, the ES machines were recognized in the Western countries as independently designed, based on legitimate Soviet patents [1]. Unlike the hardware, which was quite original, mostly created by reverse-engineering, much of the software was based on slightly modified and localized IBM code. Reverse engineering (RE is the process of discovering the technological principles of a device object or system through analysis of its structure function and operation In 1974-1976 IBM had contacted the Soviet authorities and expressed interest in ES EVM development; however, after the Soviet Army invaded Afghanistan, in 1979, all contacts between IBM and ES developers were interrupted, due to the US embargo on technological cooperation with the USSR.
Due to the CoCom's restrictions, much of the software localization was done through disassembling the IBM software, with some minimal modification. Cocom is a Cable modems company based in the United States. It was acquired by Cisco Systems on September 15 1999 A disassembler is a Computer program that translates Machine language into Assembly language —the inverse operation to that of an assembler. The most common operating system was ОС ЕС (OS ES), a modified version of OS/360; the later versions of ОС ЕС were very original and different from of the IBM OSes, but they also included a lot of original IBM code. An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination See also History of IBM mainframe operating systems OS/360, officially known as IBM System/360 Operating System, was a group of Batch processing There were even anecdotal rumors among the Soviet programmers, that this supposedly Soviet operating system contained some secret command, which outputs the American national anthem. " The Star-Spangled Banner " is the National anthem of the United States of America Today some of the Russian institutes that worked on ES EVM are cooperating with IBM to continue legacy support for both genuine IBM mainframes and the ES EVM systems. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology
The ES EVM were developed in Moscow, at the Scientific-Research Center for Electronic Computer Machinery (НИЦЭВТ), in Yerevan, and later in Minsk, Belarus, at the Scientific-Research Institute of Electronic Computer Machines (НИИ ЭВМ), and manufactured in Minsk, at Minsk Production Group for Computing Machinery (Минское производственное объединение вычислительной техники (МПО ВТ)). Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Yerevan (Երևան Երեւան or Երեվան ˌjɛrəˈvɑːn sometimes written as Erevan, Iravan, Erewan, Ayrivan, and Erivan Minsk (Мінск mʲinsk Минск mʲinsk is the Capital and largest city in Belarus, situated on the Svislach and Niamiha rivers Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Minsk (Мінск mʲinsk Минск mʲinsk is the Capital and largest city in Belarus, situated on the Svislach and Niamiha rivers Some models had been also produced in other countries of the Eastern bloc: Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania and the GDR; some peripheral devices were also produced in Cuba. During the Cold War, the term Communist Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it either controlled or that were The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la
The ES computers were produced in subseries, known as Ряд 1, Ряд 2, Ряд 3, Ряд 4 (Ryad means series).
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Hardware models and technical details
The first subseries (ЕС ЭВМ-1) of the ES EVM, released in 1969-1978, included the models 1010, 1020, 1030, 1040 and 1050, which were analogous to System/360 and operated at 10-450 kIPS, and the more rare and advanced versions, incompatible with the IBM versions: 1022, 1032, 1033 and 1052. The IBM System/360 ( S/360) is a Mainframe computer system family announced by IBM on April 7, 1964. Instructions per second (IPS is a measure of a Computer 's processor speed The electronics of the first models were based on TTL circuits; the later machines used ECL design. Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical Transistor–transistor logic ( TTL) is a class of Digital circuits built from Bipolar junction transistors (BJT and Resistors It is called In electronics emitter-coupled logic, or ECL, is a Logic family in which current is steered through bipolar transistors to implement Logic ES 1050 had up to 1M RAM and 64-bit floating point registers. '64-bit' CPUs have existed in Supercomputers since the 1960s and in RISC -based workstations and servers since the early 1990s. The fastest machine of the series, ES 1052, developed in 1978, operated at 700 kIPS.
The second subseries, released in 1977-1978, included the models 1015, 1025, 1035, 1045, 1055 and 1060, analogous to System/370 and operated at 33 kIPS - 1. The IBM System/370 (often S/370) was a model range of IBM mainframes announced on June 30, 1970 050 MIPS. Instructions per second (IPS is a measure of a Computer 's processor speed ES 1060 had up to 8M RAM.
The third subseries, released in 1984, were analogous to System/390, and included 1016, 1026, 1036, 1046 and 1066. ESA/390 (Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 was introduced in September 1990 and is IBM 's last 31-bit -address/ 32-bit -data mainframe computing ES 1066 had up to 16M RAM and operated at 5. 5 MIPS. The fourth subseries were also more or less similar to System/390 and included 1130, 1181 and 1220. ESA/390 (Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 was introduced in September 1990 and is IBM 's last 31-bit -address/ 32-bit -data mainframe computing The last machine in the series, ES 1220, released in 1995, supported a number of 64-bit CPU commands, 256M RAM and operated at 7 MIPS, but was not successful; only 20 such machines were ever produced, and in 1998 the whole production of ES mainframes was stopped.
Today, most ES machines have been taken apart or replaced by used IBM mainframes, though a few are still operating.
See also
Notes
External links
- (Russian) ES EVM in Russian Wikipedia
- (Russian) Historical Overview of the ES Computers
- (Russian) Operating Systems of ES EVM
- Pioneers of Soviet Computing
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