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ECMAScript
Paradigm multi-paradigm: prototype-oriented, functional, imperative, scripting
Appeared in 1997
Designed by Brendan Eich, Ecma International
Typing discipline duck, weak, dynamic
Dialects JavaScript, ActionScript, JScript, QtScript, JScript .NET, DMDScript, InScript
Influenced by Self, HyperTalk, AWK, C, Perl, Python, Java
ECMAScript
File name extension . A programming paradigm is a fundamental style of Computer programming. A multi-paradigm programming language is a Programming language that supports more than one Programming paradigm. Prototype-based programming is a style of Object-oriented programming in which classes are not present and behavior reuse (known as inheritance in class-based In Computer science, functional programming is a Programming paradigm that treats Computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and In Computer science, imperative programming is a Programming paradigm that describes computation in terms of statements that change a program state "Scripting" redirects here For other uses see Script. Brendan Eich (born 1961 is a Computer programmer and creator of the JavaScript Programming language. Ecma International (Ecma is an international private (membership-based non-profit Standards organization for information and communication systems In Computer science, a type system defines how a Programming language classifies values and expressions into '''types''', how it can In Computer programming, duck typing is a style of Dynamic typing in which an object's current set of methods and properties determines the valid In Computer science, weak typing (aka loose typing) is a property attributed to the Type systems of some Programming languages It is the opposite In Computer science, a type system defines how a Programming language classifies values and expressions into '''types''', how it can JavaScript is a Scripting language most often used for Client-side web development ActionScript is a scripting language based on ECMAScript. ActionScript is used primarily for the development of websites and software using the Adobe Flash Player JScript is the Microsoft dialect of the ECMAScript Scripting language specification JScript.NET is a.NET Programming language developed by Microsoft as a natural successor to Microsoft's Active Scripting language JScript InScript is a closed-source library providing an ECMAScript engine for ECMA-262 3ed written in C++ (and some Java classes for LiveConnect) Self is an object-oriented programming language based on the concept of prototypes. HyperTalk is a high-level Programming language created in 1987 by Dan Winkler and used in conjunction with Apple Computer 's HyperCard hypermedia AWK is a general purpose Programming language that is designed for processing text-based data either in files or data streams and was created at Bell Labs in the 1970s tags please moot on the talk page first! --> In Computing, C is a general-purpose cross-platform block structured NOTES FOR EDITORS "Perl" is not an acronym (read the "Name" section below Python is a general-purpose High-level programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes programmer productivity and code readability A filename extension is a suffix to the name of a Computer file applied to indicate the encoding convention ( File format) of its contents es
Internet media type application/ecmascript[1]

ECMAScript is a scripting language, standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification. An Internet media type, originally called a MIME type after MIME and sometimes a Content-type after the name of a header in several protocols whose value "Scripting" redirects here For other uses see Script. Ecma International (Ecma is an international private (membership-based non-profit Standards organization for information and communication systems The language is widely used on the web, and is often referred to as JavaScript or JScript, after the two primary dialects of the specification. The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. JavaScript is a Scripting language most often used for Client-side web development JScript is the Microsoft dialect of the ECMAScript Scripting language specification

Contents

History

JavaScript was originally developed by Brendan Eich of Netscape under the name Mocha, later LiveScript, and finally renamed to JavaScript. JavaScript is a Scripting language most often used for Client-side web development Brendan Eich (born 1961 is a Computer programmer and creator of the JavaScript Programming language. Netscape Communications (formerly known as Netscape Communications Corporation and commonly known as Netscape) is an American computer services company In December 1995 Sun Microsystems and Netscape announced JavaScript in a press release[2]. Sun Microsystems Inc ( is a multinational vendor of Computers computer components Computer software, and Information technology services In March 1996 Netscape Navigator 2. Netscape Navigator and Netscape are the names for the proprietary Web browser popular in the 1990s and the Flagship product of the Netscape 0 was out, featuring support for JavaScript.

Due to the wide-spread success of JavaScript as a client-side scripting language for web pages, Microsoft developed a compatible language known as JScript. Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer JScript added new date methods to fix the Y2K non-compliant methods in JavaScript, which were based on java.util.Date. The Year 2000 problem (also known as the Y2K problem, the millennium bug, the Y2K bug, or simply Y2K) was a notable Computer bug resulting JScript was included in Internet Explorer 3. Windows Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer abbreviated MSIE) commonly abbreviated to IE, is a series of graphical 0, released in August 1996.

Netscape submitted JavaScript to Ecma International for standardization; the work on the specification, ECMA-262, began in November 1996[3]. Ecma International (Ecma is an international private (membership-based non-profit Standards organization for information and communication systems The first edition of ECMA-262 was adopted by the ECMA General Assembly of June 1997[4].

ECMAScript is the name of the scripting language standardized in ECMA-262. Both JavaScript and JScript aim to be compatible with ECMAScript, while providing additional features not described in the ECMA specification.

The name "ECMAScript" was a compromise between the organizations involved in standardizing the language, especially Netscape and Microsoft. Brendan Eich, the creator of JavaScript, is on record as saying that "ECMAScript was always an unwanted trade name that sounds like a skin disease. "[5]

Versions

There are three editions of ECMA-262 published, and the work on the fourth edition is in progress.

Edition Date published Differences to the previous edition
1 June 1997 First edition, editor Guy L. Steele, Jr.
2 June 1998 Editorial changes to keep the specification fully aligned with ISO/IEC 16262 international standard; editor Mike Cowlishaw. Guy Lewis Steele Jr, (ˈstiːl as in steel) also known as "The Great Quux" and GLS (glis is an American Computer scientist Mike Cowlishaw is an IBM Fellow based at IBM UK’s Warwick location a Visiting Professor at the Department of Computer Science at the University of Warwick
3 December 1999 Added regular expressions, better string handling, new control statements, try/catch exception handling, tighter definition of errors, formatting for numeric output and other enhancements; editor Mike Cowlishaw. Mike Cowlishaw is an IBM Fellow based at IBM UK’s Warwick location a Visiting Professor at the Department of Computer Science at the University of Warwick
4 Work in progress Multiple new concepts and language features — see the section "Fourth edition" below

In June 2004 Ecma International published ECMA-357 standard, defining an extension to ECMAScript, known as E4X (ECMAScript for XML). ECMAScript for XML ( E4X) is a programming language extension that adds native XML support to ECMAScript (which includes ActionScript, DMDScript

ECMA also defined a "Compact Profile" for ECMAScript — known as ES-CP, or ECMA 327 — which is designed for resource-constrained devices. Several of the dynamic features of ECMAScript (such as the "eval" function) are made optional, thus allowing the runtime to make more assumptions about the behaviour of programs and therefore make more performance trade-offs when running the code. The HD DVD standard is one place where the ECMAScript Compact Profile is used in favour of full ECMAScript in order to reduce processing and memory requirements on a device. not insert the publicly disclosed HD DVD key into this article for the time being

Features

Further information: ECMAScript features

ECMAScript is dynamic and structured. JavaScript is a Scripting language most often used for Client-side web development This article is about a class of programming languages for the method for reducing the runtime of algorithms see Dynamic programming. Structured programming can be seen as a subset or subdiscipline of Procedural programming, one of the major Programming paradigms It is most famous for removing or

Syntax

Further information: ECMAScript syntax

Dialects

ECMAScript is supported in many applications, especially web browsers, where it is commonly called JavaScript. The Syntax of JavaScript is a set of rules that defines what constitutes a valid program in the Javascript language A web browser is a software application which enables a user to display and interact with text images videos music games and other information typically located on a Dialects typically include their own, different standard libraries, of which some are standardized separately — such as the W3C-specified DOM. A standard library for a Programming language is the library that is conventionally made available in every implementation of that language The Document Object Model ( DOM) is a platform- and language -independent standard Object model for representing HTML or XML and related Some implementations, such as ActionScript used in Flash, have a completely different set of libraries. This means that applications written in one dialect of ECMAScript will not likely work in another, unless they are designed to be compatible.

Application Dialect Latest dialect version Corresponding ECMAScript edition
Mozilla Firefox7, the Gecko layout engine, SpiderMonkey, and Rhino JavaScript 1. Gecko is a Layout engine currently developed by Mozilla Corporation, known as the layout engine of the Firefox web browser Mozilla Application Rhino is an Open source JavaScript engine. It is developed entirely in Java and managed by the Mozilla Foundation. JavaScript is a Scripting language most often used for Client-side web development 7 ECMA-262, edition 3 1
Internet Explorer JScript 5. Windows Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer abbreviated MSIE) commonly abbreviated to IE, is a series of graphical JScript is the Microsoft dialect of the ECMAScript Scripting language specification 7 ECMA-262, edition 3
Opera ECMAScript, with extensions to both JavaScript and JScript 1.3/1.5 ECMA-262, edition 3
KHTML layout engine, KDE's Konqueror, and Apple's Safari8 JavaScript 1. Opera is a Web browser and Internet suite developed by the Opera Software company JavaScript is a Scripting language most often used for Client-side web development JScript is the Microsoft dialect of the ECMAScript Scripting language specification KHTML is the HTML Layout engine developed by the KDE project It is the engine used by the Konqueror web browser Konqueror is a Web browser, File manager and File viewer designed as a core part of the K Desktop Environment. Safari is a Web browser developed by Apple Inc and included in Mac OS X. JavaScript is a Scripting language most often used for Client-side web development 5 6 ECMA-262
Microsoft .NET Framework JScript .NET 8. JScript.NET is a.NET Programming language developed by Microsoft as a natural successor to Microsoft's Active Scripting language JScript 0 ECMA-262, edition 3 2
Adobe Flash and Adobe Flex ActionScript 2

3

 ECMA-262, edition 3 3

ECMA-262, edition 4 4
Adobe Acrobat JavaScript 1. Adobe Flash (previously called Shockwave Flash and Macromedia Flash) is a set of Multimedia software created by Macromedia and currently Adobe Flex is a collection of technologies released by Adobe Systems for the development and deployment of cross platform Rich Internet applications based on the proprietary ActionScript is a scripting language based on ECMAScript. ActionScript is used primarily for the development of websites and software using the Adobe Flash Player Adobe Acrobat is a family of computer programs developed by Adobe Systems, designed to view create manipulate and manage files in Adobe's Portable Document JavaScript is a Scripting language most often used for Client-side web development 5 ECMA-262, edition 3
General purpose scripting language DMDScript 1. 06 ECMA-262
OpenLaszlo Platform JavaScript 1. OpenLaszlo is an Open source platform for the development and delivery of Rich Internet applications It is released under the Open Source Initiative -certified JavaScript is a Scripting language most often used for Client-side web development 4 ECMA-262, edition 3 5
CriScript, JScript for game platforms CriScript 0. 9. 0 ECMA-262, edition 3
iCab InScript 3. iCab is a Web browser for the Macintosh by Alexander Clauss derived from Crystal Atari Browser (CAB for Atari TOS compatible computers InScript is a closed-source library providing an ECMAScript engine for ECMA-262 3ed written in C++ (and some Java classes for LiveConnect) 22 ECMA-262, edition 3
Max/MSP JavaScript 1. Max is a graphical Development environment for Music and Multimedia developed and maintained by San Francisco -based software company Cycling JavaScript is a Scripting language most often used for Client-side web development 5 ECMA-262, edition 3
Samba 4 and embedded servers. Samba is a Free software re-implementation of SMB/CIFS networking protocol, originally developed by Australian Andrew Tridgell (ASCII only, no floats; removes: try catch throw break continue switch while do with === !== <<< >>>, prefix ++ --, regular expressions, array and object literals, Number, Date, Regex, various methods) Embedded JavaScript ? ECMA-262

Note (1): Gecko 1. 8. 1 has partial support of E4X (documentation) and a few other features (New in JavaScript 1.7). ECMAScript for XML ( E4X) is a programming language extension that adds native XML support to ECMAScript (which includes ActionScript, DMDScript

Note (2): Microsoft asserts that JScript 8. 0 supports "almost all of the features of the ECMAScript Edition 3 Language Specification" but does not list the unsupported features.

Note (3): In addition to supporting ECMA-262 edition 3, ActionScript 2 also included support of properties, methods, and mechanisms that were proposed in early draft specifications of as yet unseen versions of ECMAScript. It remains to be seen if ActionScript will stay in sync with future changes to the ECMAScript specifications.

Note (4): Adobe asserts it implements the preliminary edition 4 of ECMA-262 [6]

Note (5): As of version 4, OpenLaszlo implements standard ECMAScript edition 3 with some preliminary ECMAScript edition 4 extensions [7]

Note (6): The current WebKit binaries, as of April 2007, also implement at least part of the Javascript 1. WebKit is an Open source Application framework that provides a foundation upon which to build a Web browser. 6 extras

Note (7): The Mozilla implementations, (SpiderMonkey in the C programming language and Rhino in the Java programming language), are used in several third-party programs, including the Yahoo! Widget Engine (Konfabulator) and the Macintosh system-level scripting language JavaScript OSA. tags please moot on the talk page first! --> In Computing, C is a general-purpose cross-platform block structured Rhino is an Open source JavaScript engine. It is developed entirely in Java and managed by the Mozilla Foundation. In Computer programming, third party software component is a reusable Software component developed to be either freely distributed or sold by an entity other than Yahoo! Widgets is a free application platform for Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows. JavaScript OSA, (originally JavaScript for OSA, abbreviated as JSOSA) is a Freeware Inter-process communication Scripting language

Note (8): Apple's Safari uses JavaScriptCore which is based on the KDE KJS library. Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics Safari is a Web browser developed by Apple Inc and included in Mac OS X. WebKit is an Open source Application framework that provides a foundation upon which to build a Web browser. KDE ( K Desktop Environment) (ˌkeɪdiːˈiː is a Free software project which aims to be a powerful system for an easy-to-use Desktop environment. KJS is KDE 's ECMAScript / JavaScript engine that was originally developed for the KDE project's Konqueror web browser by Harri

Version correspondence

The following table is based on [1] and [2]; items on the same line are approximately the same language.

JavaScript JScript ECMAScript
1. 0 (Netscape 2. 0, March 1996) 1. 0 (IE 3. 0 - early versions, August 1996)
1. 1 (Netscape 3. 0, August 1996) 2. 0 (IE 3. 0 - later versions, January 1997)
1. 2 (Netscape 4. 0-4. 05, June 1997)
1. 3 (Netscape 4. 06-4. 7x, October 1998) 3. 0 (IE 4. 0, Oct 1997) Edition 1 (June 1997) / Edition 2 (June 1998)
1. 4 (Netscape Server only) 4. 0 (Visual Studio 6, no IE release)
5. 0 (IE 5. 0, March 1999)
5. 1 (IE 5. 01)
1. 5 (Netscape 6. 0, Nov 2000; also
later Netscape and Mozilla releases)		 5. Mozilla was the official public original name of Mozilla Application Suite by the Mozilla Foundation, currently known as SeaMonkey suite. 5 (IE 5. 5, July 2000) Edition 3 (December 1999)
5. 6 (IE 6. 0, October 2001)
1. 6 (Gecko 1. 8, Firefox 1. 5, November 2005) Edition 3, with some compliant enhancements: E4X, Array extras (e. ECMAScript for XML ( E4X) is a programming language extension that adds native XML support to ECMAScript (which includes ActionScript, DMDScript g. Array. prototype. forEach), Array and String generics [3]
1. 7 (Gecko 1. 8. 1, Firefox 2, October 2006) Edition 3 plus all JavaScript 1. 6 enhancements, plus Pythonic generators and array comprehensions ([a*a for (a in iter)]), block scope with let, destructuring assignment (var [a,b]=[1,2]) [4]
1. Python is a general-purpose High-level programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes programmer productivity and code readability A list comprehension is a syntactic construct available in some Programming languages for creating a list based on existing lists In Computer programming, scope is an enclosing context where values and expressions are associated 8 (Gecko 1. 9, Firefox 3, in development) Edition 3 plus all JavaScript 1. 7 enhancements, plus expression closures (function(x) x * x), generator expressions, and more [5]
JScript .NET (ASP.NET; no IE release) (JScript . JScript.NET is a.NET Programming language developed by Microsoft as a natural successor to Microsoft's Active Scripting language JScript ASPNET is a Web application framework developed and marketed by Microsoft, that Programmers can use to build dynamic Web sites Web applications NET is said to be designed with the participation of other ECMA members)
JavaScript 2. 0 Edition 4 (Work in progress; see the section "Fourth edition" below).

Fourth edition

The ECMA-262 fourth edition is the first major update to ECMAScript since the third edition published in 1999. The specification (along with the reference implementation) is currently under development and is expected to be finished by October 2008 [6].

An overview of the language was released by the working group on October 22, 2007. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

Features

The new version of the language is mostly backwards compatible with ECMAScript 3 (see below), while adding multiple new features, such as:

ECMAScript 4 intends to better support "programming in the large" and to let programmers sacrifice some of the script's ability to be dynamic for performance. In Object-oriented programming, a class is a Programming language construct that is used as a blueprint to create objects This blueprint includes attributes A structural type system is a major class of Type system, in which type compatibility and equivalence are determined by the type's structure and not through explicit declarations A namespace is an abstract container or environment created to hold a logical grouping of unique identifiers (i In Computer science, a type system defines how a Programming language classifies values and expressions into '''types''', how it can In Computer science, a generator is a special routine that can be used to control the Iteration behaviour of a loop. In Computer science, an iterator is an object which allows a programmer to traverse through all the elements of a collection, regardless of its specific JSON (ˈdʒeɪsɒn ie "Jason" short for JavaScript Object Notation, is a lightweight Computer data interchange format In Computer programming, an algebraic data type is a Datatype each of whose values is data from other datatypes wrapped in one of the constructors of the In Software development, programming in the large can involve programming by larger groups of people or by smaller groups over longer time periods For example, Tamarin — the virtual machine for ActionScript developed and open sourced by Adobe — has JIT compilation support for certain classes of scripts. Tamarin is a free Virtual machine and just-in-time (JIT Compiler intended to implement the fourth edition of the ECMAScript standard In Computing, just-in-time compilation ( JIT) also known as dynamic translation, is a technique for improving the runtime performance of a Computer

Bug fixes and backwards compatibility

In addition to introducing new features, some ES3 bugs are fixed in edition 4. [8]

A document describing known incompatibilities between ES3 and ES4 is available.

Implementations

Since the specification is not yet finished, there are no full implementations of the language at this time. However several implementations are in progress:

History

Work started on Edition 4 after the ES-CP (Compact Profile) specification was completed, and continued for approximately 18 months where slow progress was made balancing the theory of Netscape's JavaScript 2 specification with the implementation experience of Microsoft's JScript . NET. After some time, the focus shifted to the E4X standard as it was less controversial, being only an update to Edition 3.

The upgrade is not without controversy. In late 2007, debate between Eich, now the Mozilla Foundation's CTO, and Chris Wilson, Microsoft's platform architect for Internet Explorer, became public on a number of blogs. The Mozilla Foundation is a Non-profit organization that exists to support and provide leadership for the Open source Mozilla project Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer Windows Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer abbreviated MSIE) commonly abbreviated to IE, is a series of graphical A blog (a contraction of the term " Web log " is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary descriptions of Wilson cautioned that because the proposed changes to ECMAScript made it backwards incompatible in some respects to earlier versions of the language, the update amounted to "breaking the Web,"[10] and that stakeholders who opposed the changes were being "hidden from view". [11] Eich responded by stating that Wilson seemed to be "repeating falsehoods in blogs" and denied that there was attempt to suppress dissent and challenging critics to give specific examples of incompatibility. [12] He also pointed out that Microsoft Silverlight and Adobe AIR rely on C# and ActionScript 3 respectively, both of which are larger and more complex than ECMAScript Edition 3. Microsoft Silverlight is a programmable Web browser Plugin that enables features such as Animation, Vector graphics and Adobe AIR is a Cross-platform Runtime environment for building C# (pronounced C Sharp is a Multi-paradigm ActionScript is a scripting language based on ECMAScript. ActionScript is used primarily for the development of websites and software using the Adobe Flash Player [13]

See also

References

  1. ^ RFC 4329
  2. ^ Press Release
  3. ^ Press Release
  4. ^ Microsoft Word - Ecma-262.doc
  5. ^ Will there be a suggested file suffix for es4?
  6. ^ The Kiwi Project: AS3 language 101 for C/C++ coders
  7. ^ OpenLaszlo 4 | OpenLaszlo
  8. ^ John Resig - Bug Fixes in JavaScript 2
  9. ^ Re: is ES4 getting too bloated?
  10. ^ IEBlog : ECMAScript 3 and Beyond
  11. ^ Albatross! : What I think about ES4
  12. ^ Brendan's Roadmap Updates: Open letter to Chris Wilson
  13. ^ Brendan's Roadmap Updates: My @media Ajax Keynote

External links

ECMAScript for XML ( E4X) is a programming language extension that adds native XML support to ECMAScript (which includes ActionScript, DMDScript The following is a list of ECMAScript engines. Ejscript &mdash Embedthis Ejscript implementing ECMAScript 262 and the emerging ECMAScript 4 The following tables compare ECMAScript (particularly JavaScript) support for a number of layout engines The Document Object Model ( DOM) is a platform- and language -independent standard Object model for representing HTML or XML and related JavaScript is a Scripting language most often used for Client-side web development ActionScript is a scripting language based on ECMAScript. ActionScript is used primarily for the development of websites and software using the Adobe Flash Player Tamarin is a free Virtual machine and just-in-time (JIT Compiler intended to implement the fourth edition of the ECMAScript standard

Dictionary

ECMAScript

-noun

  1. (computing) A scripting language based on JavaScript and standardised by Ecma International.
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