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This article is about the Signals Intelligence capability. For other uses, see Echelon. ECHELON is a name used in global media and in popular culture to describe a Signals intelligence (SIGINT collection and analysis network operated on behalf of the five signatory
A radome at RAF Menwith Hill, a site with satellite downlink capabilities that some believe to be used by ECHELON.
A radome at RAF Menwith Hill, a site with satellite downlink capabilities that some believe to be used by ECHELON. A radome (the word is a contraction of Radar and Dome) is a structural weatherproof enclosure that protects a Radar antenna RAF Menwith Hill is a Royal Air Force station located approximately eight miles west of the Yorkshire town of Harrogate. This article is about artificial satellites For natural satellites also known as moons see Natural satellite. Uplink An uplink (UL or U/L is the portion of a communications link used for the transmission of signals from an Earth terminal
RAF Menwith Hill
RAF Menwith Hill

ECHELON is a name used in global media and in popular culture to describe a signals intelligence (SIGINT) collection and analysis network operated on behalf of the five signatory states to the UK-USA Security Agreement (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, known as AUSCANZUKUS). RAF Menwith Hill is a Royal Air Force station located approximately eight miles west of the Yorkshire town of Harrogate. The UK-USA Security Agreement is an agreement or treaty that established an alliance of Anglosphere countries for the purpose of sharing intelligence For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [1]

The system has been reported in a number of public sources. [2] Its capabilities and political implications were investigated by a committee of the European Parliament during 2000 and 2001 with a report published in 2001. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU [3]

In its report, the European Parliament states that the term ECHELON is used in a number of contexts, but that the evidence presented indicates that it was the name for a signals intelligence collection system. The report concludes that, on the basis of evidence presented, ECHELON was capable of interception and content inspection of telephone calls, fax, e-mail and other data traffic globally through the interception of communication bearers including satellite transmission, public switched telephone networks and microwave links. Basic principle A traditional landline telephone system also known as "plain old telephone service" (POTS, commonly handles both signaling and audio information Fax (short for facsimile, from Latin fac simile, "make similar" i Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving This article is about artificial satellites For natural satellites also known as moons see Natural satellite. The public switched telephone network ( PSTN) is the network of the world's public circuit-switched Telephone networks in much the same way that the The committee further concluded that "the technical capabilities of the system are probably not nearly as extensive as some sections of the media had assumed". [3]

Contents

Capabilities

The ability to intercept communications depends on the medium used, be it radio, satellite, microwave, cellular or fiber-optic. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. This article is about artificial satellites For natural satellites also known as moons see Natural satellite. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with Wavelengths ranging from 1 mm to 1 m or frequencies between 0 An optical fiber (or fibre) is a Glass or Plastic fiber that carries Light along its length [3] During World War II and through the 1950s, high frequency ("short wave") radio was widely used for military and diplomatic communication[4], and could be intercepted at great distances. High frequency (HF radio frequencies are between 3 and 30 MHz. [3] The rise of geostationary communications satellites in the 1960s presented new possibilities for intercepting international communications. A geostationary orbit (GEO is a Geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth 's Equator (0° Latitude) with a period equal to the Earth's A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to comsat) is an artificial Satellite stationed in space for the purposes of Telecommunications. The report to the European Parliament of 2001 states: "If UKUSA states operate listening stations in the relevant regions of the earth, in principle they can intercept all telephone, fax and data traffic transmitted via such satellites. "[3] Many, if not most reports on ECHELON focus on satellite interception. [5]

The role of satellites in point-to-point voice and data communications has largely been supplanted by fiber optics. An optical fiber (or fibre) is a Glass or Plastic fiber that carries Light along its length As of 2006, 99 percent of the world's long-distance voice and data traffic is carried over optical-fiber cables. [6] The proportion of international communications accounted for by satellite links is said to have decreased substantially over the past few years in Central Europe to amount to between 0. 4 and 5%. [3] Even in less developed parts of the world, communications satellites are used largely for point-to-multipoint applications, such as video. [7] Thus the majority of communications cannot be intercepted by earth stations, but only by tapping cables and intercepting radio signals, which is possible only to a limited extent. [3]

One approach is to place intercept equipment at locations where fiber optic communications are switched. For the Internet, much of the switching occurs at a relatively small number of sites. There have been reports of one such intercept site, Room 641A, in the United States. Room 641A is an intercept facility operated by AT&T for the U The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In the past, much Internet traffic was routed through the U. S. and the UK; this is less true today, with, for example, 95 percent of intra-German Internet communications being routed via the DE-CIX Internet exchange point in Frankfurt in 2000. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Deutscher Commercial Internet Exchange (German commercial internet exchange ( DE-CIX) is an Internet Exchange Point situated in Frankfurt ( Germany An Internet exchange point ( IX or IXP) is a physical infrastructure that allows different Internet service providers (ISPs to exchange Internet [3] Thus for a worldwide surveillance network to be comprehensive, either illegal intercept sites would be required on the territory of friendly nations or cooperation of local authorities would be needed. The report to the European Parliament points out that interception of private communications by foreign intelligence services is not necessarily limited to the American or British foreign intelligence services. [3]

U. S. intelligence maintains liaison relationships with countries all over the world. [8]

Organization

UKUSA Community
Map of UKUSA Community countries with Ireland
Flag of Australia Australia
Flag of Canada Canada
Flag of New Zealand New Zealand
Flag of the United Kingdom United Kingdom
Flag of the United States United States

The UKUSA intelligence community is assessed by the European Parliament to include the signals intelligence agencies of each of the member states - the National Security Agency of the United States, the Government Communications Headquarters of Britain, the Communications Security Establishment of Canada, the Defence Signals Directorate of Australia, and the Government Communications Security Bureau of New Zealand. The UK-USA Security Agreement is an agreement or treaty that established an alliance of Anglosphere countries for the purpose of sharing intelligence For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The National Security Agency/ Central Security Service ( NSA/CSS) is a cryptologic intelligence agency of the United States government The Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ is a British Intelligence agency responsible for providing Signals intelligence (SIGINT and Information The Communications Security Establishment Canada ( CSEC or CSE) (Centre de la sécurité des télécommunications Canada ( CSTC or CST) is Defence Signals Directorate (DSD is an Australian government Intelligence agency responsible for Signals intelligence (SIGINT and Information The Government Communications Security Bureau ( GCSB) is an Intelligence agency of the New Zealand government The EP report concludes that it seems likely that ECHELON is a method of sorting captured signal traffic, rather than a comprehensive analysis tool. [3]

While details of methods and capabilities are highly sensitive and protected by special laws (e. g. 18 USC 798), gathering signals intelligence is an acknowledged mission of the National Security Agency. As of August 2006, their web site had a FAQ page on the topic,[9] which states:

“ NSA/CSS's Signal Intelligence mission is to intercept and analyze foreign adversaries' communications signals, many of which are protected by codes and other complex countermeasures. FAQ is an Acronym for " Frequently Asked Question(s " We collect, process, and disseminate intelligence reports on foreign intelligence targets in response to intelligence requirements set at the highest levels of government. . . . Foreign intelligence means information relating to the capabilities, intentions, and activities of foreign powers, organizations or persons. ”

Controversy

Reportedly created to monitor the military and diplomatic communications of the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies during the Cold War in the early sixties, today ECHELON is believed to search also for hints of terrorist plots, drug-dealers' plans, and political and diplomatic intelligence. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 During the Cold War, the term Communist Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it either controlled or that were Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion But some critics, including the European Union committee that commissioned the EU report, claim the system is also being used for large-scale commercial theft, inter-nation economic espionage and invasion of privacy. Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves and thereby reveal themselves selectively

British journalist Duncan Campbell and New Zealand Journalist Nicky Hager asserted in the 1990s that the United States was exploiting ECHELON traffic for industrial espionage, rather than military and diplomatic purposes. Duncan Campbell is a British freelance Investigative journalist and Television producer who has specialised in intelligence issues was prosecuted under the Nicky Hager (born 1958 is an Author and investigative Journalist born in Levin New Zealand and now resides in Wellington. Industrial espionage or corporate espionage is Espionage conducted for commercial purposes instead of National security purposes [10] Examples include the gear-less wind turbine technology designed by the German firm Enercon[11][12] and the speech technology developed by the Belgian firm Lernout & Hauspie. A wind turbine is a rotating machine which converts the Kinetic energy in Wind into Mechanical energy. Enercon GmbH, based in Aurich, Northern Germany, is the third-largest Wind turbine manufacturer in the world and the Market leader Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products, or L&H, was a leading Belgium -based Speech recognition Technology company, founded by Jo [13] An article in the Baltimore Sun reported in 1995 that aerospace company Airbus lost a $6 billion contract with Saudi Arabia in 1994 after the NSA reported that Airbus officials had been bribing Saudi officials to secure the contract. Airbus SAS (ˈɛərbʌs in English, Airbus2ogg|/ɛʁbys/]] in French, and /ˈɛːɐbʊs/ in German) is an aircraft manufacturing The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi [14][15]

In 2001, the Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System recommended to the European Parliament that citizens of member states routinely use cryptography in their communications to protect their privacy. Cryptography (or cryptology; from Greek grc κρυπτός kryptos, "hidden secret" and grc γράφω gráphō, "I write" [3]

The proposed U. S. -only "Total Information Awareness" program relied on technology similar to that supposedly used by ECHELON, and is believed to have been intended to integrate the extensive sources it is legally permitted to survey domestically with the "taps" already supposedly compiled by ECHELON. The Information Awareness Office (IAO was established by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA the research and development agency of the United States It was canceled by the U.S. Congress in 2004. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses It was later discovered in 2005 that the CIA was developing a data mining program with similar aims called "Tangram. Data mining is the process of Sorting through large amounts of data and picking out relevant information " A USAF procurement document stated that the system will build on work by the CIA and other U. S. intelligence agencies "developing systems, tools and algorithms to detect international terrorist activities and planned events" which have developed "methods of . Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion . . efficiently searching large data stores for evidence of known (terrorist) behaviors. "[16]

It has been alleged that in 2002 the Bush administration extended the ECHELON program to domestic surveillance. The Presidency of George W Bush began on his inauguration on January 20, 2001 as the 43rd and current President of the United States of America The NSA warrantless surveillance controversy concerns Surveillance of persons within the United States incident to the collection of Foreign intelligence by the [17][18][19][20]

Hardware

According to its website, the National Security Agency is "a high technology organization. High tech is Technology that is at the cutting edge —the most advanced technology currently available . . on the frontiers of communications and data processing. " In 2006, the Baltimore Sun reported that the NSA was at risk of electrical overload, because of insufficient internal electrical infrastructure at Fort Meade to support the amount of computer equipment being installed. The Baltimore Sun (officially just The Sun) is Maryland ’s largest general circulation daily newspaper and provides comprehensive coverage [21]

While there are occasional stories speculating on the types of computers involved,[22] Jonathan Meier, in his biography, has stated of his time at the NSA that:

"Conjecture and speculation were rampant on the [ECHELON] projects, even internally. Truthfully, very few individuals were privy to the logistics involved. "

At least one company, Narus, is publicly selling systems for mass surveillance of Internet traffic and one of its systems was apparently installed in 2003 in Room 641A, allegedly an intercept station run by AT&T on behalf of the NSA. Narus is a private company founded in 1997 by Ori Cohen, who had been in charge of technology development for VDONet, an early Media streaming pioneer Room 641A is an intercept facility operated by AT&T for the U Before proposing a merge request please see Talk and see if the merger you propose has recently been made and

In 1999 the Australian Senate Joint Standing Committee on Treaties was told by Professor Desmond Ball that the Pine Gap facility was used as a ground station for a satellite based interception network. The Senate is the upper of the two houses of the Parliament of Australia. " Pine Gap " is the commonly used name for a Satellite Tracking station at 23 The satellites are claimed to be large radio dishes between 20 and 100 meters across, parked in geostationary orbits. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. A satellite dish is a type of Parabolic antenna that receives or transmits electromagnetic signals to and from another location typically a satellite A geostationary orbit (GEO is a Geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth 's Equator (0° Latitude) with a period equal to the Earth's The original purpose of the network was to monitor the telemetry from 1970s Soviet weapons, air defense radar, communications satellites and ground based microwave communications. Telemetry (synonymous with Telematics) is a Technology that allows the remote measurement and reporting of Information of interest to the system designer Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging hostile military Aircraft in defence of ground objectives, ground or naval forces Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to comsat) is an artificial Satellite stationed in space for the purposes of Telecommunications. Microwave transmission refers to the technique of transmitting information over a Microwave link. [23] The network is still operational and coordinated by US, British and Australian intelligence communities.

This transactional-data-dragnet amounts to a rebuilding of the U. S. Defense Department's Total Information Awareness program, which promised to do extensive warrantless data-mining to identify "information signatures" that could identify criminals. The Information Awareness Office (IAO was established by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA the research and development agency of the United States Warrantless searches are searches and seizures conducted without Search warrants In the United States, warrantless searches are restricted under Data mining is the process of Sorting through large amounts of data and picking out relevant information After a public outcry, the department renamed it Terrorism Information Awareness; Congress eliminated funding for it in September, 2003. [24]

Name

The European Parliament's Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System stated: "It seems likely, in view of the evidence and the consistent pattern of statements from a very wide range of individuals and organisations, including American sources, that its name is in fact ECHELON, although this is a relatively minor detail. " [3] The U. S. intelligence community uses many code names. A code name or cryptonym is a word or name used clandestinely to refer to another name or word See, for example, CIA cryptonym. CIA cryptonyms are Code words seen in declassified documents of the U

Margaret Newsham claims that she worked on the configuration and installation of some of the software that makes up the ECHELON system while employed at Lockheed Martin, for whom she worked from 1974 to 1984 in Sunnyvale, California, USA and in Menwith Hill, England. Margaret Newsham claims that she worked on the configuration and installation of some of the software that makes up the ECHELON system while employed at Lockheed Martin Lockheed Martin ( is a large multinational Aerospace manufacturer and advanced technology Company formed in 1995 by the merger of Sunnyvale ( or) is a city in Santa Clara County, California, United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. RAF Menwith Hill is a Royal Air Force station located approximately eight miles west of the Yorkshire town of Harrogate. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland [25] At that time, according to Newsham, the code name ECHELON was NSA's term for the computer network itself. Lockheed called it P415. The software programs were called SILKWORTH and SIRE. A satellite named VORTEX would intercept communications. Vortex, previously known as Chalet, is a class of Reconnaissance satellite operated by the United States during the 1980s and 1990s to collect signals An image available on the internet of a fragment apparently torn from a job description shows Echelon listed along with several other code names. [26]

Echelon: The Most Secret Spy System: Videos

Five video recordings posted on Youtube

Ground stations

Some of the ground stations suspected of belonging to or participating in the ECHELON network include:

Likely satellite intercept stations

The following stations are listed in the European Parliamentary report (p. 54 ff)[3] as likely to have a role in intercepting transmissions from telecommunications satellites:

Possible satellite intercept stations

The following stations are listed in the EP report (p. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía 57 ff) as ones whose roles "cannot be clearly established":

Former ground stations

See also

Further reading

Notes

  1. ^ AUSCANZUKUS Information Portal. auscannzukus. org. . Retrieved on 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
  2. ^ One of the earliest was a New Statesman article entitled Someone's Listening in 1988
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Schmid, Gerhard (2001-07-11). The New Statesman is a British Left-wing political Magazine published weekly in London. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. On the existence of a global system for the interception of private and commercial communications (ECHELON interception system) - Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System, (2001/2098(INI)) (pdf - 194 pages) (English). European Parliament: Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System. Retrieved on 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
  4. ^ The Codebreakers, Ch. David Kahn (b February 7, 1930) is a US Historian, Journalist and Writer. 10, 11
  5. ^ For example: Nicky Hager Appearance before the European Parliament ECHELON Committee (April 2001). Retrieved on 2006-07-02. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival
  6. ^ NSA eavesdropping: How it might work. Retrieved on 2006-08-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
  7. ^ Commercial Geostationary Satellite Transponder Markets for Latin America : Market Research Report. Retrieved on 2006-08-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
  8. ^ International Cooperation. Retrieved on 2006-08-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
  9. ^ SIGINT Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved on 2006-08-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
  10. ^ Nicky Hager Appearance before the European Parliament ECHELON Committee (April 2001). Retrieved on 2006-07-02. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival
  11. ^ Die Zeit: 40/1999 "Verrat unter Freunden" ("Treachery among friends", German), available at archiv.zeit.de
  12. ^ Report A5-0264/2001 of the European Parliament (English), available at European Parliament website
  13. ^ Amerikanen maakten met Echelon L&H kapot. [1] (2002-03-30). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Retrieved on 2008-03-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. (Google's translation of the article into English).
  14. ^ BBC News. Retrieved on 2006-08-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
  15. ^ Interception capabilities 2000. Retrieved on 2006-08-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
  16. ^ Waterman, Shaun (October 26, 2006). Analysis: 'Total Information' lives again. UPI Security and Terrorism Analysis. Retrieved on: April 13, 2008. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  17. ^ Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts. New York Times (2005-12-16). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Retrieved on 2006-07-02. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival
  18. ^ NSA uses ECHELON against US citizens. The Register (2006-12-16). The Register (" El Reg " to its staff and readers is a British technology news and opinion website Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Retrieved on 2006-07-02. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival
  19. ^ Posner to the Left: Get a Life. Redstate (2005-12-22). RedState is an American political weblog aimed at Republicans and conservatives. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Retrieved on 2006-07-02. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival
  20. ^ MOUNTAIN VIEWS: EAVESDROPPING REVELATIONS STUNNING. Niagara Falls Reporter (2005-12-20). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Retrieved on 2006-07-02. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival
  21. ^ Gorman, Siobhan. NSA risking electrical overload. Archived from the original on 2006-08-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Retrieved on 2006-08-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada.
  22. ^ Mellor, Chris. "Want to know the hardware behind Echelon?", Techworld. com, 15 October 2004. Retrieved on 2006-05-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason.  , "Echelon is a global surveillance network set up in Cold War days to provide the US government with intelligence data about Russia. One of the main contractors is Raytheon. Lockheed Martin has been involved in writing software for it. . . Hutsell says the SAM systems, 'are supplied to intelligence agencies and the military though system integrators like Raytheon, Lockheed Martin and Zeta. . . '"
  23. ^ Commonwealth of Australia, Official Committee Hansard (9 August 1999). JOINT STANDING COMMITTEE ON TREATIES, Reference: Pine Gap.
  24. ^ McCullagh, Declan (March 11, 2008). NSA shifts to e-mail, Web, data-mining dragnet. CNET. com. Retrieved on: April 7, 2008. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  25. ^ Elkjær, Bo; Kenan Seeberg. "ECHELON Was My Baby", Ekstra Bladet, November 17, 1999. Retrieved on 2006-05-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason.  “Unfortunately, I can’t tell you all my duties. I am still bound by professional secrecy, and I would hate to go to prison or get involved in any trouble, if you know what I mean. In general, I can tell you that I was responsible for compiling the various systems and programs, configuring the whole thing and making it operational on main frames"; "Margaret Newsham worked for the NSA through her employment at Ford and Lockheed from 1974 to 1984. In 1977 and 1978, Newsham was stationed at the largest listening post in the world at Menwith Hill, England. . . Ekstra Bladet has Margaret Newsham’s stationing orders from the US Department of Defense. She possessed the high security classification TOP SECRET CRYPTO. "
  26. ^ Names of ECHELON associated projects – image without any context. Retrieved on 2006-08-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan

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