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E. Morton Jellinek
E. Morton Jellinek
E. Morton Jellinek
Born 15 August 1890
New York City
Died 22 October 1963
Stanford University
Fields biostatistics
Institutions Stanford University
Alma mater University of Berlin
Known for alcoholism

Elvin Morton Jellinek (1890-1963), E. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The City of New York Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in Biostatistics (a Portmanteau word made from biology and statistics sometimes referred to as biometry or biometrics) is the application of Statistics Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions Morton Jellinek, or most often, E. M. Jellinek, was a biostatistician, physiologist, and an alcoholism researcher. Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions Usually a researcher or scientific researcher is someone who is professionally engaged in Scientific research, technological research or Engineering research He was born in New York City and died at the desk of his study at Stanford University on 22 October 1963. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in He was fluent in nine languages and could communicate in four others. Addiction researcher Griffith Edwards holds that, in his opinion, Jellinek's The Disease Concept of Alcoholism was a work of outstanding scholarship based on a careful consideration of the available evidence. Griffith Edwards was born in India and received his MD from Oxford University, since which time he has focused on the study and treatment of alcohol and drug addiction [1]

Contents

Academic career

Jellinek studied biostatistics and physiology at the University of Berlin from 1908 to 1910. He then studied philosophy, philology, anthropology, and theology for two years at the Joseph Fourier University in Grenoble. Université Joseph Fourier ( Joseph Fourier University) is a French university situated in the city of Grenoble and focused on the fields of sciences He was also enrolled, apparently concurrently, at the University of Leipzig from 25 November 1911 to 29 July 1913, and from 22 November 1913 to 2 December 1914 for classes in languages, linguistics and cultural history. The University of Leipzig (Universität Leipzig located in Leipzig in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, is one of the oldest universities [2]

During the 1920s, he conducted research in Sierra Leone and at Tela, Honduras. Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. Tela is a town in Honduras on the northern Caribbean coast of the department of Atlantida. Honduras in Spanish, República de Honduras) is a democratic republic in Central America. In the 1930s he returned to the U. S. A. and worked at the Worcester State Hospital, Worcester, Massachusetts, from whence he was commissioned to conduct a study for the Research Council on Problems of Alcohol. Worcester (ˈwʊstɚ is a City in the state of Massachusetts in the United States of America. The eventual outcome of his study was the 1942 book, Alcohol Addiction and Chronic Alcoholism.

From 1941 to 1952, he was Associate Professor of Applied Physiology at Yale University. In 1952 he was engaged by the World Health Organization in Geneva as a consultant on alcoholism, and made significant contributions to the work of the alcoholism sub-committee of the W. H. O. 's Expert Committee on Mental Health.

Upon his retirement from the W. H. O. in the late 1950s, he returned to the USA. In 1958 he joined the Psychiatry Schools of both the University of Toronto and the University of Alberta, and in 1962, he moved to Stanford University in California, where he remained until his death. This article is about the University of Toronto's St George Campus The University of Alberta (U of A is a public research University located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. [3]

Alcoholism and the will

Several events are significant in the gradual evolution of the notion that "alcoholism" is both (a) the cause of the drinking problems of an individual,[4] and (b) a treatable "disease".

Perhaps the first to speak of such things was Socrates; who, in Plato's dialogue Protagoras,[5] questions Protagoras about how one might possibly explain, especially in relation to the "pleasures of food, and drink and sex",[6] why it is, when they are driven by desire (hedone, ηεδονε), "that many people who know what is best and are not willing to do it, though it is in their power, but do something else"[7] (Taylor, 1976, pp. SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Protagoras is a Dialogue of Plato. The main Argument is between the elderly Protagoras, a celebrated Sophist, and 46-47).

The early Christian, Paul of Tarsus described a similar state of affairs:

For that which I do I allow not: for what I would, that do I not; but what I hate, that do I. Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and (Romans, 7:15)

The Scottish physician Thomas Trotter (1760-1832), was the first to characterize excessive drinking as a disease, or medical condition. The Epistle of St Paul the Apostle to the Romans is one of the letters of the New Testament canon of the Christian Bible. [8]

The American physician Benjamin Rush (1745-1813), a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence -- who understood drunkenness to be what we would now call a "loss of control" -- was, perhaps, the first to use the term "addiction" in this sort of meaning. Benjamin Rush ( December 24 1745 &ndash April 19 1813) was a Founding Father of the United States. The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4 1776 announcing that the thirteen American colonies then [9]

My observations authorize me to say, that persons who have been addicted to them, should abstain from them suddenly and entirely. 'Taste not, handle not, touch not' should be inscribed upon every vessel that contains spirits in the house of a man, who wishes to be cured of habits of intemperance. [10]

Rush argued that "habitual drunkenness should be regarded not as a bad habit but as a disease" -- essentially a disturbed, distressed, and uncomfortably destabilized condition (i. e. , dys-ease) rather than an actual illness -- describing it as "a palsy of the will". [11]

Rush’s contribution to a new model of habitual drunkenness was fourfold: First, he identified the causal agent—spiritous liquors; second, he clearly described the drunkard’s condition as a loss of control over drinking behavior—as compulsive activity; third, he declared the condition to be a disease; and fourth, he prescribed total abstinence as the only way to cure the drunkard. [12]

The French Psychologist, Théodule Ribot (1839-1916), spoke of Les Maladies de la volonté ("diseases of the will"). [13]

Jellinek and alcoholism as a disease

In 1849, the Swedish Physician Magnus Huss (1807-1890)[14] was the first to systematically classify the damage that was attributable to alcohol ingestion. Huss coined the term alcoholism and used it to label what he considered to be a chronic, relapsing disease. Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions [15]

Jellinek coined the expression "the disease concept of alcoholism",[16] and significantly accelerated the movement towards the medicalization of drunkenness and alcohol habituation. Alcoholism is a disease characterized by the compulsive drinking of Alcoholic beverages. Medicalization (or medicalisation) is the process by which health or behavior conditions come to be defined and treated as medical issues Drunkenness or inebriation is the state of being intoxicated by consumption of Alcoholic beverages to a degree that mental and physical faculties are noticeably See also Habit (psychology In Psychology, habituation is the psychological process in humans and animals in which there is a decrease in behavioral

Jellinek’s initial 1946 study was funded by Marty Mann[17] and R. Brinkley Smithers[18] (Falcone, 2003). It was based on a narrow, selective study of a hand-picked group of members of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) who had returned a self-reporting questionnaire. Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA) is an informal meeting society for recovering and recovered alcoholics, with the stated purpose to help its members "to stay sober and [19] Valverde opines that a biostatistician of Jellinek’s eminence would have been only too well aware of the "unscientific status" of the "dubiously scientific data that had been collected by AA members". [20]

In his 1960 book he identified five different types of alcoholism, and defined them in terms of their abnormal physiological processes:

In order to differentiate alcoholism not just diachronically, along a time line but also synchronically across groups of people, thus distinguishing types of alcoholics in a way that ran quite counter to the AA emphasis on the unity of all alcoholics, Jellinek came up with the idea of grouping different drinking patterns and naming them by giving each a Greek letter. One might think that the purpose of such a classification is to expand the range of alcoholism and include as many people as possible under the "disease concept"; but, contrary to what the title suggests, Jellinek's 1960 magnum opus in fact tries to limit the scope of the "disease concept", stating that most of the types described might be alcoholics, but they are not diseased — because they do not stiffer from "loss of control". [21]
While Jellinek's classification draws a clear (if arbitrary) line between the garden-variety alcoholic and the truly diseased alcoholic, it does not draw such a clear boundary between alcoholism in general and normal drinking. This is Jellinek's Achilles' heel . This article deals with the phrase For other uses see Achilles Heel. . .
By relying on cultural norms to define several of his types, he implicitly gives up the project of providing a single, objective, universally valid clinical definition of alcoholism, and opens the door to anthropological nominalistic definitions along the lines of "whatever is normal drinking in that particular culture is normal drinking". Social norms have been defined as "the rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values beliefs attitudes and behaviors Nominalism is a metaphysical view in Philosophy according to which general or abstract terms and predicates exist but that either universals (Valverde, 1998, p. 112)

The "Jellinek curve" [23] is derived from this classification of Jellinek, and it was named out of respect for Jellinek’s work. [24] Jellinek later completely dissociated himself from this chart's representations; however it is still known as the "Jellinek curve".

Other contributions

In post-war 1946, pharmaceutical chemicals were in short supply. A headache remedy manufacturer found that supplies of one of its remedy’s three constituent chemicals was running out.

They asked Jellinek, then at Yale, to test whether the absence of that particular chemical would affect the drug’s efficacy in any way. Efficacy is the capacity to produce a desired size of an effect under Ideal or Optimal conditions Jellinek set up a complex trial -- with 199 subjects, divided randomly into four test groups -- involving various permutations of the three drug constituents, with a placebo as a scientific control. In several fields of Mathematics the term permutation is used with different but closely related meanings Placebo is a substance or procedure a patient accepts as medicine or therapy but which has no specific therapeutic activity Scientific controls allow Experiments to study one Variable at a time and are a vital part of the Scientific method. Each group took a test remedy for two weeks. The trial lasted eight weeks, and by the end of the trial all groups had taken each test drug for two weeks (although each group took them in a different sequence).

The trial eventually demonstrated that the chemical in question did make a significant contribution to the remedy’s efficacy.

Over the entire population of 199 subjects, 120 of the subjects responded to the placebo, and 79 did not.

In the process of examining the data produced by his trial, Jellinek discovered that there was a significant difference in responses to the active chemicals between the 120 who had responded to the placebo and the 79 who did not.

Jellinek (1946, p. 90) described the 120 as being "reactors to placebo", and this seems to be the first time that anyone had spoken of either "placebo reactions" or "placebo responses". [27]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Griffith Edwards. The term " addiction " is used in many contexts to describe an obsession compulsion or excessive Physical dependence or psychological dependence such as Akrasia ( ancient Greek, "lacking command (over oneself" occasionally transliterated as acrasia, is the state of acting against one's better judgment Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA) is an informal meeting society for recovering and recovered alcoholics, with the stated purpose to help its members "to stay sober and The disease model of addiction describes an Addiction as a lifelong Disease involving biologic and environmental sources of origin Drug tolerance occurs when a subject's reaction to a Psychoactive drug (such as a painkiller or intoxicant decreases so that larger doses are required to achieve the same effect Placebo is a substance or procedure a patient accepts as medicine or therapy but which has no specific therapeutic activity Stanton Peele, Ph D JD (born January 8, 1946) is a licensed Psychologist, Attorney, practicing Psychotherapist and the author Alcohol: The World's Favourite Drug. 1st US ed. Thomas Dunne Books: 2002. ISBN 0-312-28387-3. P 98.
  2. ^ Page, P. B. , "E. M. Jellinek and the Evolution of Alcohol Studies: A Critical Essay", Addiction, Vol. 92, No. 12, (December 1997), pp. 1619-1637
  3. ^ For more information, see 1964 obituary in The American Journal Of Psychiatry [1]
  4. ^ That is, rather than identifying individuals as "alcoholics" simply because they ingest alcohol, this view strongly asserts that these individuals ingest alcohol because they are "alcoholics".
  5. ^ At 352a1-357e8
  6. ^ 353c
  7. ^ 352d
  8. ^ Trotter (1804/1988)
  9. ^ Levine (1978/1985)
  10. ^ Rush; taken from Levine (1985), p. 47.
  11. ^ Valverde (1998, p. 2). Rush expounded his views in Rush (1808). They are briefly described in both Levine (1978/1985) and Valverde (1998).
  12. ^ (Levine, 1985, p. 47)
  13. ^ Ribot (1894).
  14. ^ He was physician to the Swedish kings Charles XIV and Oscar I. Charles XIV John ( Karl XIV Johan) born Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, later renamed Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte (26 January 1763 &ndash 8 March 1844 Oscar I, born Joseph François Oscar Bernadotte ( July 4, 1799, Paris &ndash July 8, 1859, Stockholm
  15. ^ The term first appeared (in 1849) in the Swedish edition of Alcoholismus Chronicus, or Chronic Alcohol Illness. A Contribution to the Study of Dyscrasias Based on my Personal Experience and the Experience of Others, which was soon translated to German (1852) and later into English.
  16. ^ It also appears as the title of his 1960 book, The Disease Concept of Alcoholism.
  17. ^ Marty Mann (1905-1980), the first female member of Alcoholics Anonymous
  18. ^ In his lifetime, R. Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA) is an informal meeting society for recovering and recovered alcoholics, with the stated purpose to help its members "to stay sober and Brinkley Smithers (1907-1994) -- an American philanthropist, and founder of the Christopher D. Smithers Foundation, which had been named after his father, an IBM founder (via the Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation), and a Director of IBM (1913-1952) -- a self-styled "recovering alcoholic", donated more than $US40 million to alcoholism programs; $US13. 5 million through the Smithers Foundation, and $US28 million from his own his personal funds. (Peele[2])
  19. ^ Of the 158 questionnaires returned, Marty Mann selected 98; and it was upon this hand-picked population that Jellinek’s reported in his 1946 study.
  20. ^ Valverde (1998), pp. 110-111; Valverde also noted that the AA questionnaire that was the source for Jellinek's classification only had relevance to "the experience of white, male, middle-class alcoholics in the 1940s" (p. 110).
  21. ^ Valverde, 1998, p. 111.
  22. ^ "It is characterized by binge drinking and a slow downward slide into helplessness"(Valverde, 1998, p. 112).
  23. ^ JLAP - Substance Abuse Issues
  24. ^ William E. Swegan, 2. The Psychology of Alcoholism
  25. ^ http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/1926.html
  26. ^ Over the years, the AMA has issued a number of policy statements that express its official position on the matter:
    (a) The AMA believes it is important for professionals and laymen alike to recognize that alcoholism is in and of itself a disabling and handicapping condition. (H-30. 995: Alcoholism as a Disability)
    (b) The AMA endorses the proposition that drug dependencies, including alcoholism, are diseases and that their treatment is a legitimate part of medical practice, and encourages physicians, other health professionals, medical and other health related organizations, and government and other policymakers to become more well informed about drug dependencies, and to base their policies and activities on the recognition that drug dependencies are, in fact, diseases. (H-95. 983 Drug Dependencies as Diseases)
    (c) The AMA reaffirms its policy endorsing the dual classification of alcoholism under both the psychiatric and medical sections of the International Classification of Diseases. (H-30. 997 Dual Disease Classification of Alcoholism)
  27. ^ This is 10 years prior to Beecher's 1955 paper, "The Powerful Placebo", which is commonly and incorrectly named as the source of the term; see Placebo (origins of technical term). Placebo is a substance or procedure a patient accepts as medicine or therapy but which has no specific therapeutic activity

References

List of significant works by Jellinek

External links

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