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This article is about the author. For the Lt. Governor of Minnesota, see Edward Everett Smith. Edward Everett Smith ( May 5, 1861 &ndash July 29, 1931) was a Minnesota legislator and the 18th Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota.
For other persons named Edward Smith, see Edward Smith (disambiguation). Edward Smith may refer to English people Edward John Smith (1850&ndash1912 captain of the RMS Titanic when she sank Edward Percy
Edward Elmer Smith

Born Edward Elmer Smith
May 2, 1890(1890-05-02)
Sheboygan, Wisconsin
Died August 31, 1965 (aged 75)
Seaside, Oregon
Pen name E. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Sheboygan is a city in and the County seat of Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, United States. Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Seaside is a city in Clatsop County, Oregon, United States. The name Seaside came from a summer resort built by the railroad magnate Ben Holladay A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a Pseudonym adopted by an Author or their publishers to conceal their identity E. "Doc" Smith
Occupation Food Engineer and Writer
Nationality American
Writing period Science Fiction 1928 - 1965
Genres Space Opera
Influenced

E. Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. Food engineering refers to the aspects of Food production and processing. A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A literary genre is a category of literary composition Genres may be determined by Literary technique, tone, Content, or even (as in the case of fiction Space opera is a subgenre of Speculative fiction or Science fiction that emphasizes romantic, often Melodramatic adventure set mainly or entirely E. Smith, also Edward Elmer Smith, Ph. D. , E. E. "Doc" Smith, Doc Smith, "Skylark" Smith, and (to family) Ted (May 2, 1890 - August 31, 1965) was a food engineer (specializing in doughnut and pastry mixes) and early science fiction author who wrote the Lensman series and the Skylark series, among others. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Food engineering refers to the aspects of Food production and processing. A doughnut (also spelled "donut" is a sweet Deep-fried piece of Dough or batter. This article describes Pastry in food For the Distributed Hash Table system see Pastry_(DHT. Note that this Partial list contains some authors whose works of fantastic fiction would today be called science fiction even if they predate or did not work in that genre The Lensman series is a serial Science fiction Space opera by E Skylark is a science fiction/ Space opera series by the late E He is sometimes referred to as the "father of Space Opera. Space opera is a subgenre of Speculative fiction or Science fiction that emphasizes romantic, often Melodramatic adventure set mainly or entirely "

Contents

Biography

Family and education

Edward Elmer Smith was born in Sheboygan, Wisconsin on May 2, 1890 to Fred Jay Smith and Caroline Mills Smith, both staunch Presbyterians of British ancestry. Sheboygan is a city in and the County seat of Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, United States. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity [1] His mother was a teacher born in Michigan in February 1855; his father was a sailor, born in Maine in January 1855 to an English father. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean [2] They moved to Spokane, Washington the winter after Edward Elmer was born,[3] where Mr. Smith was working as a contractor in 1900. [2] In 1902 the family moved to Seneaquoteen[4], near the Pend d'Oreille River, in Kootenai County, Idaho. Kootenai County is a County located in the US state of Idaho. The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. [5] He had four siblings, Rachel M. born September 1882, Daniel M. born January 1884, Mary Elizabeth born February 1886 (all of whom were born in Michigan), and Walter E. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. born July 1891 in Washington. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. [2] In 1910, Fred and Caroline Smith and their son Walter are living in the Markham Precinct of Bonner County, Idaho; Fred is listed as a farmer. [6]

E. E. Smith worked primarily as a manual laborer until he injured his wrist, at the age of 19, while escaping from a fire. He attended the University of Idaho, where he was installed in the 1984 Class of the University of Idaho Alumni Hall of Fame;[7] he entered its prep school in 1907, and graduated with two degrees in Chemical Engineering in 1914. The University of Idaho is Idaho 's oldest public university located in the rural city of Moscow in Latah County. A university-preparatory school or college-preparatory school (usually abbreviated to preparatory school, college prep school, or prep school Chemical engineering is the branch of Engineering that deals with the application of Physical science (e He was president of the Chemistry Club, the Chess Club, and the Mandolin and Guitar Club, and captain of the Drill and Rifle Team; he also sang the bass lead in Gilbert and Sullivan operettas. A mandolin is a musical instrument in the Lute family (plucked or strummed Gilbert and Sullivan refers to the Victorian era partnership of Librettist W [8] His undergraduate thesis was Some Clays of Idaho, co-written with classmate Chester Fowler Smith, who died in California of tuberculosis the following year, after taking a teaching fellowship at Berkeley. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common [9] It is not known whether the two people were related.

On October 5, 1915, in Boise, Idaho[10] he married Jeanne Craig MacDougall, the sister of his college roommate, Allen Scott (Scotty) MacDougall. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Boise (ˈbɔɪsi is the capital and most populous city of the U [11] (Her sister was named Clarissa MacLean MacDougall; the heroine of the Lensman novels would later be named Clarissa MacDougall. ) Jeanne MacDougall was born in Glasgow, Scotland; her parents were Donald Scott MacDougall, a violinist, and Jessica Craig MacLean. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Her father had moved to Boise, Idaho when the children were young, and later sent for his family; he died while they were en route in 1905. Boise (ˈbɔɪsi is the capital and most populous city of the U Her mother worked at, and later owned, a boarding house on Ridenbaugh Street.

The Smiths had three children, Roderick N. , born June 3, 1918 in the District of Columbia (employed as a design engineer at Lockheed Aircraft); Verna Jean (later Verna Smith Trestrail), born August 25, 1920 in Michigan, his literary executor until her death in 1994 (her son Kim Trestrail is now the executor[12]); and Clarissa M. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The Lockheed Corporation (originally Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company was an American aerospace company founded in 1912 which merged with Martin Marietta Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. (later Clarissa Wilcox), born December 13, 1921 in Michigan. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. [13] In 1930 the Smiths were still living in Michigan, at 33 Rippon Avenue in Hillsdale. [14]

Chemical career

After graduating from college, he worked as a junior civil service chemist for the National Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C., working on standards for butter and oysters. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D [15] He apparently served as a Lieutenant in the U. S. Cavalry in World War I, but in what capacity is not known. [16]

Smith received a master's degree in Chemistry from George Washington University in 1917, studying under Charles E. Munroe. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties The George Washington University ( GW or GWU) is a private coeducational university located in Washington D Charles Edward Munroe ( 24 May 1849 - 1938 was a US Chemist, and discoverer of the Munroe effect. [4] He earned a doctorate in Chemical Engineering,[15] in 1918,[17] emphasizing food engineering with a thesis entitled The effect of bleaching with oxides of nitrogen upon the baking quality and commercial value of wheat flour, which was published in 1919. Chemical engineering is the branch of Engineering that deals with the application of Physical science (e Food engineering refers to the aspects of Food production and processing. [18] Warner and Fleischer instead give the thesis title as The Effect of the Oxides of Nitrogen upon the Carotin Molecule --- C40H56, which is difficult to explain. Moskowitz instead gives the date of the degree as 1919,[15] which may result from confusion with the publication date.

In 1919 Dr. Smith took a job as chief chemist for F. W. Stock & Sons of Hillsdale, Michigan, at one time the largest family-owned mill east of the Mississippi,[19] working on doughnut mixes. Hillsdale is a city in the state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 8233 [4]

In January 1936 Dr. Smith took a job, for salary plus profit-sharing, as a food technologist (a cereal chemist) at the Dawn Doughnut Company of Jackson, Michigan. Jackson is a city located along Interstate 94 in the south central area of the U [20] This initially entailed almost a year's worth of eighteen-hour days and seven-day workweeks. Individuals who knew Dr. Smith confirmed that he had a role in developing mixes for doughnuts and other pastries, but the contention that he developed the first process for making powdered sugar adhere to doughnuts cannot be substantiated. [21] Dr. Smith was reportedly dislocated from his job at Dawn Doughnuts due to pre-war rationing in early 1940. [22]

Dr. Smith worked for the US Army between 1941 and 1945. An extended segment in the novel version of Triplanetary, set during World War II, suggests intimate familiarity with explosives and munitions manufacturing. Some biographers cite as fact that, just as Smith's protagonist in this segment lost his job over failure to approve sub-standard munitions, Smith did as well. Smith began work for the J. W. Allen Company (a manufacturer of doughnut and frosting mixes) in 1946 and worked for them until his professional retirement in 1957. [22]

Skylark series

One evening in 1915, while the Smiths were visiting his former classmate from the University of Idaho, Dr. Carl Garby, who had also moved to Washington and lived near the Smiths in the Seaton Place Apartments in Washington D. Lee Hawkins Garby (1892 - 1953 was the coauthor with Edward Elmer Smith of the first version The Skylark of Space, the first science fiction story C. with his wife Lee Hawkins Garby, a long discussion about space travel ensued. Lee Hawkins Garby (1892 - 1953 was the coauthor with Edward Elmer Smith of the first version The Skylark of Space, the first science fiction story Mrs. Garby suggested that Dr. Smith write a story set in outer space. Smith said that he would do so if Mrs. Garby would handle the love interest. The two had completed about a third of The Skylark of Space by the end of 1916, when they gradually abandoned work on it. The Skylark of Space is one of the earliest novels of Interstellar travel. The Smiths were the basis for the Seatons in the novel, and the Cranes were drawn from the Garbys. [23]

Late in 1919, after moving to Michigan, one evening Smith was baby-sitting (presumably for Roderick) while his wife attended a movie, he resumed work on The Skylark of Space, finishing it in the spring of 1920. [24] He submitted it to many book publishers and magazines, spending more in postage than he would eventually receive for its publication. He received an encouraging rejection letter from Bob Davis, editor of Argosy, in 1922, saying that he liked the novel personally, but that it was too far out for his readers. [25] (According to Warner, but no other source, Dr. Smith began work on the sequel, Skylark III, before the first book was accepted. ) Finally, upon seeing the April 1927 issue of Amazing Stories, he submitted it to the magazine; it was accepted, initially for $75, later raised to $125. Amazing Stories was an American Science fiction magazine launched in April 1926 by Hugo Gernsback 's Experimenter Publishing. [26] It was published in the August – October 1928 issues. It was such a success that managing editor T. O'Conor Sloane requested a sequel before the second installment had been published. T(homas O'Conor Sloane ( November 21, 1851 - August 7, 1940) was the editor of Amazing Stories from 1929 through [27]

Mrs. Garby wasn't interested in collaborating further, so Dr. Smith began work on Skylark Three on his own. [28] It was published in the August through October 1930 issues of Amazing. This was as far as he had planned to take the Skylark series; it was praised in Amazing's letter column,[29] and he was paid 3/4¢ per word, surpassing Amazing's previous record of half a cent. [30]

The 1930's: Between Skylark and Lensman

Dr. Smith then began work on what he intended as a new series, starting with Spacehounds of IPC,[31] which he finished in the autumn of 1930. Spacehounds of IPC is a Science fiction novel by author Edward E [32] In this novel he took pains to avoid the scientific impossibilities which had bothered some readers of the Skylark novels. [33] Even in 1938, after he had written Galactic Patrol, Dr. Smith considered it his finest work;[32] he later said of it, "This was really scientific fiction; not, like the Skylarks, pseudo-science";[34] and even at the end of his career he considered it his only work of true science fiction. [35] It was published in the July through September 1931 issues of Amazing, but with unauthorized changes by Sloane. T(homas O'Conor Sloane ( November 21, 1851 - August 7, 1940) was the editor of Amazing Stories from 1929 through [36] Fan letters in the magazine complained about the novel's containment within the solar system, and Sloane sided with the readers. The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity. So when Harry Bates, editor of Astounding Stories, offered Smith 2¢/word—payable on publication—for his next story, he agreed; this meant that it could not be a sequel to Spacehounds. Harry Bates ( Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, October 9, 1900 &ndash September 1981 was an American Science fiction editor Analog Science Fiction and Fact is an American Science fiction Magazine. [30]

This book would be Triplanetary, "in which scientific detail would not be bothered about, and in which his imagination would run riot. Triplanetary is a Science fiction novel and Space opera by Edward E "[32] Indeed, characters within the story point out its psychological[37] and scientific[38] implausibilities, and sometimes even seem to suggest self-parody. [39] At other times they are conspicuously silent about obvious implausibilities. [40] [41] The January 1933 issue of Astounding announced that Triplanetary would appear in the March issue, and that issue's cover illustrated a scene from the story, but Astounding's financial difficulties prevented the story from appearing. [42] Dr. Smith then submitted the manuscript to Wonder Stories, whose editor, Charles D. Hornig, rejected it, later boasting about the rejection in a fanzine. A fanzine (see also Zine) is a nonprofessional publication produced by fans of a particular cultural phenomenon (such as a literary or musical genre for the pleasure [43] He finally submitted it to Amazing, which published it beginning in January 1934, but for only half a cent a word. Shortly after it was accepted, F. Orlin Tremaine, the new editor of the revived Astounding, offered one cent a word for Triplanetary; when he learned that he was too late, he suggested a third Skylark novel instead. F Orlin Tremaine ( January 7, 1899 - October 22, 1956) was an American Science fiction editor [44]

In the winter of 1933-4 Dr. Smith worked on The Skylark of Valeron, but he felt that the story was getting out of control; he sent his first draft to Tremaine, with a distraught note asking for suggestions. Tremaine accepted the rough draft for $850, and announced it in the June 1934 issue, with a full-page editorial and a three-quarter page advertisement. The novel was published in the August 1934 through February 1935 issues. Astounding's circulation rose by 10,000 for the first issue, and its two main competitors, Amazing and Wonder Stories fell into financial difficulties, both skipping issues within a year. Analog Science Fiction and Fact is an American Science fiction Magazine. Amazing Stories was an American Science fiction magazine launched in April 1926 by Hugo Gernsback 's Experimenter Publishing. [45]

The Lensman series

Dr. The Lensman series is a serial Science fiction Space opera by E Smith had been contemplating writing a "space-police novel" since early 1927;[46] once he had "the Lensmen's universe fairly well set up," he reviewed his science fiction collection for "cops-and-robbers" stories. He cites Constantinescue's "War of the Universe" as a negative example, and Starzl and Williamson as positive ones. Roman Frederick Starzl (1899 &ndash 1976 was an American Author. John Stewart Williamson ( April 29, 1908 – November 10, 2006) who wrote as Jack Williamson (and occasionally under the Pseudonym [47] Tremaine responded extremely positively to a brief description of the idea. [48]

Once Dawn Doughnuts became profitable in late 1936, Dr. Smith wrote an eighty-five page outline for what became the four core Lensman novels; in early 1937 Tremaine committed to buying them. The Lensman series is a serial Science fiction Space opera by E [49] Segmenting the story into four novels required considerable effort to avoid dangling loose ends; Dr. Smith cites Edgar Rice Burroughs as a negative example. Edgar Rice Burroughs ( September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American author best known for his creation of the jungle hero [48] After the outline was complete, he wrote a more detailed outline of Galactic Patrol, plus a detailed graph of its structure, with "peaks of emotional intensity and the valleys of characterization and background material. The Galactic Patrol was an intergalactic organization in the Lensman Science fiction series written by E " He notes, however, that he was never able to follow any of his outlines at all closely, as his "characters get away from me and do exactly as they damn please. "[50] After completing the rough draft of Galactic Patrol, he wrote the concluding chapter of the last book in the series, Children of the Lens. The Children of the Lens are characters in the fictional Lensman universe created by E [51] Galactic Patrol was published in the September 1937 through February 1938 issues of Astounding; unlike the revised book edition, it was not set in the same universe as Triplanetary. Analog Science Fiction and Fact is an American Science fiction Magazine. [52] Gray Lensman, the second book in the series, appeared in Astounding's October 1939 through January 1940 issues. Gray Lensman is a Science fiction novel by author Edward E Smith Ph (Note that the frequent British spelling “grey” is simply a recurrent mistake, starting with the cover of the first installment; Moskowitz's usage, “The Grey Lensman,” is even harder to justify. [53]) Gray Lensman (and its cover illustration, above) was extremely well received. Campbell’s editorial in the December issue suggested that the October issue was the best issue of Astounding ever, and Gray Lensman was first place in the Analytical Laboratory statistics “by a lightyear,” with three runners-up in a distant tie for third place. John Wood Campbell Jr (June 8 1910 – July 11 1971 was an important Science fiction editor and writer [54] The cover was also praised by readers in Brass Tacks, and Campbell noted, “We got a letter from E. E. Smith saying he and Rogers agreed on how Kinnison looked. ”[55]

Dr. Smith was the guest of honor at Chicon I, the second World Science Fiction Convention, held in Chicago over Labor Day weekend 1940,[56] giving a speech on the importance of science fiction fandom entitled “What Does This Convention Mean?”[57] He attended the convention’s masquerade as C.L. Moore’s Northwest Smith, and met fans living near him in Michigan, who would later form the Galactic Roamers, which previewed and advised him on his future work. 2nd World Science Fiction Convention ( Worldcon) was Chicon I which was held in Hotel Chicagoan in Chicago, USA 1 - 2 September, 1940 Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Labor Day is a United States Federal holiday observed on the first Monday in September Science fiction fandom or SF fandom is a community of people actively interested in Science fiction and Fantasy literature, and in contact with one another Catherine Lucille Moore ( January 24, 1911 – April 4, 1987) was an American Science fiction and Fantasy Northwest Smith is a fictional character and the hero of a series of stories by Science fiction writer C Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. [58]

Retirement and late writing

After Dr. Smith retired, he and his wife lived in Clearwater, Florida in the fall and winter, driving the smaller of their two trailers to Seaside, Oregon each April, often stopping at science fiction conventions on the way. Clearwater is a City located in Pinellas County Florida, USA, nearly due west of Tampa and northwest of St Seaside is a city in Clatsop County, Oregon, United States. The name Seaside came from a summer resort built by the railroad magnate Ben Holladay Science fiction conventions are gatherings of the community of fans (called Science fiction fandom) of various forms of Speculative fiction including Science (Dr. Smith did not like to fly. )[59] Some of his biography is captured in an essay by Robert A. Heinlein, which was reprinted in the collection Expanded Universe in 1980. Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7 1907 – May 8 1988 was an American Novelist and Science fiction Writer. There is a more detailed, although allegedly error-ridden, biography in Sam Moskowitz's Seekers of Tomorrow.

Robert A. Heinlein and Dr. Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7 1907 – May 8 1988 was an American Novelist and Science fiction Writer. Smith were friends. Heinlein reported that E. E. Smith perhaps took his "unrealistic" heroes from life, citing as an example the extreme competence of the hero of Spacehounds of IPC. Spacehounds of IPC is a Science fiction novel by author Edward E He reported that E. E. Smith was a large, blond, athletic, very intelligent, very gallant man, married to a remarkably beautiful, intelligent red-haired woman named MacDougal (thus perhaps the prototypes of 'Kimball Kinnison' and 'Clarissa MacDougal'). In Heinlein's essay, he reports that he began to suspect Smith might be a sort of "superman" when he asked Dr. Smith for help in purchasing a car. Smith tested the car by driving it on a back road at illegally high speeds with their heads pressed tightly against the roof columns to listen for chassis squeaks by bone conduction—a process apparently improvised on the spot. Bone conduction is the conduction of Sound to the inner Ear through the Bones of the Skull.

In his non-series novels written after his professional retirement, Galaxy Primes, Subspace Explorers, and Subspace Encounter, E. E. Smith explores themes of telepathy and other mental abilities collectively called "psionics," and of the conflict between libertarian and socialistic/communistic influences in the colonization of other planets.

Lord Tedric

Dr. Smith wrote a novelette entitled Lord Tedric, published in Other Worlds in 1952, and which was almost completely forgotten.

Much later, 13 years after Dr. Smith's death in fact, Gordon Eklund published another novel of the same name about the same fictional character, introducing it as "a new series conceived by E. Gordon Eklund (born July 24, 1945, Seattle Washington) is a Nebula Award -winning American Science fiction author whose E. 'Doc' Smith". Eklund later went on to publish the other novels in the series, one or two under the pseudonym "E. E. 'Doc' Smith" or "E. E. Smith". The protagonist possesses similar heroic qualities common to the heroes in Dr. Smith's original novels and can communicate with an extra-dimensional race of beings known as The Scientists, whose archenemy is Fra Villion, a mysterious character described as a dark knight, skilled in whip-sword combat, and evil genius behind the creation of a planetoid-sized "iron sphere" armed with a weapon capable of destroying planets. As a result, Dr. Smith is believed by many to be the unacknowledged progenitor of themes that would appear in Star Wars. Star Wars is an epic Space opera franchise initially conceived by George Lucas during the 1970s and significantly expanded

Critical opinion

Smith’s works novels are generally considered to be the classic space operas[60], and he is sometimes called the “first nova” of twentieth century science fiction[61]. Space opera is a subgenre of Speculative fiction or Science fiction that emphasizes romantic, often Melodramatic adventure set mainly or entirely A nova (pl novae or novas) is a Cataclysmic nuclear explosion caused by the accretion of hydrogen onto the surface of a White The twentieth century of the Common Era began on

Dr. Smith expressed a preference for inventing fictional technologies that were not strictly impossible (so far as the science of the day was aware) but highly unlikely: "the more unlikely the better" was his phrase.

Extending the Lensman universe

Vortex Blasters (also known as Masters of the Vortex) is set in the same universe as the Lensman novels. It is an extension to the main storyline which takes place between Second Stage Lensman and Children of the Lens, and introduces a different type of psionics from that used by the Lensmen. Spacehounds of IPC is not a part of the series, despite occasional erroneous statements to the contrary. Spacehounds of IPC is a Science fiction novel by author Edward E (It is listed as a novel in the series in some paperback editions of the 1970s. )

Robert A. Heinlein reported that Doc had planned a seventh Lensman novel, set after the events described in Children of the Lens, which was unpublishable at that time (the early 1960s). Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7 1907 – May 8 1988 was an American Novelist and Science fiction Writer. Careful searches by people who knew Doc well (including Frederik Pohl, Doc's editor, and Verna Smith Trestrail, Doc's daughter) have failed to locate any material related to such a story. Frederik George Pohl Jr (born November 26, 1919) is a American Science fiction writer, editor and fan, with a career Doc apparently never wrote any of it down. Doc told Heinlein that the new novel proceeded inexorably from unresolved matters in Children, a statement easily supported by a careful reading of Children.

On 14 July 1965, barely a month before his death, E. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. E. Smith gave written permission to William B. Ellern to continue the Lensman series, which led to the publishing of "Moon Prospector" in 1965 and New Lensman in 1976. William B Ellern (born November 30, 1933) is an American Science fiction author Smith's long-time friend, Dave Kyle, wrote three authorized added novels in the Lensman series that provided background about the major non-human Lensmen.

Influence on Science and the Military

As well as influencing the course of popular culture, Smith was also a huge influence on modern warfare as his books were widely read by scientists and engineers from the 1930s into the 1970s. Literary precursors of ideas which arguably entered the military-scientific complex include SDI (Triplanetary), stealth (Gray Lensman), the OODA Loop, C3-based warfare, and the AWACS (Gray Lensman). The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI was a proposal by US President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983 to use ground and space-based systems to protect Stealth technology also known as LOT (Low Observability Technology is a sub-discipline of military Electronic countermeasures which covers a range of techniques used with The OODA Loop (for Observe, Orient, Decide and Act) is a concept applied to the Combat operations process, often at Strategic C2I stands for Command Control and Intelligence C4I stands for Command Control Communications Computers and (military Intelligence

An influence that is inarguable was described in an 11 June 1947 letter[62] to Doc from John W. Campbell (the editor of Astounding magazine, where much of the Lensman series was originally published). John Wood Campbell Jr (June 8 1910 – July 11 1971 was an important Science fiction editor and writer Analog Science Fiction and Fact is an American Science fiction Magazine. In it, Campbell relayed Captain Cal Lanning's[63] acknowledgment that he had used Smith's ideas for displaying the battlespace situation (called the "tank" in the stories) in the design of the United States Navy's ships' Combat Information Centers. A Combat Information Center ( CIC) or Action Information Center ( AIC) is the tactical center of a Warship, manned and equipped "The entire set-up was taken specifically, directly, and consciously from the Directrix. In your story, you reached the situation the Navy was in — more communication channels than integration techniques to handle it. You proposed such an integrating technique and proved how advantageous it could be. You, sir, were 100% right. As the Japanese Navy— not the hypothetical Boskonian fleet— learned at an appalling cost. "

One underlying theme of the later Lensman novels was the difficulty in maintaining military secrecy—as advanced capabilities are revealed, the opposing side can often duplicate them. This point was also discussed extensively by John Campbell in his letter to Doc. [64] Also in the later Lensman novels, and particular after the "Battle of Klovia" broke the Boskonian's power base at the end of Second Stage Lensman, the Boskonian forces and particularly Kandron of Onlo reverted to terroristic tactics to attempt to demoralize Civilization, thus providing an early literary glimpse into this modern problem of both law enforcement and military response. The use of "Vee-two" gas by the pirates attacking the Hyperion in Triplanetary (in both magazine and book appearances) also suggests anticipation of the terrorist uses of poison gases.

The beginning of the story the Skylark of Space describes in relative detail the protagonists research into separation of platinum group residues, subsequent experiments involving electrolysis and the discovery of a process evocative of cold fusion (over 50 years before Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann). Cold fusion, sometimes called low energy nuclear reactions (LENR or condensed matter nuclear science, is a set of effects reported in controversial laboratory experiments Stanley Pons (born in 1943 Valdese North Carolina) is an electrochemist best known for his work with Martin Fleischmann on Cold fusion in the 1980s and Martin Fleischmann, FRS (born 1927 Karlovy Vary, Czechoslovakia) is an electrochemist at the University of Southampton and a Fellow of the He describes a nuclear process yielding large amounts of energy and producing only negligible radioactive waste—which then goes on to form the basis of the adventures in the Skylark books. Smith's general description of the process of discovery is highly evocative of Röntgen's descriptions of his discovery of the X-ray. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation.

Another theme of the Skylark novels involves precursors of modern information technology. The humanoid aliens encountered in the first novel have developed a primitive technology called the "mechanical educator," which allows direct conversion of brain waves into intelligible thought for transmission to others or for electrical storage. By the third novel in the series, Skylark of Valeron, this technology has grown into an "Electronic Brain" which is capable of computation on all "bands" of energy—electromagnetism, gravity, and "tachyonic" energy and radiation bands included. This is itself derived from a discussion of reductionist atomic theory in the second novel, Skylark Three, which brings to mind modern quark and sub-quark theories of elementary particle physics.

Literary influences on Smith's Writing

In his essay "The Epic of Space," Dr. Smith listed (by last name only) authors he enjoyed reading: John W. Campbell, L. Sprague de Camp, Robert A. Heinlein, Murray Leinster, H. P. Lovecraft, A. Merritt (specifically The Ship of Ishtar, The Moon Pool, The Snake Mother, and Dwellers in the Mirage, as well as the character John Kenton), C.L. Moore (specifically Jirel of Joiry), Roman Frederick Starzl, John Taine, A.E. van Vogt, Stanley G. Weinbaum (specifically Trweel[65]), and Jack Williamson. John Wood Campbell Jr (June 8 1910 – July 11 1971 was an important Science fiction editor and writer Lyon Sprague de Camp, ( November 27 1907 – November 6 2000) was an American science fiction and fantasy author Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7 1907 – May 8 1988 was an American Novelist and Science fiction Writer. Murray Leinster ( June 16, 1896 in Norfolk Virginia - June 8, 1975) was a Nom de plume of William Fitzgerald Jenkins Howard Phillips Lovecraft ( August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American author of horror, fantasy Abraham Merritt ( January 20, 1884 &ndash August 21, 1943) who published under the byline A Catherine Lucille Moore ( January 24, 1911 – April 4, 1987) was an American Science fiction and Fantasy Jirel of Joiry is one of the most notable creations of writer C Roman Frederick Starzl (1899 &ndash 1976 was an American Author. Eric Temple Bell ( February 7 Alfred Elton van Vogt (April 26 1912 – January 26 2000 was a Canadian -born Science fiction author who was one of the most prolific Stanley Grauman Weinbaum ( April 4, 1902 - December 14, 1935) was a Jewish American Science fiction author John Stewart Williamson ( April 29, 1908 – November 10, 2006) who wrote as Jack Williamson (and occasionally under the Pseudonym In a passage on his preparation for writing the Lensman novels, he notes that Constantinescu's "War of the Universe" was not a masterpiece,[66] but says that Starzl and Williamson were masters; this suggests that Starzl's Interplanetary Flying Patrol may have been an influence on Dr. The Lensman series is a serial Science fiction Space opera by E Smith's Triplanetary Patrol, later the Galactic Patrol. The Galactic Patrol was an intergalactic organization in the Lensman Science fiction series written by E The feeding of the Overlords of Delgon upon the life-force of their victims at the end of chapter five of Galactic Patrol seems a clear allusion to chapter twenty-nine of The Moon Pool; Merritt's account of the Taithu and the power of love in chapters twenty-nine and thirty-four also bear some resemblance to the end of Children of the Lens. The Galactic Patrol was an intergalactic organization in the Lensman Science fiction series written by E The Moon Pool is a Fantasy Novel by Abraham Merritt. Although Merritt did not invent the lost world novel following in the footsteps The Children of the Lens are characters in the fictional Lensman universe created by E Dr. Smith also mentions Edgar Rice Burroughs, complaining about loose ends at the end of one of his novels. Edgar Rice Burroughs ( September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American author best known for his creation of the jungle hero

Dr. Smith acknowledges the help of the Galactic Roamers writers' workshop, plus E. Everett Evans, Ed Counts, an unnamed aeronautical engineer, Dr. Edward Everett Evans (1893-1958 was an American Science fiction Author and fan. James Enright, and Dr. Richard W. Dodson. Dr. Smith's daughter, Verna, lists the following authors as visitors to the Smith household in her youth: Lloyd Eshbach, Robert A. Heinlein, Dave Kyle, Bob Tucker, Jack Williamson, Fred Pohl, A. Merritt, and the Galactic Roamers. Lloyd Arthur Eshbach ( June 20, 1910 - October 29, 2003) was an American Science fiction fan and writer secular Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7 1907 – May 8 1988 was an American Novelist and Science fiction Writer. David A Kyle (born February 14, 1919) has been a New York -based Science fiction writer and fan since the earliest days of organized Science For the football player of the same name see Bob Tucker (football player. John Stewart Williamson ( April 29, 1908 – November 10, 2006) who wrote as Jack Williamson (and occasionally under the Pseudonym Frederik George Pohl Jr (born November 26, 1919) is a American Science fiction writer, editor and fan, with a career Abraham Merritt ( January 20, 1884 &ndash August 21, 1943) who published under the byline A Dr. Smith cites Bigelow's Theoretical Chemistry–Fundamentals as a justification for the possibility of the inertialess drive. The inertialess drive is a fictional means of accelerating to close to the speed of light or Faster-than-light travel originally used in Triplanetary and There is also an extended reference to Rudyard Kipling's "Ballad of Boh Da Thon" in Gray Lensman. Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936 was an English Author and poet

Sam Moskowitz's biographical essay on Dr. Smith in Seekers of Tomorrow states that he regularly read Argosy magazine, and everything by H.G. Wells, Jules Verne, H. Rider Haggard, Edgar Allan Poe, and Edgar Rice Burroughs. Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 &ndash 13 August 1946 He was an outspoken socialist and a pacifist, his later works becoming increasingly political Jules Gabriel Verne ( February 8 1828 &ndash March 24 1905) was a French Author who pioneered the science-fiction Sir Henry Rider Haggard KBE ( 22 June 1856 &ndash 14 May 1925) was a prolific writer of Adventure novels set Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, Edgar Rice Burroughs ( September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American author best known for his creation of the jungle hero Moskowitz also notes that Dr. Smith's "reading enthusiasms included poetry, philosophy, ancient and medieval history, and all of English literature. "[67] (Dr. Smith's grandson notes that he spoke, and sang, German. [68]) The influence of these is not readily apparent, except in the Roman section of Triplanetary, and in the impeccable but convoluted grammar of Dr. Smith's narration. Some influence of nineteenth century philosophy of language may be detectable in the account in Galactic Patrol of the Lens of Arisia as a universal translator, which is reminiscent of Frege's strong realism about Sinn, that is, thought or sense. Philosophy of language is the reasoned inquiry into the nature origins and usage of Language. The Galactic Patrol was an intergalactic organization in the Lensman Science fiction series written by E This article is about the science fiction convention for the fictional alien race see Lensman#Plot synopsis. The universal translator is a fictional device common to many Science fiction works especially on television Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege ( 8 November 1848, Wismar, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin  &ndash 26 July 1925 Contemporary philosophical realism is the belief in a Reality that is completely Ontologically independent of our conceptual schemes linguistic practices beliefs

Both Moskowitz and Smith's daughter Verna Smith Trestrail report that Dr. Smith had a troubled relationship with John Campbell, the editor of Astounding. John Wood Campbell Jr (June 8 1910 – July 11 1971 was an important Science fiction editor and writer Analog Science Fiction and Fact is an American Science fiction Magazine. It is noteworthy that Dr. Smith's most successful works were published under Campbell, but the degree of influence is uncertain. The original outline for the Lensman series had been accepted by F. Orlin Tremaine,[51] and Dr. The Lensman series is a serial Science fiction Space opera by E F Orlin Tremaine ( January 7, 1899 - October 22, 1956) was an American Science fiction editor Smith angered Campbell by showing loyalty to Tremaine at his new magazine, Comet, when he sold him "The Vortex Blaster" in 1941. [69] Campbell's announcement of Children of the Lens, in 1947, was less than enthusiastic. [70] Campbell later said that he published it only reluctantly,[71] though he praised it privately,[72] and bought little from Smith thereafter.

Derivative Works and Influence on Popular Culture

Fictional appearances

Doc himself appears as a character in the 2006 novel The Chinatown Death Cloud Peril by Paul Malmont. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story The novel describes friendship and rivalry among pulp writers of the 1930s. He also appears as "Lensman Ted Smith" in the 1980 novel "The Number Of The Beast" by Robert A. Heinlein.

Bibliography

Series

Lensman[78]

  1. Triplanetary (Amazing Stories Jan–Apr 1934, Fantasy Press 1948)[79]
  2. First Lensman (Fantasy Press 1950)
  3. Galactic Patrol (Astounding Stories Sep 1937–Feb 1938, Fantasy Press 1950)
  4. Gray Lensman (Astounding Stories Oct 1939–Jan 1940, Fantasy Press 1951)
  5. Second Stage Lensmen (Astounding Stories Nov 1941–Feb 1942, Fantasy Press 1953)
  6. Children of the Lens (Astounding Stories Nov 1947–Feb 1948, Fantasy Press 1954)
  7. The Vortex Blaster, also known as Masters of the Vortex (Comet July 1941, Astonishing Stories Jun & Oct 1942, Gnome Press 1960)

Skylark

  1. The Skylark of Space (written 1915–1920 with Mrs. The Lensman series is a serial Science fiction Space opera by E Triplanetary is a Science fiction novel and Space opera by Edward E First Lensman is a Science fiction novel and Space opera by author Edward E Galactic Patrol is a Science fiction novel by author Edward E Gray Lensman is a Science fiction novel by author Edward E Smith Ph Second Stage Lensmen is a Science fiction novel by author Edward E Children of the Lens is a Science fiction novel by author Edward E The Vortex Blaster is a collection of Science fiction short stories by author Edward E Skylark is a science fiction/ Space opera series by the late E The Skylark of Space is one of the earliest novels of Interstellar travel. Lee Hawkins Garby, Amazing Stories Aug–Oct 1928, Buffalo Book Co. 1946. Paperback edition, heavily revised and without the co-author credit, Pyramid Books 1958)
  2. Skylark Three (Amazing Stories Aug–Oct 1930, Fantasy Press 1948)
  3. Skylark of Valeron (Astounding Stories Aug 1934–Feb 1935, Fantasy Press 1949)
  4. Skylark DuQuesne (Worlds of If Jun–Oct 1965, Pyramid Books 1966)

Subspace

  1. Subspace Explorers (Canaveral Press 1965, Ace 1968; the first 30 pages of the book appeared in Astounding Jul 1960)
  2. Subspace Encounter (1983)
The Clockwork Traitor (1976), 1977 Panther paperback edition. 160 pages
The Clockwork Traitor (1976), 1977 Panther paperback edition. Skylark Three is a Science fiction novel by author Edward E Smith Ph Skylark of Valeron is a Science fiction novel by author Edward E Skylark DuQuesne was the final novel in the epic Skylark series by E Subspace Explorers is a Science fiction novel by E E "Doc" Smith. Subspace Encounter is a 1983 Science fiction Novel by E E Smith, a posthumously published sequel to his Subspace Explorers 160 pages

Family d'Alembert (with Stephen Goldin - in fact only parts of the first book are by Smith, the rest is by Goldin based on Smith's novella)

  1. Imperial Stars (1976)
  2. Stranglers' Moon (1976)
  3. The Clockwork Traitor (1976)
  4. Getaway World (1977)
  5. Appointment at Bloodstar, also known as The Bloodstar Conspiracy (1978)
  6. The Purity Plot (1978)
  7. Planet of Treachery (1981)
  8. Eclipsing Binaries (1983)
  9. The Omicron Invasion (1984)
  10. Revolt of the Galaxy (1985)

Lord Tedric (with Gordon Eklund)

  1. Lord Tedric (1978)
  2. The Space Pirates (1979)
  3. Black Knight of the Iron Sphere (1979)
  4. Alien Realms (1980)

Non-Series Novels and Collections

Non-fiction

Secondary sources

References

  1. ^ Moskowitz p. 11. For this and all following dates, see also the timelines in Lucchetti pp. 31–5 and 113–147 and, to a lesser extent, Sanders pp. 1–2.
  2. ^ a b c 1900 Census, House 1515, Residence 438, Family 371, 3rd Ward of Spokane County, Washington, recorded June 13, 1900, accessed via online census images at heritagequest. com
  3. ^ Sanders p. 1 & 7. Trestrail p. 2 instead says that the family moved that year to Idaho, but Moskowitz p. 11–12 and Eshbach p. 85 both seem to agree with Sanders.
  4. ^ a b c Sanders p. 1.
  5. ^ Moskowitz p. 11–12.
  6. ^ 1910 Census, Residence 37, Family 37, Markham Precinct, Bonner County, Idaho, recorded 25 April 1910, accessed via heritagequest. com.
  7. ^ Letter from Flip Kleffner, Director of Alumni Relations, University of Idaho Alumni Association, to Verna Smith Trestrail, dated 27 February 1984.
  8. ^ Sanders p. 8
  9. ^ Latah County, Idaho Star-Mirror, March 25 1915. Latah County is a County located in the US state of Idaho. It was created in 1886 and named for the Latah Creek whose name comes from the Chinook
  10. ^ Western States Marriage Index Entry 84846, accessed 2007 April 5
  11. ^ Trestrail pp. 3 & 4, Sanders p. 8, Moskowitz p. 13. Trestrail spells the name "Allen. "
  12. ^ Z9M9Z: "Noreascon 4".
  13. ^ Lucchetti p. 32, Warner, Moskowitz p. 22.
  14. ^ 1930 Census of Ward 3, Household 288, Family 314, Hillsdale, Michigan, recorded by Mark C. Hanselman on 11 April 1930. Copy courtesy www. ancestry. com.
  15. ^ a b c Moskowitz p. 13.
  16. ^ See the photo at Lens FAQ p. 0. According to Warner, he applied unsuccessfully to serve as an aviator. The other biographies on silent on his wartime service.
  17. ^ Sanders p. 1, Lucchetti p. 32, Barrett p. 4 following Sanders.
  18. ^ See bibliography, below.
  19. ^ http://www.hillsdalecounty.info/history0118.asp accessed 5 April 2007
  20. ^ Moskowitz p. 19, Warner.
  21. ^ The earliest web source for this claim seems to be Computer games: 40 years of fun, ZDNet UK, November 23, 2001 by Graeme Wearden; the article does not provide a source, and the claim may have been added by a colleague. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. (Private correspondence, July 4, 2006. ) Searches at Google patent (www. google. com/patent) on various combinations of Dr. Smith's name have not uncovered any patents which relate to his professional biography and supposed accomplishments in the pastry field.
  22. ^ a b The Dictionary of Literary Biography, quoted at http://www.bookrags.com/Edward_Elgar accessed 8 May 2007.
  23. ^ Sanders pp. 8-9, Moskowitz p. 14.
  24. ^ Sanders p. 1, Moskowitz p. 14. Warner says 1921.
  25. ^ Sanders p. 9, Moskowitz p. 15.
  26. ^ Sanders pp. 1 & 9, Moskowitz p. 15. Both Moskowitz and Sanders (p. 1 but not p. 9) say that T. O'Conor Sloane was the editor who accepted it, but according to the Wikipedia article on T. T(homas O'Conor Sloane ( November 21, 1851 - August 7, 1940) was the editor of Amazing Stories from 1929 through O'Conor Sloane, he was managing editor until 1929, when he became editor, replacing Hugo Gernsback. Hugo Gernsback ( August 16 1884 – August 19 1967) born Hugo Gernsbacher, was a Luxembourg American Inventor
  27. ^ Moskowitz p. 15.
  28. ^ Moskowitz p. 15. As noted above, Warner instead says that Dr. Smith had already begun work.
  29. ^ e. g. , a letter from John W. Campbell on pages 567–8 of the September issue, which ends by stating that Skylark of Space had been "the best story of scientifiction ever printed," but which consists mainly of devastating criticism of the stories' science. John Wood Campbell Jr (June 8 1910 – July 11 1971 was an important Science fiction editor and writer
  30. ^ a b Moskowitz p. 16
  31. ^ Moskowitz p. 16, Sanders p. 65.
  32. ^ a b c Warner.
  33. ^ Sanders p. 65. The book does however have significant scientific implausibilities, for example the breathable atmosphere on Saturn and some of its and Jupiter's satellites.
  34. ^ Sheridan p. 3
  35. ^ Rogers p. 26.
  36. ^ Moskowitz p. 16, Rogers p. 14.
  37. ^ Lyman Cleveland's comment on the easy availability of "solid asteroids of iron," Amazing March 1934, p. 16, first edition p. 196, as proving the pointlessness of the Nevians' attack.
  38. ^ Cleveland's expectation, correct according to Special Relativity, that inertialess travel would not be faster than light in the home reference frame, p. Special relativity (SR (also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the Physical theory of Measurement in Inertial 223.
  39. ^ Nerado's comment, "Destruction, always destruction… they are a useless race," February p. 81, p. 160.
  40. ^ Costigan & Bradley's lack of comment when they discover that the ship they are on has passed the speed of light, February p. 84, p. 168. This is the first mention in the story of faster-than-light travel.
  41. ^ Costigan & Bradley's failure to object, when told of the Nevians' impending second raid on Tellus, that they could easily obtain iron without further destruction, February p. 88, p. 175.
  42. ^ Moskowitz p. 17, Rogers p. 14.
  43. ^ Moskowitz p. 17, citing "Stories We Reject" in Fantasy Magazine December 1934.
  44. ^ Moskowitz p. 17
  45. ^ Moskowitz p. 17–8, Rogers pp. 24–30. Rogers agrees with Moskowitz that Astounding became the leading science fiction magazine during this period, but does not attribute this solely to Dr. Analog Science Fiction and Fact is an American Science fiction Magazine. Smith.
  46. ^ "The Epic of Space" p. 83.
  47. ^ "The Epic of Space" p. 84. 'Canstantinescu's "War of the Universes"' is apparently an error for "The War of the Universe" by Clinton Constantinescu, Amazing Stories Quarterly, Fall 1931.
  48. ^ a b "The Epic of Space" p. 85.
  49. ^ Gharlane LensFaq section 1, Moskowitz p. 19, "The Epic of Space" p. 85. Note that Dr. Smith's account in "The Epic of Space" does not mention Tremaine's commitment. Moskowitz says that the outline was eighty pages; Dr. Smith only mentions that the section on Galactic Patrol was "only a few pages long. The Galactic Patrol was an intergalactic organization in the Lensman Science fiction series written by E "
  50. ^ "The Epic of Space" p. 86.
  51. ^ a b Moskowitz p. 19
  52. ^ The Commandant’s account of the Patrol’s early history at the beginning of the magazine version of Galactic Patrol does not describe what happened in the magazine version of Triplanetary; the reference to Virgil Samms and the Triplanetary Patrol is a later interpolation. (Astounding September 1937 pp. Analog Science Fiction and Fact is an American Science fiction Magazine. 12–13; cp. Fantasy Press edition pp. Fantasy Press was an American publishing house specialising in fantasy and science fiction titles 8–9. ) The reference to "the days of the semi-inert drive" and the Third Galactic Survey on page 34 of the same issue is not consistent with the history of partial inertialessness in either version of Triplanetary, and is omitted from page 42 of the Fantasy Press edition. Fantasy Press was an American publishing house specialising in fantasy and science fiction titles (Amazing March 1934 pp. 28 & 33; cp. Fantasy Press edition pp. 223 & 231. ) See also Gharlane's Lens FAQ Question 1. The Arisians’ near-omniscience about the future is also interpolated, e. g. , Astounding January 1938 p. 127 vs. first edition p. 205.
  53. ^ Gharlane Lens FAQ Question 1 and footnote to rec. arts. sf. written posting; Moskowitz p. 20.
  54. ^ Astounding December 1939 pp. 6, 91.
  55. ^ Astounding December 1939 pp. 104.
  56. ^ Sanders p. 10, Moskowitz p. 12.
  57. ^ Resnick & Siclari.
  58. ^ Sanders p. 10, afterword to Second Stage Lensman.
  59. ^ Pohl in Lucchetti p. 15, Al Trestrail in Lucchetti p. 19. Al Trestrail (p. 20) and Pohl (p. 14) also mention church attendance (Pohl in a fictional context), which none of the other sources seem to.
  60. ^ Sir Arthur Clarke, Astounding Days, pp. Sir Arthur Charles Clarke, CBE (16 December 1917–19 March 2008 was a British Science fiction Author, Inventor, and 102–3 ff.
  61. ^ Clarke, op. cit. p. 120, citing and agreeing with Isaac Asimov in his introduction to The Best of Stanley G. Weinbaum, who was the second nova. Isaac Asimov (c January 2 1920 &ndash April 6 1992 ˈaɪzək ˈæzɪmʌv originally Исаак Озимов but now transcribed into Russian as, was a Russian Stanley Grauman Weinbaum ( April 4, 1902 - December 14, 1935) was a Jewish American Science fiction author
  62. ^ Letter from John W. Campbell to E. E. Smith, page 1-2, Dated 11 June 1947.
  63. ^ Presumably, this is later Rear Admiral Caleb Lanning, shipmate, friend, and occasional co-author of Robert A. Heinlein. Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7 1907 – May 8 1988 was an American Novelist and Science fiction Writer.
  64. ^ Letter from John W. Campbell to E. E. Smith, page 2-3, Dated 11 June 1947.
  65. ^ "The Epic of Space" p. 80. The conventional spelling is "Tweel", though the most accurate spelling is "Trrrweerrlll. " ("A Martian Odyssey", The Best of Stanley G. A Martian Odyssey is a Science fiction Short story by Stanley G Weinbaum p. 5. )
  66. ^ Both Constantinescu's name and title are misspelled in the essay: ‘Canstantinescu’s “War of the Universes”, p. 84.
  67. ^ Moskowitz p. 14.
  68. ^ Al Trestrail, in Lucchetti p. 20.
  69. ^ Moskowitz p. 21
  70. ^ Moskowitz p. 23.
  71. ^ Sanders p. 15.
  72. ^ Letter to Clifford Simak June 18, 1953, The John W. Clifford Donald Simak ( August 3, 1904 - April 25, 1988) was a major American Science fiction writer Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Campbell Letters Volume 1, p. 177.
  73. ^ Astounding Days, p. 104.
  74. ^ IGN: Interview with J. Michael Straczynski (Part 1 of 4)
  75. ^ ATTN JMS: Lensman
  76. ^ Gerard Jones, Men of Tomorrow, 2004, p. 29-31
  77. ^ SCI-FI Weekly, Jan. 14, 2008. http://www.scifi.com/sfw/news/ accessed January 14, 2008.
  78. ^ In "The Epic of Space," Dr. Smith reveals that the core books of the Lensman series, Galactic Patrol, Gray Lensman, Second Stage Lensman, and Children of the Lens, were conceived as a unified whole. Some recommend reading the books in this order, followed by the revised Triplanetary, First Lensman, and The Vortex Blaster. The original versions of the core books are not consistent with the original version of Triplanetary; the connections between them are later interpolations.
  79. ^ The magazine version of Triplanetary was not part of the original Lensman series. For the book versions, passages were interpolated into the original Triplanetary, and earlier, pre-space-flight sections were added, forming the first third of the book. Some passages were added to or removed from the core books, to make them consistent with the new version of Triplanetary.
  80. ^ University of Idaho Libraries University of Idaho Libraries
  81. ^ Lucchetti, p. 113, worldcatlibraries.org
  82. ^ Lucchetti p. 113, Library of Congress
  83. ^ Lucchetti p. 113
  84. ^ Lucchetti p. 114
  85. ^ According to Gharlane, this is error-ridden: LensFaq section 7. Gharlane provides no details, but Moskowitz does get as basic a fact as the editorship of Amazing wrong, on page 15. Amazing Stories was an American Science fiction magazine launched in April 1926 by Hugo Gernsback 's Experimenter Publishing.

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