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The term e-Science (or eScience) is used to describe computationally intensive science that is carried out in highly distributed network environments, or science that uses immense data sets that require grid computing; the term sometimes includes technologies that enable distributed collaboration, such as the Access Grid. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding A computer network is a group of interconnected Computers. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics Debt AIDS Trade in Africa (or DATA) is a Multinational non-government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 's Grid computing is a form of Distributed computing whereby a "super and virtual computer" is composed of a cluster of networked loosely-coupled Access Grid is a collection of resources and technologies that enables large format audio and Video based Collaboration between groups of people in different The term was created by John Taylor, the Director General of the United Kingdom's Office of Science and Technology in 1999 and was used to describe a large funding initiative starting in November 2000. The Office of Science and Technology ( OST) later (briefly named the Office of Science and Innovation, was a Non-ministerial government department of the Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) November 2000: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - Examples of the kind of science include social simulations, particle physics, earth sciences and bio-informatics. Bioinformatics is the application of information technology to the field of molecular biology Particle physics has a particularly well developed e-Science infrastructure due to their need for adequate computing facilities for the analysis of results and storage of data originating from the CERN Large Hadron Collider, which is due to start taking data in 2008. The European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire known as CERN 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

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Characteristics and examples of e-Science

Due to the complexity of the software and the backend infrastructural requirements, e-Science projects usually involve large teams managed and developed by research laboratories, large universities or governments. Currently there is a large focus in e-Science in the United Kingdom, where the UK e-Science programme provides significant funding. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

Development of e-Science is also advanced in Europe where the development of computing capabilities to support the CERN Large Hadron Collider has led to the development of e-Science and Grid infrastructures which are also used by other disciplines.

The UK e-Science programme

The UK e-Science programme comprises a wide range of resources, centres and people including the National e-Science Centre (NeSC) which is managed by the Universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, with facilities in both cities. The University of Glasgow (Oilthigh Ghlaschu was founded in 1451 in Glasgow, Scotland and along with its contemporary institutions the University of St Andrews The University of Edinburgh (Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann founded in 1582 is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.

Within the UK there are various regional e-Science centres, which support their local universities and projects, including:

There are also various centres of excellence and research centres which have a strong impact on e-Science. The National Grid Service (NGS provides free Grid computing resources and additional services for UK academics

The US projects

US-based initiatives, where the term cyberinfrastructure is typically used to define e-Science projects, are primarily funded by the National Science Foundation and Department of Energy (in particular the Office of Science). The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The term " cyberinfrastructure " describes the new research environments that support advanced Data acquisition, data storage data management data integration data The National Science Foundation (NSF is a United States Government agency that supports fundamental Research and Education in all the non-medical The United States Department of Energy ( DOE) is a Cabinet -level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy NSF's Office of Cyberinfrastructure, for example, supports the TeraGrid project which provides integrated resources and services operated by some of the nation's supercomputing centers including:

and partner high-performance computing centers at

The Department of Energy also supports e-Science through high performance computing and other initiatives involving its laboratories, including, among others:

See also

External links

TeraGrid is an open scientific discovery infrastructure combining large computing resources (including Supercomputers storage and scientific visualization systems The Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC is a High performance computing and networking center that is a joint effort between Carnegie Mellon University, the The National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA) is one of five original centers in the National Science Foundation 's Supercomputer Centers Program and a The National Center for Atmospheric Research ( NCAR) is a non-governmental U The Texas Advanced Computing Center ( TACC) at the University of Texas at Austin, United States, is a research center for advanced Computational science The San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC is an organized research unit of the University of California San Diego (UCSD Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, generally known as Louisiana State University or LSU, is a public, Coeducational Indiana University is the flagship campus of the Indiana University system. Oak Ridge National Laboratory ( ORNL) is a multiprogram science and technology National laboratory managed for the United States Department of Energy by Argonne National Laboratory is one of the United States Department of Energy 's oldest and largest science and engineering research national laboratories and is Argonne National Laboratory is one of the United States Department of Energy 's oldest and largest science and engineering research national laboratories and is The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ( LBNL) is a U The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ( SLAC) is a United States Department of Energy National Laboratory operated by Stanford University under Oak Ridge National Laboratory ( ORNL) is a multiprogram science and technology National laboratory managed for the United States Department of Energy by Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory ( Fermilab) located in Batavia near Chicago, Illinois, is a U e-Social Science is a more recent development in conjunction with the wider developments in E-Science. e-Research extends E-Science and Cyberinfrastructure to all sciences and denotes the use of Information technology to support existing and new forms of Distributed computing deals with Hardware and Software Systems containing more than one processing element or Storage element concurrent Citizen science is a term used for projects or ongoing program of scientific work in which individual volunteers or networks of volunteers many of whom may have no specific
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