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e-Government (from electronic government, also known as e-gov, digital government, online government or in a certain context transformational government) refers to the use of internet technology as a platform for exchanging information, providing services and transacting with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government. Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Transformational Government is an initiative of the UK government. e-Government may be applied by the legislature, judiciary, or administration, in order to improve internal efficiency, the delivery of public services, or processes of democratic governance. A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State Public administration can be broadly described as the development implementation and study of branches of government Policy. Governance relates to decisions that define expectations, grant power, or verify performance. The primary delivery models are Government-to-Citizen or Government-to-Customer (G2C), Government-to-Business (G2B) and Government-to-Government (G2G) & Government-to-Employees (G2E). Government-to-Citizen (abbreviated G2C is the online non-commercial interaction between local and central Government and private individuals rather than the commercial business sector Government-to-Business (abbreviated G2B) is the online non-commercial interaction between local and central government and the commercial business sector rather than private Government-to-Government (abbreviated G2G) is the online non-commercial interaction between Government organisations departments and authorities and other Government organisations
Within each of these interaction domains, four kind of activities take place[1]

The most important anticipated benefits of e-government include improved efficiency, convenience, and better accessibility of public services.

While e-government is often thought of as "online government" or "Internet-based government," many non-Internet "electronic government" technologies can be used in this context. Some non-internet forms include telephone, fax, PDA, SMS text messaging, MMS, wireless networks and services, Bluetooth, CCTV, tracking systems, RFID, biometric identification, road traffic management and regulatory enforcement, identity cards, smart cards and other NFC applications; polling station technology (where non-online e-voting is being considered), TV and radio-based delivery of government services, email, online community facilities, newsgroups and electronic mailing lists, online chat, and instant messaging technologies. Short Message Service ( SMS) is a Communications protocol allowing the interchange of short text messages between mobile telephone devices. Multimedia Messaging Service, MMS for short is a Cellular telephone standard for sending messages that include multimedia objects (images audio video rich Bluetooth is a wireless protocol utilizing short-range communications technology facilitating data transmission over short distances from fixed and/or mobile devices creating wireless Closed-circuit television ( CCTV) is the use of Video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place limited set of monitors Radio-frequency identification ( RFID) is an automatic identification method relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or Biometrics ( ancient Greek: bios life metron measure refers to two very different fields of study and application A smart card, chip card, or Integrated circuit card ( ICC) is any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated Electronic voting (also known as e-voting) is a term encompassing several different types of Voting, embracing both electronic means of casting a vote and electronic A virtual community, e-community or online community is a group of people that primarily interact via communication media such as Newsletters A newsgroup is a Repository usually within the Usenet system for messages posted from many users in different locations An electronic mailing list (sometimes written as elist or e-list) is a special usage of e-mail that allows for widespread distribution of information to Online chat can refer to any kind of Communication over the Internet, but is primarily meant to refer to direct one-on-one chat or Text-based group There are also some technology-specific sub-categories of e-government, such as m-government (mobile government), u-government (ubiquitous government), and g-government (GIS/GPS applications for e-government). Mobile government, sometimes referred to as mGovernment, is the extension of EGovernment to mobile platforms as well as the strategic use of government services and Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth

There are many considerations and potential implications of implementing and designing e-government, including disintermediation of the government and its citizens, impacts on economic, social, and political factors, and disturbances to the status quo in these areas. In Economics, disintermediation is the removal of intermediaries in a Supply chain: "cutting out the middleman"

In countries such as the United Kingdom, there is interest in using electronic government to re-engage citizens with the political process. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In particular, this has taken the form of experiments with electronic voting, aiming to increase voter turnout by making voting easy. Voter turnout is the percentage of eligible voters who cast a Ballot in an Election. The UK Electoral Commission has undertaken several pilots, though concern has been expressed about the potential for fraud with some electronic voting methods[2]. The Electoral Commission is a Non-departmental public body with powers in the United Kingdom, which was created by an Act of Parliament, the Political

Contents

History of E-Government

E-government is the use of information technology in general, and e-commerce in particular, to provide citizens and organizations with more convenient access to government information and services and to provide delivery of public services to citizens, business partners, and those working in the public sector.

E-government in the United States was especially driven by the 1998 Government Paperwork Elimination Act and by President Clinton's December 17, 1999, Memorandum on E-Government, which ordered the top 500 forms used by citizens to be placed online by December 2000. The memorandum also directed agencies to construct a secure e-government infrastructure.

Development and implementation issues

The development and implementation of e-government involves consideration of its effects on the organisation of the public sector (Cordella, 2007) and on the nature of the services provided by the state including environmental, social, cultural, educational, and consumer issues, among others.

Governments may need to consider the impact by gender, age, language skills, and cultural diversity, as well as the effect on literacy, numeracy, education standards and IT literacy. Cultural diversity encompasses the cultural differences that exist between people such as language dress and traditions and the way societies organize themselves their conception of Economic concerns include the "Digital divide," or the effect of non-use, non-availability or inaccessibility of e-government, or of other digital resources, upon the structure of society, and the potential impact on income and economics. The term digital divide refers to the gap between those people with effective access to Digital and Information technology and those without

Economic and revenue-related concerns include e-government's effect on taxation, debt, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), commerce and trade, corporate governance, and its effect on non-e-government business practices, industry and trade, especially Internet Service Providers and Internet infrastructure. Corporate governance is the set of Processes customs Policies, laws and institutions affecting the way a Corporation is directed administered or controlled An Internet service provider ( ISP, also called Internet access provider or IAP) is a company which primarily offers their customers access to the Internet

From a technological standpoint, the implementation of e-government has effects on e-enablement, interoperability (e. Interoperability is a property referring to the ability of diverse systems and organizations to work together (inter-operate g. , e-GIF) and semantic web issues, "legacy technology" (making "pre-eGovernment IT" work together with or be replaced by e-government systems), and implications for software choices (between open source and proprietary software, and between programming languages) as well as political blogging especially by legislators. e-GIF is the UK EGovernment Interoperability Framework It is an ambitious exercise intended to resolve and prevent (or at least minimise problems The Semantic Web is an evolving extension of the World Wide Web in which the Semantics of information and services on the web is defined making it possible for the Open source is a development methodology which offers practical accessibility to a product's source (goods and knowledge A programming language is an Artificial language that can be used to write programs which control the behavior of a machine particularly a Computer. A blog (a contraction of the term " Web log " is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary descriptions of

There are also management issues related to service integration, local e-government, and Internet governance including ICANN, IETF and W3C, and financial considerations, such as the cost of implementation / effect on existing budgets, effect on government procurement, and funding. ICANN (aɪkæn eye-can is the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers.

Legal implications include freedom of information and privacy (e. g. UK Data Protection Act) concerns. The Data Protection Act ( DPA) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament.

The phrase "e-government" has been a rallying cry for public sector modernization since the 90's, but for many it is now losing its appeal as a slogan or concept. This trend has various drivers. Firstly, there is a wish to mainstream e-government so that best use of technology is integrated into all public sector activity rather than seen as a special interest or add-on. Secondly, many administrations recognise the importance of linking e-government to wider public sector change programmes. Thirdly, the phrase e-government is itself not particularly useful in motivating a change programme. These sorts of considerations have led countries such as the UK to talk of transformational government rather than e-government. Transformational Government is an initiative of the UK government. Finally, there is the issue of the implications for the public sector of Web 2. 0 [3]. All these considerations suggest that e-government is entering a new phase and one in which the term "e-government" is itself becoming less popular.

See also

References

  1. ^ Mary Maureen Brown. The Digital Government Society of North America or DGSNA is an international nonprofit professional society devoted to advancing democratic digital government via E-democracy, a combination of the words " electronic " and " Democracy," comprises the use of electronic Communications Technologies E-authentication is a shorthand for electronic Authentication. e-participation (also written e Participation and e-Participation) is a recently invented term meaning “ICT-supported participation in processes involved The e-Government Unit (eGU the largest unit of the Cabinet Office of the Government of the United Kingdom, is responsible for helping various government departments Electronic rulemaking (also known as eRulemaking and e-rulemaking) is the use of digital technologies by government agencies in the Rulemaking Electronic services delivery or ESD refers to providing government services through the Internet or other electronic means Policies are the paradigms of government and all bureaucracies Online consultations or e-consultations refer to an exchange between government and citizens using the Internet. Online deliberation is a term associated with an emerging body of practice research and software dedicated to fostering serious purposive discussion over the Internet Open source governance is a Political philosophy which advocates the application of the philosophies of the Open source and Open content movements to Transformational Government is an initiative of the UK government. National Center for Digital Government is a research center at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. "Electronic Government" Jack Rabin (ed. ). Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, Marcel Dekker,2003. pp. 427-432.
  2. ^ "Online voting fraud warning", BBC, February 5, 2002.  
  3. ^ See for example The Connected Republic 2. 0: New Possibilities and New Value for the Public Sector by Paul Johnston and Martin Stewart Weeks theconnectedrepublic.org

External links

Official eGovernment websites

eGovernment news websites

General resources

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