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| Name, Symbol, Number | dysprosium, Dy, 66 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | lanthanides | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | n/a, 6, f | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | silvery white |
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| Standard atomic weight | 162.500(1) g·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f10 6s2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase | solid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | 8. Terbium (ˈtɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tb and Atomic number 65 Holmium (ˈhoʊlmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ho and Atomic number 67 Californium (ˌkælɪˈforniəm is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Cf and Atomic number 98 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Occurrence Scandium yttrium and the Lanthanides (except promethium tend to occur together in the Earth's crust and are relatively abundant compared with most D-block A period 6 element is one of the Chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides The f-block of the Periodic table of the elements consists of those elements (sometimes referred to as the inner transition elements) for which in the The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 540 g·cm−3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liquid density at m.p. | 8. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 37 g·cm−3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 1680 K (1407 °C, 2565 °F) |
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| Boiling point | 2840 K (2562 °C, 4653 °F) |
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| Heat of fusion | 11. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 06 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 280 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | (25 °C) 27. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 7 J·mol−1·K−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Atomic properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | hexagonal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | 3 (weakly basic oxide) |
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| Electronegativity | 1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 22 (Pauling scale) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies (more) |
1st: 573. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 0 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd: 1130 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd: 2200 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 175 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) | 228 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Magnetic ordering | paramagnetic at r.t., ferromagnetic under liquid nitrogen |
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| Electrical resistivity | (r.t.) (α, poly) 926 nΩ·m | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 10. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism which occurs only in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as Iron) form Permanent magnets and/or exhibit strong interactions with Magnets it Liquid nitrogen (liquid density at the Triple point is 0707 g/mL is the liquid produced industrially in large quantities by Fractional distillation of Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 7 W·m−1·K−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | (r.t.) (α, poly) 9. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 9 µm/(m·K) |
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| Speed of sound (thin rod) | (20 °C) 2710 m/s | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Young's modulus | (α form) 61. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material 4 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | (α form) 24. In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear 7 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | (α form) 40. 5 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | (α form) 0. Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 247 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vickers hardness | 540 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 500 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS registry number | 7429-91-6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dysprosium (pronounced /dɪsˈproʊziəm/) is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton
Contents |
Notable characteristics
Dysprosium is a rare earth element that has a metallic, bright silver luster, relatively stable in air at room temperature, but dissolving readily in dilute or concentrated mineral acids with the emission of hydrogen. Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are according to IUPAC, the collection of seventeen Chemical elements in the Periodic table, namely A mineral acid is an Acid derived by Chemical reaction from inorganic Minerals as opposed to Organic acids These have Hydrogen Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 It is soft enough to be cut with bolt-cutters (but not with a knife), and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Dysprosium's characteristics can be greatly affected even by small amounts of impurities.
Applications
Dysprosium is used, in conjunction with vanadium and other elements, in making laser materials. Vanadium (vəˈneɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol V and Atomic number 23 A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission. Its high thermal neutron absorption cross-section and melting point also suggests that it is useful for nuclear control rods. The neutron temperature, also called the neutron energy, indicates a free neutron's Kinetic energy, usually given in Electron volts The term A control rod is a rod made of Chemical elements capable of absorbing many Neutrons without fissioning themselves Dysprosium oxide (also known as dysprosia), with nickel cement compounds, which absorb neutrons readily without swelling or contracting under prolonged neutron bombardment, is used in neutron-absorbing control rods in nuclear reactors. Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 In the most general sense of the word a cement is a binder a substance which sets and hardens independently and can bind other materials together This article is a subarticle of Nuclear power. A nuclear reactor is a device in which Nuclear chain reactions are initiated controlled Dysprosium-cadmium chalcogenides are sources of infrared radiation for studying chemical reactions. Cadmium (ˈkædmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Cd and Atomic number 48 See also Gold chalcogenides Periodic table Infrared ( IR) radiation is Electromagnetic radiation whose Wavelength is longer than that of Visible light, but shorter than that of Furthermore, dysprosium is used for manufacturing compact discs. A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio Because it is highly paramagnetic, dysprosium has been used as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging. Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism which occurs only in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field
As a component of Terfenol-D (an alloy that expands or contracts to a high degree in the presence of a magnetic field), dysprosium is of use in actuators, sensors and other magnetomechanical devices. Terfenol-D is an Alloy of the formula Tb (03 Dy (07 Fe (19 developed in the 1950's at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory in America An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has An actuator is a mechanical device for moving or controlling a mechanism or system A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument
Below 85K dysprosium is ferromagnetic, with a high susceptibility. Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as Iron) form Permanent magnets and/or exhibit strong interactions with Magnets it In Electromagnetism the magnetic susceptibility ( Latin: susceptibilis “receptiveness” is the degree of Magnetization of a material in response It is often used for the fabrication of nanomagnets, particularly in research. Its usefulness, however, is limited by its high readiness to oxidise.
History
Dysprosium was first identified in Paris in 1886 by French chemist Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. Paul Émile ( François) Lecoq de Boisbaudran ( April 18, 1838 - May 28, 1912) was a French Chemist born However, the element itself was not isolated in relatively pure form until after the development of ion exchange and metallographic reduction techniques in the 1950s. Ion exchange is an exchange of Ions between two Electrolytes or between an electrolyte Solution and a complex. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive The name dysprosium is derived from the Greek δυσπροσιτος [dysprositos] = "hard to obtain". Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Part of the difficulty lay in dysprosium being especially close in its behavior to the far more abundant yttrium, during many of the separation technologies that were used in the 19th century. Yttrium (ˈɪtriəm is a Chemical element with symbol Y and Atomic number 39 This overshadowed the fact that dysprosium was the most abundant of the heavy lanthanides. Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium
Occurrence
Dysprosium is never encountered as a free element, but is found in many minerals, including xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase, blomstrandine, monazite and bastnasite; often with erbium and holmium or other rare earth elements. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Xenotime (from the Greek words xenos, "foreign" and time, "honour" is a Rare Earth phosphate mineral whose major Fergusonite is a mineral comprising a complex oxide of various rare earth elements Gadolinite is a Mineral of a nearly black color and vitreous luster, and consisting principally of the silicates of Cerium, Lanthanum Euxenite or euxenite-(Y (a correct mineralogical name is a brownish black Mineral with a metallic luster. Polycrase or polycrase-(Y is a black or brown metallic complex Uranium Yttrium Oxide Mineral with formula (YCaCeUTh(TiNbTa2O6 Aeschynite-(Y (or Aeschinite-(Y, Aeschynite-(Yt, Blomstrandine, Priorite) (YCaFeTh(TiNb2(OOH6 is In Geology, the Mineral monazite is a reddish-brown Phosphate -containing rare earth metals and an important source of Thorium The mineral bastnäsite is one of a family of three Carbonate - Fluoride minerals Erbium (ˈɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Er and Atomic number 68 Holmium (ˈhoʊlmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ho and Atomic number 67 Currently, most dysprosium is being obtained from the ion-adsorption clay ores of southern China. In the high-yttrium version of these, dysprosium happens to be the most abundant of the heavy lanthanides, comprising up to 7-8% of the concentrate (as compared to about 65% for yttrium). Yttrium (ˈɪtriəm is a Chemical element with symbol Y and Atomic number 39 Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium Yttrium (ˈɪtriəm is a Chemical element with symbol Y and Atomic number 39
Compounds
Nearly all dysprosium compounds are in the +3 oxidation state, and are highly paramagnetic. Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism which occurs only in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field Holmium(III) oxide (Ho2O3) and Dysprosium(III) oxide (Dy2O3) are the most powerfully paramagnetic substances known. Holmium(III oxide, is a Chemical compound with the formula Ho2O3 Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism which occurs only in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field
Dysprosium compounds include:
- Fluorides: DyF3
- Chlorides: DyCl2, DyCl3
- Bromides: DyBr2, DyBr3
- Iodides: DyI2, DyI3
- Oxides: Dy2O3
- Sulfides: Dy2S3
- Nitrides: DyN
See also dysprosium compounds. Fluoride is the reduced form of Fluorine. Both organic and Inorganic compounds containing the element fluorine are considered fluorides The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus Dysprosium(III chloride (DyCl3 also known as dysprosium trichloride, is a compound of Dysprosium and Chlorine. A bromide Ion is a Bromine atom with charge of −1 Compounds with bromine in formal Oxidation state −1 are called bromides An iodide Ion is an iodine atom with a &minus1 charge. Compounds with iodine in formal Oxidation state &minus1 are called iodides An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Dysprosium Oxide ( Dy 2 O 3 is a white slightly Hygroscopic powder having specialized uses in Ceramics Glass The term sulfide ( sulphide in British English) refers to several types of Chemical compounds containing Sulfur in its lowest Oxidation In chemistry a nitride is a compound of Nitrogen with a less Electronegative element where nitrogen has an Oxidation state of -3
Isotopes
Naturally occurring dysprosium is composed of 7 stable isotopes, 156Dy, 158Dy, 160Dy, 161Dy, 162Dy, 163Dy and 164Dy, with 164-Dy being the most abundant (28. Naturally occurring Dysprosium ( Dy) is composed of 7 stable Isotopes 156-Dy 158-Dy 160-Dy 161-Dy 162-Dy 163-Dy and 164-Dy with 164-Dy being the most Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides 18% natural abundance). In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet 28 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 154Dy with a half-life of 3. A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 0x106 years, 159Dy with a half-life of 144. 4 days, and 166Dy with a half-life of 81. 6 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 10 hours, and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 30 seconds. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. This element also has 5 meta states, with the most stable being 165mDy (t½ 1. A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies 257 minutes), 147mDy (t½ 55. 7 seconds) and 145mDy (t½ 13. 6 seconds).
The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 164Dy, is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta minus decay. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted The primary decay products before 164Dy are terbium isotopes, and the primary products after are holmium isotopes. In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide Terbium (ˈtɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tb and Atomic number 65 Holmium (ˈhoʊlmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ho and Atomic number 67
Precautions
As with the other lanthanides, dysprosium compounds are of low to moderate toxicity, although their toxicity has not been investigated in detail. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Dysprosium does not have any known biological properties.
References
External links
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