This article covers dysplasia, a pre-cancerous change in cells and tissues. For information about hip dysplasia, a clinical condition affecting the hip joint, please see the article on Hip dysplasia.

Dysplasia (from Greek, roughly: "bad form") is a term used in pathology to refer to an abnormality in maturation of cells within a tissue. Pathology (from Greek grc πάθος pathos, "fate harm" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study and The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism This generally consists of an expansion of immature cells, with a corresponding decrease in the number and location of mature cells. Dysplasia is often indicative of an early neoplastic process. The term dysplasia is typically used when the cellular abnormality is restricted to the originating tissue, as in the case of an early, in-situ neoplasm. For example, epithelial dysplasia of the cervix (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia - a disorder commonly detected by an abnormal pap smear) consists of an increased population of immature (basal-like) cells which are restricted to the mucosal surface, and have not invaded through the basement membrane to the deeper soft tissues. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia ( CIN) also known as cervical dysplasia is the potentially Premalignant transformation and abnormal growth ( Dysplasia The Papanicolaou test (also called Pap smear, Pap test, cervical smear, or smear test) is a screening test used in Gynecology The basement membrane is a structure that supports overlying Epithelial or Endothelial cells. Myelodysplastic syndromes, or dysplasia of blood-forming cells, show increased numbers of immature cells in the bone marrow, and a decrease in mature, functional cells in the blood. The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS formerly known as "preleukemia" are a diverse collection of hematological conditions united by ineffective production (or Bone marrow is the flexible tissue found in the hollow interior of Bones In adults marrow in large bones produces new Blood cells It constitutes 4% of Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells €”such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products

Dysplasia, in which cell maturation and differentiation are delayed, can be contrasted with metaplasia, in which cells of one mature, differentiated type are replaced by cells of another mature, differentiated type. Metaplasia ( Greek: "change in form" is the reversible replacement of one differentiated Cell type with another mature differentiated cell type

Dysplasia vs. carcinoma in situ vs. invasive carcinoma

These terms are related since they represent the three steps in the progression of many malignant neoplasms (cancers) of epithelial tissues. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled In biology and medicine epithelium is a tissue composed of cells that line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body

• Dysplasia is the earliest form of pre-cancerous lesion recognizable in a pap smear or in a biopsy by a pathologist. A biopsy (in Greek: βίος life and όψη look/appearance is a Medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues Pathology (from Greek grc πάθος pathos, "fate harm" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study and Dysplasia can be low grade or high grade (see "Carcinoma in situ", below). The risk of low grade dysplasia transforming into high grade dysplasia and, eventually, cancer is low. Treatment is usually straightforward. High grade dysplasia represents a more advanced progression towards malignant transformation.
• Carcinoma in situ , meaning 'cancer in place', represents the transformation of a neoplastic lesion to one in which cells undergo essentially no maturation, and thus may be considered cancer-like. Carcinoma in situ (CIS is an early form of Carcinoma defined by the absence of invasion of surrounding tissues Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled In this state, cells have lost their tissue identity and have reverted back to a primitive cell form that grows rapidly and without regulation. However, this form of cancer remains localized, and has not invaded into tissues below the surface.
• Invasive carcinoma is the final step in this sequence. A carcinoma is any Malignant Cancer that arises from epithelial cells. It is a cancer which has invaded beyond the original tissue layer and may be able to spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). Invasive cancer can usually be treated, but not always successfully. However, if left untreated it is almost always fatal.

References

• Richard Cote, Saul Suster, Lawrence Weiss, Noel Weidner (Editor). Modern Surgical Pathology (2 Volume Set). London: W B Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-7253-1.  
• Ramzi S. Cotran, Vinay Kumar, Tucker Collins (Editor) (1999). Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, sixth edition. London: W B Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-7335-X.  
• Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1985, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia

See also

• Fibrous dysplasia
• Cervical dysplasia
• Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia
• Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia

Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia ( VAIN) is a condition that describes premalignant Histological findings in the Vagina characterized by Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia ( VIN) denotes a squamous intraepithelial lesion of the Vulva that shows Dysplasia with varying degrees of Atypia

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