Dyskinesia Classification and external resources
ICD-10	G24.9
DiseasesDB	17912
MeSH	D020820

Dyskinesia refers to involuntary movements, similar to a tic or chorea. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings G00-G99 - Diseases of the Nervous system (G00-G09 Inflammatory diseases of the Central nervous system ( Bacterial meningitis The Diseases Database is a free Website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions Symptoms, and Medications. Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books A tic is a sudden repetitive nonrhythmic stereotyped motor movement or vocalization involving discrete muscle groups Dyskinesia is a symptom of several medical disorders and is distinguished by the underlying cause. When a dyskinesia presents after treatment with an antipsychotic drug such as haloperidol, it is a tardive dyskinesia and is commonly found in face as tongue "rolling". Haloperidol is a Typical antipsychotic. It is in the Butyrophenone class of Antipsychotic medications and has pharmacological effects similar Tardive dyskinesia is a variety of dyskinesia (involuntary repetitive movements manifesting as a side effect of long-term or high-dose use of Dopamine antagonists A dyskinesia found in a patient with Parkinson's disease is more commonly a jerky, dance-like movement of the arms or head and usually presents after several years of treatment with medication containing L-dopa. Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is a degenerative disorder of the Central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's

Two other conditions, primary ciliary dyskinesia and biliary dyskinesia, refer to involuntary movements of internal organs. Primary ciliary dyskinesia ( PCD) also known as immotile ciliary syndrome or Kartagener Syndrome (KS, is a rare Autosomal recessive

Parkinson's disease

In the context of Parkinson's disease, dyskinesias are often the result of chronic levodopa (L-dopa) therapy. Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is a degenerative disorder of the Central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's These motor fluctuations occur in more than half of PD patients after 5 to 10 years of levodopa therapy, with the percentage of affected patients increasing over time. ^[1] Dyskinesias most commonly occur at the time of peak L-dopa plasma concentrations and are thus referred to as peak-dose dyskinesias. As patients advance, they may evidence diphasic dyskinesias, which occur when the drug concentration rises or falls. Attempts to moderate dyskinesias by the use of other treatments such as bromocriptine appear to have been unsuccessful. Bromocriptine (brand names include Parlodel an Ergoline derivative is a Dopamine agonist that is used in the treatment of Pituitary Tumors ^[2] In order to avoid dyskinesia, patients with the young-onset form of the disease (YOPD) are often hesitant to commence L-dopa therapy until absolutely necessary for fear of suffering severe dyskinesia.

Patients with severe dyskinesia resulting from high doses of parkinsonian medication may benefit from deep brain stimulation (DBS), which benefits the patient in two ways. In Neurotechnology, deep brain stimulation ( DBS) is a surgical treatment involving the implantation of a medical device called a Brain pacemaker Firstly, DBS allows a reduction in L-dopa dosage of 50-60% (thus tackling the underlying cause). Secondly, DBS treatment itself (in the subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus) can reduce dyskinesias. The subthalamic nucleus is a small lens-shaped nucleus in the Brain where it is a part of the Basal ganglia system The globus pallidus ( Latin for "pale globe" is a sub- cortical structure of the Brain. ^[3]

The use of Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been shown to enhance the effects of L-Dopa while reducing the associated dyskinesia in primates with simulated Parkinson's disease. MDMA ( 34-methylenedioxy- N -methylamphetamine) most commonly known today by the street name Ecstasy (often abbreviated E, X, ^[4]

See also

• Hemiballismus

References

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