Dwight David Eisenhower
34th President of the United States
In office January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
Vice President	Richard Nixon
Preceded by	Harry S. Truman
Succeeded by	John F. Kennedy
1st Supreme Allied Commander Europe
In office April 2, 1951 – May 30, 1952
Succeeded by	Gen. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE) is the central command of NATO Military forces Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Matthew Ridgway
Born	October 14, 1890(1890-10-14) Denison, Texas, United States
Died	March 28, 1969 (aged 78) Washington, D.C., United States
Nationality	United States
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Mamie Doud Eisenhower
Alma mater	U.S. Military Academy West Point, New York, United States
Occupation	Soldier
Religion	Presbyterian
Signature
Military service
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1915–1953, 1961–1969
Rank	General of the Army
Commands	Europe
Battles/wars	World War II
Awards	Army Distinguished Service Medal with four oak leaf clusters, Legion of Merit, Order of the Bath, Order of Merit, Legion of Honor (partial list)

Dwight David Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969), nicknamed "Ike", was a General of the Army (five star general) in the United States Army and U.S. politician, who served as the thirty-fourth President of the United States (1953–1961). Matthew Bunker Ridgway ( March 3, 1895 &ndash July 26, 1993) was a United States Army General. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Denison is a city in Grayson County, Texas, United States. The population was 22773 at the 2000 census but Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower (November 14 1896 – November 1 1979 was the wife of President Dwight D Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, West Point is a federal military reservation (and a Census-designated place) located North of the Village of Highland Falls in Orange County New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A soldier is a general English term that refers to a member of a land component of National Armed forces. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity General of the Army (GA is a five-star General officer and is the highest possible rank in the United States Army. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including This article concerns the United States Army Distinguished Service Medal The Legion of Merit is a military decoration of the United States armed forces that is awarded for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. General of the Army (GA is a five-star General officer and is the highest possible rank in the United States Army. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Politics of the United States takes place in the framework of a presidential, Federal republic where the President of the United States (the Head of The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by During the Second World War, he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe, with responsibility for planning and supervising the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (abbreviated as SHAEF, pronounced "shāf" was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. The Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine was one of the final Allied phases in World War II of the Western European Campaign. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO. The North Atlantic Treaty ^[1]

As President, he oversaw the cease-fire of the Korean War, kept up the pressure on the Soviet Union during the Cold War, made nuclear weapons a higher defense priority, launched the Space Race, enlarged the Social Security program, and began the Interstate Highway System. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The United States was the first country in the world to develop Nuclear weapons, and is the only country to have used them as actual weapons, The Space Race was a competition of space exploration between the Soviet Union and the United States, which lasted roughly from 1957 to 1975 Social Security, in the United States currently refers to the federal Old-Age Survivors and Disability Insurance ( OASDI) program The Dwight D Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, commonly called the Interstate Highway System (or simply the Interstate System)

Contents 1 Early life and family 1.1 Religion 1.2 Education 1.3 Athletic career 2 Early military career 3 World War II 4 Aftermath of World War II 5 Presidency 1953–1961 5.1 Interstate Highway System 5.2 Dynamic Conservatism 5.3 Eisenhower Doctrine 5.4 Civil Rights 5.5 Supreme Court appointments 5.6 States admitted to the Union 6 Post-presidency 7 Death and funeral 8 Tributes and memorials 9 Awards and decorations 9.1 United States awards 9.2 International awards 9.3 Other honors 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links

Early life and family

Eisenhower (historically "Eisenhauer") was born David Dwight Eisenhower in Denison, Texas. Denison is a city in Grayson County, Texas, United States. The population was 22773 at the 2000 census but Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. ^[2] He was the first U. S. President born in Texas. Eisenhower was the third of seven sons born to David Jacob Eisenhower and Ida Elizabeth Stover. Ida Elizabeth Stover Eisenhower ( May 1, 1862 &ndash September 11, 1946) was a lifelong Pacifist, and the mother of U He was named David Dwight and was called Dwight. Later, the order of his given names was switched (according to the staff at the Eisenhower Library and Museum, the name switch occurred upon Eisenhower's matriculation at West Point). "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA,

His early ancestor Hans Nicolas Eisenhauer and his family emigrated from Karlsbrunn (Saarland), Germany to Lancaster, Pennsylvania in 1741. Großrosseln is a village and a municipality in the district of Saarbrücken, in Saarland, Germany. Saarland (ˈzaːɐ̯lant in German; French: Sarre) is one of the 16 federal states (German Bundesländer) of Germany. Lancaster is a city in the South Central part of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and is the County seat of Lancaster County. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Descendants made their way west. Eisenhower's family settled in Abilene, Kansas in 1892. Abilene is a city in Dickinson County, Kansas, United States, 163 miles (262 km west of Kansas City. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " David Eisenhower was a college-educated engineer. ^[3] Eisenhower graduated from Abilene High School in 1909. Abilene High School is a 4 year Public high school located in Abilene in Dickinson County, Kansas, as part of Abilene Unified School ^[4]

Eisenhower married Mamie Geneva Doud (1896–1979) of Denver, Colorado on July 1, 1916. Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower (November 14 1896 – November 1 1979 was the wife of President Dwight D The City and County of Denver (pronounced /ˈdɛnvɚ/ is the Capital and the most populous city of Colorado, in the United States The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The couple had two sons. Doud Dwight Eisenhower was born September 24, 1917, and was nicknamed "Icky" by his parents, but died of scarlet fever on January 2, 1921, at the age of three. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Scarlet fever is a disease caused by an Exotoxin released by Streptococcus pyogenes. Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar ^[5]

John Sheldon David Doud Eisenhower was born the following year on August 3, 1922; John grew up to serve in the United States Army (retiring as a brigadier general from the Army reserve), became an author, and served as U. St Mary’s University is a Catholic and Marianist liberal arts institution located on 135 acres northwest of historic downtown San Antonio Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. John Sheldon Doud Eisenhower (born August 3, 1922 in Denver, Colorado) is a retired United States military officer and the author Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. S. Ambassador to Belgium from 1969 to 1971. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those John, coincidentally, graduated from West Point on D-Day, June 6, 1944, and was married to Barbara Jean Thompson in a June wedding in 1947. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. John and Barbara had four children: Dwight David II, Barbara Ann, Susan Elaine and Mary Jean.

John's son, David, after whom Camp David is named, married Richard Nixon's daughter Julie in 1968. Dwight David Eisenhower II (born 1948 is the grandson of the 34th President of the United States, Dwight D The Naval Support Facility Thurmont, popularly known as Camp David, is the rustic 125-acre (0 Julie Nixon (born July 5 1948 in Washington DC) is the second daughter of Richard and Pat Nixon and younger sister of Tricia

Religion

David Jacob Eisenhower's paternal ancestor immigrated to the United States in 1741 when Hans Nicholas Eisenhauer emigrated from Odenwald, Germany. The Odenwald (ˈoːd(ənvalt is a low mountain range in Hesse, Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg in Germany. He was probably of Lutheran or Reformed Protestant practice. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Eisenhower's mother, Ida E. Eisenhower, previously a member of the River Brethren sect of the Mennonites, joined the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (now more commonly known as Jehovah's Witnesses) between 1895 and 1900, when Eisenhower was a child. The River Brethren is a name used to indicate certain Christian groups originating in 1770 during a revival movement among German colonizers in Pennsylvania The Mennonites are a group of Christian Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons (1496&ndash1561 though his teachings were a relatively The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, a Not-for-profit organization headquartered in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, Jehovah's Witnesses is a restorationist, millenialist Christian denomination ^[6] The Eisenhower home served as the local meeting hall from 1896 to 1915.

When Eisenhower joined the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York in 1911, his ties to Jehovah’s Witnesses were weakened due to the group's anti-militarist stance. "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, West Point is a federal military reservation (and a Census-designated place) located North of the Village of Highland Falls in Orange County New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Militarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or By 1915, his parents' home no longer served as the meeting hall. All the men in the household abandoned the Witnesses as adults. Some hid their previous affiliation. ^[7][8] At his death in 1942, Eisenhower's father was given funeral rites as though he remained a Jehovah's Witness. A funeral is a Ceremony marking a person's Death. Funerary customs comprise the complex of Beliefs and practices used by a Culture to remember Eisenhower's mother continued as an active Jehovah's Witness until her death. Despite their differences in religious beliefs, Eisenhower enjoyed a close relationship with his mother.

Eisenhower was baptized, confirmed, and became a communicant in the Presbyterian Church in a single ceremony on February 1, 1953, just 12 days after his first inauguration. The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[9] He is the only president known to have undertaken these rites while in office. Eisenhower was instrumental in the addition of the words "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance in 1954, and the 1956 adoption of "In God We Trust" as the motto of the US, and its 1957 introduction on paper currency. History The Pledge of Allegiance was written in 1892 by Francis Bellamy (1855-1931 a Baptist minister a Christian Socialist, and the cousin of Socialist Utopian In God We Trust is the official National motto of the United States and the U A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group In his retirement years, he was a member of the Gettysburg Presbyterian Church. Gettysburg is a borough 38 miles (68 km south by southwest of Harrisburg in Adams County, Pennsylvania, USA, of which it is the ^[10] The chapel at his presidential library is intentionally inter-denominational.

He questioned Billy Graham over how people can be certain they are going to Heaven after death. William Franklin Graham Jr KBE (born November 7 1918 better known as Billy Graham, is an evangelist and an Evangelical Christian Heaven may refer to the physical heavens the sky or the seemingly endless expanse of the Universe beyond ^[11]

Eisenhower was sworn into office with his personal West Point Bible, open to Psalm 33:12, at both his 1953 and 1957 inaugural ceremonies. Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included An inauguration is a ceremony of formal Investiture whereby an individual assumes an office or position of authority or power Additionally for 1953, he included the Bible that George Washington had used in 1789 (belonging to St. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the John's Masonic Lodge No. 1), opened to II Chronicles 7:14. The Books of Chronicles ( Hebrew Divrei Hayyamim, דברי הימים Greek Paraleipomêna) are part of the Hebrew Bible (Jewish ^[12][13]

Education

Dwight D. Eisenhower (and his six brothers) attended Abilene High School in Abilene, Kansas; Dwight graduated with the class of 1909. Abilene High School may refer to Abilene High School (Abilene Kansas Abilene High School (Abilene Texas ^[4] He then took a job as a night foreman at the Belle Springs Creamery. ^[14]

After Dwight worked for two years to support his brother Edgar's college education, a friend urged him to apply to the Naval Academy. The United States Naval Academy is an undergraduate college in Annapolis, Maryland, United States that educates and commissions officers of the United States Though Eisenhower passed the entrance exam, he was beyond the age of eligibility for admission to the Naval Academy. ^[15]

Kansas Senator Joseph L. Bristow recommended Dwight for an appointment to the Military Academy in 1911, which he received. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Joseph Little Bristow ( July 22[[ 861]]- July 14[[ 944]] was an American politician from Kansas. ^[15] Eisenhower graduated in the upper half of the class of 1915. ^[16]

Athletic career

Eisenhower long had aspirations of being a professional baseball player. He is quoted saying that

"When I was a small boy in Kansas, a friend of mine and I went fishing and as we sat there in the warmth of the summer afternoon on a river bank, we talked about what we wanted to do when we grew up. I told him that I wanted to be a real major league baseball player, a genuine professional like Honus Wagner. Johannes Peter "Honus" Wagner (ˈhɑnəs ˈwæɡnɚ February 24 1874 &ndash December 6 1955) nicknamed " The Flying Dutchman My friend said that he'd like to be President of the United States. Neither of us got our wish. "^[17]

At West Point, Eisenhower tried out for the baseball team but did not make it. He would later be quoted as saying that "Not making the baseball team at West Point was one of the greatest disappointments of my life, maybe my greatest. "^[17]

But Eisenhower did make the football team. He started as a varsity running back and linebacker in 1912. In a bit of a fabled match-up, he even tackled the legendary Jim Thorpe in a 1912 game. Jacobus Franciscus "Jim" Thorpe ( Sac and Fox (Sauk: Wa-Tho-Huk) (28 May 1888 – 28 March 1953 was an American athlete ^[18] The next week however, Eisenhower would hurt his knee after being tackled around the ankles, which he would soon worsen and permanently damage on horseback and in the boxing ring. ^[19] He would later serve as junior varsity football coach and yell leader.

Controversy persists over whether Eisenhower played minor league (semi-professional) baseball for Junction City in the Central Kansas League the year before he attended West Point and played amateur football there. The Eisenhower Baseball Controversy refers to the allegations that the former General and President of the United States, Dwight Eisenhower, played minor Junction City is a city in Geary County, Kansas, United States.

In 1916, while stationed at Fort Sam Houston, Eisenhower was football coach for St. Fort Sam Houston is a US Army post in San Antonio Texas.Known colloquially as "Fort Sam" it is named for the first President of the Republic of Louis College, now St. Mary's University. St Mary’s University is a Catholic and Marianist liberal arts institution located on 135 acres northwest of historic downtown San Antonio ^[20][21]

Early military career

See also: Military career of Dwight D. Eisenhower

Eisenhower enrolled at the United States Military Academy at West Point in June 1911. The military career of Dwight D Eisenhower encompassed over forty years of active service His parents were against militarism, but did not object to his entering West Point because they supported his education. Eisenhower was a strong athlete and enjoyed notable successes in his competitive endeavors. In 1912, a spectacular Eisenhower touchdown won praise from the sports reporter of the New York Herald, and he even managed, with the help of a linebacker teammate, to tackle the legendary Jim Thorpe. A touchdown is the primary method of scoring in American and Canadian football. The New York Herald was a large distribution Newspaper based in New York City that existed between May 6, 1835 and 1924 This article relates to Sports. For the Vietnam War bombing raids see Operation Linebacker and Operation Linebacker II. Jacobus Franciscus "Jim" Thorpe ( Sac and Fox (Sauk: Wa-Tho-Huk) (28 May 1888 – 28 March 1953 was an American athlete In the very next week, however, his promising sports career ended when he incurred a severe knee injury.

Eisenhower graduated in 1915. He served with the infantry until 1918 at various camps in Texas and Georgia. The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule During World War I, Eisenhower became the #3 leader of the new tank corps and rose to temporary (Bvt.) Lieutenant Colonel in the National Army. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Please see " Lieutenant Colonel " for other countries which use this rank In the United States Army, United States Marine Corps The National Army was the combined Conscript and volunteer force that was formed by the United States War Department in 1917 to fight in World War I. He spent the war training tank crews in Pennsylvania and never saw combat. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern After the war, Eisenhower reverted to his regular rank of captain (and was promoted to major a few days later) before assuming duties at Camp Meade, Maryland, where he remained until 1922. See " Captain " for other versions of this rank In the uniformed services of the United States, captain is a federal Please see " Major " for other countries that use this rank In the United States, Major is a Military rank denotes Fort George G Meade, located adjacent to Odenton, Maryland, in Anne Arundel County, is an active U His interest in tank warfare was strengthened by many conversations with George S. Patton and other senior tank leaders; however their ideas on tank warfare were strongly discouraged by superiors. Armoured warfare or tank warfare is the use of Armoured fighting vehicles in Modern warfare. For the 19th century Scottish jurist/politician see George Patton Lord Glenalmond. ^[22]

Eisenhower became executive officer to General Fox Conner in the Panama Canal Zone, where he served until 1924. Fox Conner ( November 2, 1874 - October 13, 1951) was a major general of the United States Army. The Panama Canal Zone (Zona del Canal de Panamá was a 553 square mile (1432 km² territory inside of Panama, consisting of the Panama Canal and an area generally Under Conner's tutelage, he studied military history and theory (including Karl von Clausewitz's On War), and later cited Conner's enormous influence on his military thinking. Carl Philipp Gottlieb von Clausewitz (ˈklaʊzəvɪts ( July 1, 1780 – November 16, 1831) was a Prussian soldier military historian Vom Kriege (fɔm ˈkʁiːgə is a book on War and Military strategy by Prussian general Carl von Clausewitz, written mostly In 1925–26, he attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and then served as a battalion commander at Fort Benning, Georgia until 1927. The Command and General Staff College ( C&GSC) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas is a United States Army facility that functions as a Graduate school Fort Leavenworth is a United States Army facility located in Leavenworth County Kansas (just north of the city of Leavenworth) in the upper northeast A battalion is a Military unit of around 500-1500 men usually consisting of between two and seven companies and typically commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel Fort Benning is a United States Army post located southwest

During the late 1920s and early 1930s Eisenhower's career in the peacetime Army stagnated; many of his friends resigned for high paying business jobs. The City of Manila He was assigned to the American Battle Monuments Commission, directed by General John J. Pershing, then to the Army War College, and then served as executive officer to General George V. The American Battle Monuments Commission ( ABMC) is a small independent agency of the United States government. John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing, GCB ( September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948) was an officer in the United States Army The United States Army War College is a United States Army school located in Carlisle Pennsylvania, on the 500 acre (2 km² campus of the historic Carlisle Mosely, Assistant Secretary of War, from 1929 to 1933. He then served as chief military aide to General Douglas MacArthur, Army Chief of Staff, until 1935, when he accompanied MacArthur to the Philippines, where he served as assistant military adviser to the Philippine government. General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. The chief of staff is the chief aide to the Commander of larger military Formations and Units It is sometimes the case that the chief of staff is more directly The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP It is sometimes said that this assignment provided valuable preparation for handling the egos of Winston Churchill, George S. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Patton and Bernard Law Montgomery during World War II. Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, KG, GCB, DSO, PC, (məntˈgʌmərɪ əv ˈæləmeɪn Eisenhower was promoted to lieutenant colonel (in a non-brevet status) in 1936 after sixteen years as a major. He also learned to fly, although he was never rated as a military pilot. He made a solo flight over the Philippines in 1937.

Eisenhower returned to the U. S. in 1939 and held a series of staff positions in Washington, D.C., California and Texas. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. In June 1941, he was appointed Chief of Staff to General Walter Krueger, Commander of the 3rd Army, at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas. Walter Krueger ( 26 January 1881 - 20 August 1967) was a German - American Soldier and General in the United States Army Central, formerly the Third United States Army was a field army of the United States Army. Fort Sam Houston is a US Army post in San Antonio Texas.Known colloquially as "Fort Sam" it is named for the first President of the Republic of He was promoted to brigadier general in September 1941. Brigadier General is the lowest ranking General Officer in some countries usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General. Although his administrative abilities had been noticed, on the eve of the U. S. entry into World War II he had never held an active command and was far from being considered as a potential commander of major operations.

World War II

After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Eisenhower was assigned to the General Staff in Washington, where he served until June 1942 with responsibility for creating the major war plans to defeat Japan and Germany. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers He was appointed Deputy Chief in charge of Pacific Defenses under the Chief of War Plans Division, General Leonard T. Gerow, and then succeeded Gerow as Chief of the War Plans Division. Leonard Townsend Gerow ( July 13, 1888 - October 12, 1972) was born in Petersburg Virginia Then he was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of Operations Division under Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall. George Catlett Marshall Jr (December 31 1880 &ndash October 16 1959 was an American military leader Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of It was his close association with Marshall that finally brought Eisenhower to senior command positions. Marshall recognized his great organizational and administrative abilities. ^[23]

In 1942, Eisenhower was appointed Commanding General, European Theater of Operations (ETOUSA) and was based in London. The European Theater of Operations (ETO is the term used in the United States to refer to US operations north of Italy and London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. In November, he was also appointed Supreme Commander Allied (Expeditionary) Force of the North African Theater of Operations (NATOUSA) through the new operational Headquarters A(E)FHQ. Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (abbreviated as SHAEF, pronounced "shāf" was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces This page deals with the United States military 's Mediterranean Theater of Operations Allied Forces Headquarters was the headquarters that controlled all Allied operational forces in the Mediterranean Theatre of World War II from late The word "expeditionary" was dropped soon after his appointment for security reasons. In February 1943, his authority was extended as commander of AFHQ across the Mediterranean basin to include the British 8th Army, commanded by General Bernard Law Montgomery. The Eighth Army was one of the best-known formations in World War II, fighting in the North African and Italian campaigns It was a British The 8th Army had advanced across the Western Desert from the east and was ready for the start of the Tunisia Campaign. The Western Desert Campaign, also known as the Desert War was the initial stage of the North African Campaign of The Second World War. The Tunisia Campaign (also known as the Battle of Tunisia was a series of World War II battles that took place in Tunisia in the North African Campaign Eisenhower gained his fourth star and gave up command of ETOUSA to be commander of NATOUSA. After the capitulation of Axis forces in North Africa, Eisenhower remained in command of the renamed Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO), keeping the operational title and continued in command of NATOUSA redesignated MTOUSA. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan This page deals with the United States military 's Mediterranean Theater of Operations In this position he oversaw the invasion of Sicily and the invasion of the Italian mainland. The Allied invasion of Sicily, codenamed Operation Husky, was a major World War II campaign in which the Allies took Sicily from the Axis The process Allied invasion of Italy, was the Allied landing on mainland Italy in September 1943 by General Harold Alexander 's 15th Army Group

In December 1943, it was announced that Eisenhower would be Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. In January 1944, he resumed command of ETOUSA and the following month was officially designated as the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), serving in a dual role until the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945. Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (abbreviated as SHAEF, pronounced "shāf" was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces In these positions he was charged with planning and carrying out the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy in June 1944 under the code name Operation Overlord, the liberation of western Europe and the invasion of Germany. Operation Overlord was the code name for the invasion of northwest Europe during World War II by Allied forces A month after the Normandy D-Day landings on June 6, 1944, the invasion of southern France took place, and control of the forces which took part in the southern invasion passed from the AFHQ to the SHAEF. D-Day may also refer to Decimal Day in the United Kingdom. D-Day is a term often used in Military parlance to denote Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Operation Dragoon was the Allied invasion of southern France, on 15 August, 1944, as part of World War II. From then until the end of the War in Europe on May 8, 1945, Eisenhower through SHAEF had supreme command of all operational Allied forces², and through his command of ETOUSA, administrative command of all U. The final battles of the European Theatre of World War II as well as the German surrender took place in late April and early May 1945 Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar S. forces, on the Western Front north of the Alps. The Western Front of the European Theatre of World War II encompassed the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, the Netherlands,

As recognition of his senior position in the Allied command, on December 20, 1944, he was promoted to General of the Army equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal in most European armies. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. General of the Army (GA is a five-star General officer and is the highest possible rank in the United States Army. For other meanings see Field Marshal (disambiguation Field marshal is a military officer rank In this and the previous high commands he held, Eisenhower showed his great talents for leadership and diplomacy. Although he had never seen action himself, he won the respect of front-line commanders. He dealt skillfully with difficult subordinates such as Omar Bradley and Patton, and allies such as Winston Churchill, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and General Charles de Gaulle. Omar Nelson Bradley KCB ( February 12, 1893 &ndash April 8, 1981) was one of the main U For the 19th century Scottish jurist/politician see George Patton Lord Glenalmond. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, KG, GCB, DSO, PC, (məntˈgʌmərɪ əv ˈæləmeɪn Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French He had fundamental disagreements with Churchill and Montgomery over questions of strategy, but these rarely upset his relationships with them. He negotiated with Soviet Marshal Zhukov, and such was the confidence that President Franklin D. Roosevelt had in him, he sometimes worked directly with Stalin, much to the chagrin of the British High Command who disliked being bypassed. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party During the advance towards Berlin, he was notified by General Bradley that Allied forces would suffer an estimated 100,000 casualties before taking the city. The Soviet Army sustained 80,000 casualties during the fighting in and around Berlin, the last large number of casualties suffered in the war against Nazism. ^[24][25]

It was never certain that Operation Overlord would succeed. Operation Overlord was the code name for the invasion of northwest Europe during World War II by Allied forces The seriousness surrounding the entire decision, including the timing and the location of the Normandy invasion, might be summarized by a second shorter speech that Eisenhower wrote in advance, in case he needed it. In it, he states he would take full responsibility for catastrophic failure, should that be the final result. Long after the successful landings on D-Day and the BBC broadcast of Eisenhower's brief speech concerning them, the never-used second speech was found in a shirt pocket by an aide. An aide-de-camp ( French for camp assistant) is a personal assistant secretary or Adjutant to a person of high rank usually a senior military officer It read:

Our landings in the Cherbourg-Havre area have failed to gain a satisfactory foothold and I have withdrawn the troops. My decision to attack at this time and place was based on the best information available. The troops, the air and the Navy did all that bravery and devotion to duty could do. If any blame or fault attaches to the attempt, it is mine alone.

Aftermath of World War II

Following the German unconditional surrender on May 8, 1945, Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone, based in Frankfurt am Main. Unconditional surrender is a surrender without conditions except for those provided by International law. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The Allied powers who defeated Nazi Germany in World War II divided the country west of the Oder-Neisse line into four occupation zones for administrative Germany was divided into four Occupation Zones, one each for the U. S. , Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. Upon full discovery of the death camps that were part of the Final Solution (Holocaust), he ordered camera crews to comprehensively document evidence of the atrocity for use in the war crimes tribunals. Extermination camps were two types of facilities that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become The Final Solution ( Die Endlösung) was Nazi Germany 's plan and execution of its systematic Genocide against European Jewry during World The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Germany committed War crimes in both World War I and World War II. Tribunal is a generic term for any body acting judicially whether or not it is called a tribunal in its title He made the decision to reclassify German prisoners of war (POWs) in U. S. custody as Disarmed Enemy Forces (DEFs), thus depriving them of the protection of the Geneva convention. Disarmed Enemy Forces, and &mdash more uncommon &mdash Surrendered Enemy Forces, was a U The Geneva Conventions consist of four Treaties formulated in Geneva, Switzerland, that set the standards for International law for humanitarian As DEFs, their food rations could be lowered and they could be compelled to serve as unfree labor (see Eisenhower and German POWs). Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations especially in modern or early modern history in which people are employed against their will Canadian Novelist James Bacque has alleged that US General Dwight '''Eisenhower''' oversaw the deaths by starvation or exposure of one million German Eisenhower was an early supporter of the Morgenthau Plan to permanently remove Germany's industrial capacity to wage future wars. The Morgenthau Plan was a plan for the occupation of Germany after World War II that advocated measures intended to remove Germany's ability to wage war In November 1945 he approved the distribution of 1000 free copies of Morgenthau's book Germany is Our Problem, which promoted and described the plan in detail, to American military officials in occupied Germany. Henry Morgenthau Jr (ˈmɔrgənθɔː May 11, 1891 &ndash February 6, 1967) was Secretary of the Treasury of the United States Historian Stephen Ambrose draws the conclusion that, despite Eisenhower's later claims the act was not an endorsement of the Morgenthau plan, Eisenhower both approved of the plan and had previously given Morgenthau at least some of his ideas about how Germany should be treated. Stephen Edward Ambrose ( January 10, 1936 – October 13, 2002) was an American Historian and Biographer of U ^[26] He also incorporated officials from Morgenthau's Treasury into the army of occupation. The United States Department of the Treasury is a Cabinet department and the Treasury of the United States government. These were commonly called "Morgenthau boys" for their zeal in interpreting the occupation directive JCS 1067, which had been heavily influenced by Morgenthau and his plan, as strictly as possible. The Morgenthau Plan was a plan for the occupation of Germany after World War II that advocated measures intended to remove Germany's ability to wage war ^[27]

Eisenhower served as Chief of Staff of the U. S. Army from 1945–48. In December 1950, he was named Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. The North Atlantic Treaty Eisenhower retired from active service on May 31, 1952, upon entering politics. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He wrote Crusade in Europe, widely regarded as one of the finest U. Crusade in Europe (ISBN 0-801-85668-X is a book by General Dwight D S. military memoirs. During this period Eisenhower served as President of Columbia University from 1948 until 1953, though he was on leave from the university while he served as NATO commander. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League.

After his many wartime successes, General Eisenhower returned to the U. S. a great hero. He was unusual for a military hero as he never saw the front line in his life. The nearest he came to being under enemy fire was in 1944 when a German fighter strafed the ground while he was inspecting troops in Normandy. Eisenhower dove for cover like everyone else and after the plane flew off, a British brigadier helped him up and seemed very relieved he was not hurt. When Eisenhower thanked him for his solicitude, the brigadier deflated him by explaining "my concern was that you should not be injured in my sector. " This incident formed part of Eisenhower's fund of stories he would tell now and again.

Not long after his return, a "Draft Eisenhower" movement in the Republican party persuaded him to declare his candidacy in the 1952 presidential election to counter the candidacy of isolationist Senator Robert Taft. The Draft Eisenhower movement was the first successful political draft of the 20th century to take a private citizen to the Oval Office. The United States presidential election of 1952 took place in an era when the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union was in one of its most tense Robert Alphonso Taft ( September 8, 1889 - July 31, 1953) of the Taft political family of Ohio, was a Republican (Eisenhower had been courted by both parties in 1948 and had declined to run then. ) Eisenhower defeated Taft for the nomination but came to an agreement that Taft would stay out of foreign affairs while Eisenhower followed a conservative domestic policy. Eisenhower's campaign was a crusade against the Truman administration's policies regarding "Korea, Communism and Corruption" and was also noted for the simple but effective phrase "I Like Ike. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based " Eisenhower promised to go to Korea himself and end the war and maintain both a strong NATO abroad against Communism and a corruption-free frugal administration at home. He and his running mate Richard Nixon, whose daughter later married Eisenhower's grandson David, defeated Democrats Adlai Stevenson and John Sparkman in a landslide, marking the first Republican return to the White House in 20 years. This is about the mid-20th-century politician and diplomat for other American politicians so named see Adlai Stevenson (disambiguation. John Jackson Sparkman ( December 20, 1899 &ndash November 16, 1985) was an American politician from the state of Alabama See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence Eisenhower was the only general to serve as President in the 20th century.

Presidency 1953–1961

Main article: Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower

Interstate Highway System

Main article: Interstate Highway System

One of Eisenhower's most enduring achievements was championing and signing the bill that authorized the Interstate Highway System in 1956. The Dwight D Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, commonly called the Interstate Highway System (or simply the Interstate System) He justified the project through the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 as essential to American security during the Cold War. The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, popularly known as the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act (Public Law 84-627 was enacted on June 29 1956 when Dwight D It was believed that large cities would be targets in a possible future war, and the highways were designed to evacuate them and allow the military to move in.

Eisenhower's goal to create improved highways was influenced by his involvement in the U. S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy. The Transcontinental Motor Convoys were two crossings one in 1919 in which the US Army sent a convoy from Washington DC to San Francisco on the He was assigned as an observer for the mission, which involved sending a convoy of U. S. Army vehicles coast to coast. ^[28][29] His subsequent experience with German autobahns during World War II convinced him of the benefits of an Interstate Highway System. (German ˈaʊtoːbaːn plural Autobahnen; English /ˈɔːtəʊbɑːn/ is the German word for a major high- Speed Road restricted to motor Noticing the improved ability to move logistics throughout the country, he thought an Interstate Highway System in the U. S. would not only be beneficial for military operations, but be the building block for continued economic growth. ^[30]

Dynamic Conservatism

Throughout his presidency, Eisenhower preached a doctrine of dynamic conservatism.

He continued all the major New Deal programs still in operation, especially Social Security. The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D Social Security, in the United States currently refers to the federal Old-Age Survivors and Disability Insurance ( OASDI) program He expanded its programs and rolled them into a new cabinet-level agency, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, while extending benefits to an additional ten million workers. His cabinet, consisting of several corporate executives and one labor leader, was dubbed by one journalist, "Eight millionaires and a plumber. "^[31]

Eisenhower was extremely popular, winning his second term in 1956 with 457 of 531 votes in the Electoral College, and 57. An electoral college is a set of many electors who are empowered to elect a candidate to a particular Office. 6% of the popular vote. An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office

Eisenhower Doctrine

After the Suez Crisis, the United States became the protector of most Western interests in the Middle East. The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. As a result, Eisenhower proclaimed the "Eisenhower Doctrine" in January 1957. The Eisenhower Doctrine, given in a message to the United States Congress on January 5, 1957, was the foreign policy of U In relation to the Middle East, the U. S. would be "prepared to use armed force. . . [to counter] aggression from any country controlled by international communism. " On July 15, 1958, he sent just under 15,000 soldiers to Lebanon (a combined force of Army and Marine Corps) as part of Operation Blue Bat, a non-combat peace keeping mission to stabilize the pro-Western government. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Operation Blue Bat was the name given to the 1958 operation in which the United States intervened in the Lebanon crisis. They left the following October.

In addition, Eisenhower explored the option of supporting the French colonial forces in Vietnam who were fighting an independence insurrection there. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially However, Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary. Matthew Bunker Ridgway ( March 3, 1895 &ndash July 26, 1993) was a United States Army General.

Civil Rights

Eisenhower supported the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka U. Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, 347 US 483 (1954 was a Landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court, which overturned earlier S. Supreme Court decision, in which segregated ("separate but equal") schools were ruled to be unconstitutional. The very next day he told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public school children. ^[32][33] He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 and signed those acts into law. The Civil Rights Act of 1957, primarily a voting rights bill was the first Civil rights legislation enacted by Congress in the United States since The Civil Rights Act of 1960 was a United States federal law that established federal inspection of local Voter registration polls and introduced penalties for anyone Although both Acts were weaker than subsequent civil rights legislation, they constituted the first significant civil rights acts since the 1870s. The "Little Rock Nine" incident of 1957 involved the refusal by Arkansas to honor a Federal court order to integrate the schools. The Little Rock Nine was a group of African-American students who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957 Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Under Executive Order 10730, Eisenhower placed the Arkansas National Guard under Federal control and sent Army troops to escort nine black students into an all-white public school. executive order in the United States is a Directive issued by the President, the head of the executive branch of the federal government The Arkansas National Guard comprises both Army and Air National Guard components The integration did not occur without violence. Eisenhower and Arkansas governor Orval Faubus engaged in tense arguments. Orville Eugene Faubus ( January 7 1910 December 14 1994) was a six-term Democratic Governor of Arkansas, having served from

Supreme Court appointments

Eisenhower appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:

• Earl Warren, 1953 (Chief Justice)
• John Marshall Harlan II, 1954
• William J. Brennan, 1956
• Charles Evans Whittaker, 1957
• Potter Stewart, 1958

States admitted to the Union

• Alaska – January 3, 1959 49th state
• Hawaii – August 21, 1959 50th state

Post-presidency

In 1961, Eisenhower became the first U. S. president to be "constitutionally forced" from office, having served the maximum two terms allowed by the 22nd Amendment to the U. S. Constitution. The amendment was ratified in 1951, during Harry S. Truman's term, but it stipulated that Truman would not be affected by the amendment.

Eisenhower was also the first outgoing President to come under the protection of the Former Presidents Act (two then living former Presidents, Herbert Hoover and Harry S. Truman, left office before Act was passed). The Former Presidents Act (known also as FPA) (3 USC § 102 is a Federal law passed by the United States Congress in 1958 Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10 1874 &ndash October 20 1964 was the thirty-first President of the United States (1929–1933 Under the act, Eisenhower was entitled to receive a lifetime pension, state-provided staff and a Secret Service detail. ^[34]

In the 1960 election to choose his successor, Eisenhower endorsed his own Vice President, Republican Richard Nixon against Democrat John F. Kennedy. However, he only campaigned for Nixon in the campaign's final days and even did Nixon some harm. When asked by reporters at the end of a televised press conference to list one of Nixon's policy ideas he had adopted, he replied, "If you give me a week, I might think of one. " Kennedy's campaign used the quote in one of its campaign commercials. Nixon lost narrowly to Kennedy.

On January 17, 1961, Eisenhower gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the Oval Office. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. | |-| |-| |- | |-| |-| |-| |-| |} The Oval Office is the official office of the President of the United States. ^[35] In his farewell speech to the nation, Eisenhower raised the issue of the Cold War and role of the U. S. armed forces. He described the Cold War saying: "We face a hostile ideology global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose and insidious in method. . . " and warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals and continued with a warning that "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. A military-industrial complex (MIC is a concept commonly used to refer to Policy relationships between Governments national Armed forces, and industrial . . Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together. "

After Eisenhower left office, his reputation declined and he was seen as having been a "do-nothing" President. This was partly because of the contrast between Eisenhower and his young activist successor, John F. Kennedy, but also because of his reluctance not only to support the civil rights movement to the degree that more liberal individuals would have preferred, but also to stop McCarthyism, even though he opposed McCarthy's tactics and claims. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of McCarthyism is a term describing the intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States in a period that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s ^[36] Such omissions were held against him during the liberal climate of the 1960s and 1970s. Liberalism in the United States is a broad political and philosophical mindset favoring individual Liberty, and opposing restrictions on liberty whether they come from Since that time, however, Eisenhower's reputation has risen because of his non-partisan nature, his wartime leadership, his action in Arkansas and an increasing appreciation of how difficult it is today to maintain a prolonged peace. The Little Rock Nine was a group of African-American students who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957 In recent surveys of historians, Eisenhower often is ranked in the top 10 among all US Presidents. In Political science, historical rankings of United States Presidents are surveys conducted in order to construct rankings of the success of individuals who have served

Eisenhower retired to the place where he and Mamie had spent much of their post-war time, a working farm adjacent to the battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Gettysburg is a borough 38 miles (68 km south by southwest of Harrisburg in Adams County, Pennsylvania, USA, of which it is the The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern The Gettysburg farm is a National Historic Site [1]. Eisenhower National Historic Site was the home and farm of General and President of the United States Dwight D In retirement, he did not completely retreat from political life; he spoke at the 1964 Republican National Convention and appeared with Barry Goldwater in a Republican campaign commercial from Gettysburg. The 1964 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States took place in the Cow Palace, San Francisco California, on July 13 ^[37]

Because of legal issues related to holding a military rank while in a civilian office, Eisenhower resigned his permanent commission as General of the Army before entering the office of President of the United States. General of the Army (GA is a five-star General officer and is the highest possible rank in the United States Army. Upon completion of his Presidential term, his commission on the retired list was reactivated and Eisenhower again was commissioned a five-star general in the United States Army.

Death and funeral

Eisenhower died of congestive heart failure on March 28, 1969 at Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington D. Heart failure is a Cardiac condition that occurs when a problem with the structure or function of the Heart impairs its ability to supply Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Walter Reed National Army Medical Center (WRAMC is the United States Army's medical center on the east coast of the United States. C. The following day his body was moved to the Washington National Cathedral's Bethlehem Chapel where he lay in repose for twenty-eight hours. Washington National Cathedral, whose official name is the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul is a Cathedral of The Episcopal Church. On March 30, his body was brought by caisson to the United States Capitol where he lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. A limber is a two-wheeled Cart designed to support the trail of an Artillery piece, allowing it to be towed The rotunda is the central rotunda of the United States Capitol, below the Capitol dome. On March 31, Eisenhower's body was returned to the National Cathedral where he was given an Episcopal funeral service. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Washington National Cathedral, whose official name is the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul is a Cathedral of The Episcopal Church. That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a train en route to Abilene, Kansas. Abilene is a city in Dickinson County, Kansas, United States, 163 miles (262 km west of Kansas City. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " His body arrived on April 2, and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of The Eisenhower Presidential Center, officially known as the Dwight D Eisenhower is buried alongside his son Doud who died at age 3 in 1921, and his wife, Mamie, who died in 1979. ^[38]

Tributes and memorials

Eisenhower's picture was on the dollar coin from 1971 to 1978. The rotunda is the central rotunda of the United States Capitol, below the Capitol dome. The Eisenhower Dollar is a $1 coin issued by the United States government from 1971&ndash1978 (not to be confused with the Eisenhower commemorative dollar Nearly 700 million of the copper-nickel clad coins were minted for general circulation, and far smaller numbers of uncirculated and proof issues (in both copper-nickel and 40% silver varieties) were produced for collectors. Proof coinage means special early samples of a Coin issue historically made for checking the dies and for archival purposes but nowadays often struck in greater He reappeared on a commemorative silver dollar issued in 1990, celebrating the 100th anniversary of his birth, which with a double image of him showed his two roles, as both a soldier and a statesman. Commemorative coinage of the United States consists of Coins that have been minted to commemorate a particular event person or organization As part of the Presidential $1 Coin Program, Eisenhower will be featured on a gold-colored dollar coin in the year 2015. The Presidential $1 Coin Program is part of an Act of Congress,, which directs the United States Mint to produce $1 coins with ^[39]

He is remembered for ending the Korean War. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower, the second Nimitz-class supercarrier, was named in his honor. Construction On 29 June 1970 Newport News Shipbuilding of Newport News, Virginia was awarded the contract for construction General characteristics Builder Newport News Shipbuilding Company Newport News Virginia Power Plant Two A4W reactors This is about the warships For the television program see Supercarrier (TV series.

The Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290), a 30-mile (48 km) long expressway in the Chicago area, was renamed after him. Interstate 290 (abbreviated I-290) is a main Interstate freeway that runs west from the Chicago Loop. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States.

The British A4 class steam locomotive No. 4496 (renumbered 60008) Golden Shuttle was renamed Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1946. It is preserved at the National Railroad Museum in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The National Railroad Museum is a railroad museum located in Ashwaubenon, Wisconsin in suburban Green Bay. Green Bay is a city in and the County seat of Brown County in the U Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States

Eisenhower College was a small, liberal arts college chartered in Seneca Falls, New York in 1965, with classes beginning in 1968. Eisenhower College was a small college named after US President Dwight Eisenhower, located in Seneca Falls New York. Seneca Falls is a Village in Seneca County, New York, United States. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Financial problems forced the school to fall under the management of the Rochester Institute of Technology in 1979. Its last class graduated in 1982.

The Eisenhower Medical Center in Rancho Mirage, California was named after the President in 1971. The Eisenhower Medical Center of Rancho Mirage California, USA is the Coachella Valley 's only not-for-profit hospital one of the top one hundred hospitals in the Rancho Mirage is a city in Riverside County, California, United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean.

The Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center, located at Fort Gordon near Augusta, Georgia, was named in his honor. The Dwight D Eisenhower Army Medical Center, a 300-bed hospital is based at Fort Gordon, located near Augusta Georgia and serves as the headquarters of the Army's Fort Gordon (formerly known as Camp Gordon) is a United States Army Installation and the current home of the United States Army Signal Corps and Signal Augusta Georgia is a city in Richmond County, Georgia, United States. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule ^[40]

In February 1971, Dwight D. Eisenhower School of Freehold Township, New Jersey was officially opened. Also see Freehold Borough. Freehold Township is a Township in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. ^[41]

The Eisenhower Tunnel was completed in 1979; it conveys westbound traffic on I-70 through the Continental Divide, 60 miles (97 km) west of Denver, Colorado. The Eisenhower Tunnel is a vehicular Tunnel located at on Interstate 70 approximately 60 miles (100 kilometers west of Denver, Colorado Interstate 70 (I-70 is an Interstate highway in the United States that runs from Interstate 15 near Cove Fort Utah, to a Park and Ride A continental divide is a line of elevated Terrain which forms a border between two watersheds such that Water falling on one side of the line eventually The City and County of Denver (pronounced /ˈdɛnvɚ/ is the Capital and the most populous city of Colorado, in the United States The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America.

In 1983, The Eisenhower Institute was founded in Washington, D. The Eisenhower Institute (EI is a center for leadership and public policy based in Washington D C. , as a policy institute to advance Eisenhower's intellectual and leadership legacies.

In 1999, the United States Congress created the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, which is in the planning stages of creating an enduring national memorial in Washington, D. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The Dwight D Eisenhower Memorial is a proposed United States National Memorial is a designation in the United States for a Protected area that commemorates a historic person or event C. , across the street from the National Air and Space Museum on the National Mall. The National Air and Space Museum (NASM of the Smithsonian Institution is a museum in Washington D The National Mall is an open-area National park in Downtown Washington D

A county park in East Meadow, New York (Long Island) is named in his honor. East Meadow is a hamlet (and Census-designated place or CDP in Nassau County ( Long Island) New York, United States. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, USA, its western shores directly across from Manhattan, from which the island stretches ^[42] In addition, Eisenhower State Park on Lake Texoma near his birthplace of Denison is named in his honor; his actual birthplace is currently operated by the State of Texas as Eisenhower Birthplace State Historic Site. Lake Texoma is one of the largest reservoirs in the United States, the 12th largest Corps of Engineers (USACE lake and the largest in USACE Tulsa Eisenhower Birthplace State Historic Site, located at 208 East Day Street in Denison Texas, is the birthplace of President Dwight D

Many public high schools and middle schools in the U. Eisenhower High School can refer to the following schools in the United States: Eisenhower High School (Rialto California Eisenhower Eisenhower Middle School may refer to Eisenhower Middle School (Topeka Kansas Eisenhower Middle School (Wyckoff New Jersey S. are named after Eisenhower.

There is a Mount Eisenhower in the Presidential Range of the White Mountains in New Hampshire. Mount Eisenhower (formerly Mount Pleasant is a mountain in the Presidential Range in the White Mountains of New Hampshire that is approximately 4780 The Presidential Range is a Mountain range located in the White Mountains of the state of New Hampshire, almost entirely in Coos County The White Mountains are a Mountain range that covers about a quarter of the state of New Hampshire and a small portion of western Maine in the New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America.

A tree overhanging the 17th hole that always gave him trouble at Augusta National, where he was a member, is named in his honor.

The Eisenhower Golf Club at the United States Air Force Academy, a 36-hole facility featuring the Blue and Silver courses and which is ranked #1 among DoD courses, is named in Eisenhower's honor. The United States Air Force Academy ( USAFA or Air Force) is an accredited college for the undergraduate education of officers for the United States Air

Awards and decorations

United States awards

In Order of Precedence

• Army Distinguished Service Medal with four oak leaf clusters
• Navy Distinguished Service Medal
• Legion of Merit
• Mexican Border Service Medal
• World War I Victory Medal
• American Defense Service Medal
• American Campaign Medal
• European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with one silver and four bronze service stars
• World War II Victory Medal
• Army of Occupation Medal with "Germany" clasp
• National Defense Service Medal (2 awards)

He was also an honorary member of the Boy Scouts of America's Tom Kita Chara Lodge #96. The United States Mint primarily produces circulating coinage for the United States to conduct its Trade and Commerce. This article concerns the United States Army Distinguished Service Medal An oak leaf cluster or oakleaves is a common device which is placed on U The Navy Distinguished Service Medal is a military award of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps which was first created in 1919 The Legion of Merit is a military decoration of the United States armed forces that is awarded for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding The Mexican Border Service Medal was a decoration of the United States military which was established by an act of the United States Congress on July 9 The World War I Victory Medal is a decoration of the United States military which was first created in 1919 designed by James Earle Fraser. The American Defense Service Medal is a decoration of the United States military which was created in 1941 by Executive Order of President Franklin Roosevelt The American Campaign Medal was a military decoration of the United States armed forces which was first created on November 6, 1942 by The European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal is a military decoration of the United States armed forces which was first created on November 6 The World War II Victory Medal is a decoration of the United States military which was created by an act of Congress in July 1945. The Army of Occupation Medal is a military decoration of the United States military which was established by the United States War Department in The National Defense Service Medal is a military decoration of the United States military originally commissioned by President Dwight D The Boy Scouts of America ( BSA) is the largest youth organization in the United States with over five million Samoset Council is headquartered in Weston (near Wausau and serves the north central part of Wisconsin

International awards

List of citations bestowed by other countries. ^[43]

• Argentinian Order of the Liberator San Martin, Great Cross
• Belgian Order of Léopold
• Belgian Croix de Guerre/Belgisch Oorlogskruis
• Brazil Campaign Medal
• Brazil War Medal
• Brazilian Order of Military Merit, Grand Cross
• Brazilian Order of Aeronautical Merit, Grand Cross
• Brazilian National Order of the Southern Cross
• British Order of the Bath, Knight Grand Cross
• British Order of Merit
• British Africa Star with "8" and "1" numerical devices. Order of Leopold ( Leopoldsorde in Dutch, Ordre de Léopold in French) is one of the three Belgian national honorary Orders The Croix de Guerre (sometimes lowercase in French Croix de guerre, meaning "Cross of War" is a military decoration of both France and The National Order of the Southern Cross is Brazil's highest order of merit The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. This article is about the British campaign medal For the diamond see Star of Africa.
• Chilean Chief Commander of the Order of Merit
• Chinese Order of Yun Hui, Grand Cordon
• Chinese Order of Yun Fei, Grand Cordon
• Czechoslovakian Order of the White Lion
• Czechoslovakian Golden Star of Victory
• Danish Order of the Elephant
• Ecuadorian Star of Abdon Calderon
• Egyptian Order of Ismal, Grand Cordon
• Ethiopian Order of Solomon
• French Croix de Guerre
• French Legion of Honor. The Order of the White Lion is the highest order of the Czech Republic, which continues a Czechoslovak order of the same name created in 1922 as an The Order of the Elephant (Elefantordenen is the highest order of Denmark. The Croix de Guerre (sometimes lowercase in French Croix de guerre, meaning "Cross of War" is a military decoration of both France and ^[44]
• French Order of Liberation
• French Military Medal
• Italy: Military Order of Italy, Knight Grand Cross
• Italy: Order of Malta
• Greek Order of George I with swords
• Guatemalan Cross of Military Merit, First Class
• Haitian Order of Honor and Merit, Grand Cross
• Luxembourg Medal of Merit
• Luxembourg War Cross
• Mexican Order of the Aztec Eagle, First Class
• Mexican Medal of Civic Merit
• Mexican Order of Military Merit
• Moroccan Order of Ouissam Alaouite
• Netherlands: Order of the Netherlands Lion, Knight Grand Cross
• Norwegian Order of St. Olav
• Pakistani Order of Pakistan, Nisham, First Class
• Panama Order of Vasco Nunez de Balboa, Grand Cross
• Panama Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero, Grand Master (collar grade)
• Philippines Distinguished Service Star
• Philippines Shield of Honor Medal, Chief Commander
• Philippines Order of Sikatuna, Raja (First Class)
• Polish Cross of Grunwald
• Polish Order of Polonia Restituta
• Polish Virtuti Militari
• Soviet Order of Suvorov
• Soviet Order of Victory
• Tunisian Order of Nichan Iftikhar, Gand Cordon

Other honors

• Eisenhower's name was given to a variety of streets, avenues, etc. The Ordre de la Libération (“Order of the Liberation” is a French Order awarded to heroes of the Liberation of France during the Second World War. The Médaille militaire (Military Medal is a decoration of the French Republic which was first instituted in 1852. The Military Order of Italy ( Ordine Militare d'Italia) is the highest military order of Italy, originally established as the Military Order of Savoy Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Order of George I was formerly an order of Greece named after King George I of Greece. The Luxembourg War Cross is a military decoration of Luxembourg which was first created on 17 April 1945 by the Grand Duchess Charlotte The Order of the Aztec Eagle (Orden del Águila Azteca is the highest decoration awarded to foreigners in Mexico. The Order of Ouissam Alaouite or the Royal Order of Al-Alaoui is a military decoration of Morocco which is bestowed by the King of Morocco upon those The Order of the Netherlands Lion (De Orde van de Nederlandse Leeuw is an order of the Netherlands which was first created on 29 September 1815 by the The Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav ( Norwegian: Den Kongelige Norske St The Order of Sikatuna is the national order of diplomatic merit of the Republic of the Philippines. Cross of Grunwald or Order of the Cross of Grunwald (Order Krzyża Grunwaldu was a Military decoration created in November 1943 by the High Command The Order of Polonia Restituta (Order Odrodzenia Polski Order of Poland Reborn is one of Poland 's highest Orders. The Order Virtuti Militari ( Latin for "For Military Virtue" is Poland 's highest Military decoration for valor in the face of The Order of Suvorov ( Russian Орден Суворова is a Soviet award named after Aleksandr Suvorov (1729-1800 that was established on July The Order of Victory (Орден Победы was the highest Military decoration in the Soviet Union, and one of the rarest orders in the world , in cities around the world, including Paris, France. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.
• In December 1999, Eisenhower was listed on Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century. Gallup's List of Widely Admired People, a poll of United States citizens to volunteer the names of the individuals whom they most admire is a list compiled annually by The Gallup

See also

• Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Mamie Eisenhower, wife of Dwight D. Election 1952 See also United States presidential election 1952 Dwight D Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower (November 14 1896 – November 1 1979 was the wife of President Dwight D Eisenhower
• Atoms for Peace, a speech to the U. "Atoms for Peace" was the title of a speech delivered by U N. General Assembly in December 1953
• Eisenhower National Historic Site
• Eisenhower Presidential Center
• Historical rankings of United States Presidents
• History of the United States (1945-1964)
• Kay Summersby
• Military-industrial complex, a term made popular by Eisenhower
• Mount Eisenhower
• People to People Student Ambassador Program
• German Americans
• Thomas E. Stephens Portrait painter (Gallery of Presidents, Smithsonian) and friend of Eisenhower

Notes

References

• Ambrose, Stephen (1983), Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect (1893–1952), New York: Simon & Schuster . New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Simon & Schuster Inc, a division of CBS Corporation, is a Publisher founded in New York in 1924 by Richard L
• D'Este, Carlo (2002), Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life .
• Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1963), Mandate for Change, 1953–1956 .
• Parmet, Herbert S. (1972), Eisenhower and the American Crusades .
• Sixsmith, E. K. G. (1973), Eisenhower, His Life and Campaigns .

Further reading

Military career

• Ambrose, Stephen E. Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890–1952 (1983);
• Eisenhower, David. Eisenhower at War 1943–1945 (1986), detailed study by his grandson
• Irish, Kerry E. "Apt Pupil: Dwight Eisenhower and the 1930 Industrial Mobilization Plan," The Journal of Military History 70. 1 (2006) 31–61 online in Project Muse.
• Pogue, Forrest C. The Supreme Command (1996) official Army history of SHAEF
• Russell Weigley. Eisenhower's Lieutenants. Indiana University Press, 1981. Ike's dealings with his key generals in WW2

Civilian career

• Albertson, Dean, ed. Eisenhower as President (1963).
• Alexander, Charles C. Holding the Line: The Eisenhower Era, 1952–1961 (1975).
• Ambrose, Stephen E. Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890–1952 (1983); Eisenhower. The President (1984); one volume edition titled Eisenhower: Soldier and President (2003). Standard biography.
• Bowie, Robert R. and Richard H. Immerman; Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy, Oxford University Press, 1998.
• Damms, Richard V. The Eisenhower Presidency, 1953–1961 (2002).
• David Paul T. (ed. ), Presidential Nominating Politics in 1952. 5 vols. , Johns Hopkins Press, 1954.
• Divine, Robert A. Eisenhower and the Cold War (1981).
• Greenstein, Fred I. The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader (1991).
• Harris, Douglas B. "Dwight Eisenhower and the New Deal: The Politics of Preemption" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27, 1997.
• Harris, Seymour E. The Economics of the Political Parties, with Special Attention to Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy (1962).
• Krieg, Joann P. ed. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Soldier, President, Statesman (1987). 24 essays by scholars.
• McAuliffe, Mary S. "Eisenhower, the President", Journal of American History 68 (1981), pp. 625–632.
• Medhurst, Martin J. Dwight D. Eisenhower: Strategic Communicator Greenwood Press, 1993.
• Pach, Chester J. and Elmo Richardson. Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower (1991). Standard scholarly survey.

Primary sources

• Boyle, Peter G. , ed. The Churchill-Eisenhower Correspondence, 1953–1955 University of North Carolina Press, 1990.
• Eisenhower, Dwight D. Crusade in Europe (1948), his war memoirs.
• Eisenhower, Dwight D. Waging Peace (1965), presidency 1956–1960.
• Eisenhower Papers 21 volume scholarly edition; complete for 1940–1961.
• Summersby, Kay. Eisenhower was my boss (1948) New York: Prentice Hall; (1949) Dell paperback.

External links

• Extensive essay on Dwight D. Eisenhower (with shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs)
• 1952 Ike for President TV Ad
• Full audio of Eisenhower speeches via the Miller Center of Public Affairs (UVa)
• Eisenhower's Secret White House Recordings via the Miller Center of Public Affairs (UVa)
• Audio clips of Eisenhower's speeches
• Dwight David Eisenhower biography
• Eisenhower Chronology World History Database
• Eisenhower Home and Tomb
• Essay: Why the Eisenhower administration embraced nuclear weapons (PDF)
• Farewell Address (Wikisource)
• Guardians of Freedom - 50th Anniversary of Operation Arkansas, by ARMY.MIL
• First Inaugural Address
• Original Document: D-Day Statement from Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Second Inaugural Address
• Spartacus Educational Biography
• The Arms of Dwight David Eisenhower
• The Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission
• The Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum
• The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921–1969, CHAPTER XXIX, Former President Dwight D. Eisenhower, State Funeral, 28 March-2 April 1969 by B.  C.  Mossman and M.  W.  Stark
• The Presidential Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower (searchable online)
• White House biography
• Thaw in the Cold War: Eisenhower and Khrushchev at Gettysburg, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
• Eisenhower's report on operation Torch
• Works by Dwight D. Eisenhower at Project Gutenberg

Military offices
Preceded by Maj. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works Gen. James E. Chaney	Commanding General of U. S. Army Europe 1942 – 1943	Succeeded by Lt. Gen. Frank M. Andrews
Preceded by Gen. Frank Maxwell Andrews ( February 3, 1884 &ndash May 3, 1943) was one of the founding fathers of military aviation in the United States Jacob L. Devers	Commanding General of U. General Jacob "Jake" Loucks Devers ( September 8, 1887 - October 15, 1979) who is best remembered for his command of the S. Army Europe 1944 – 1945	Succeeded by Gen. Joseph T. McNarney
New title	Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany 1945	Succeeded by Gen. Joseph T McNarney was a United States Army Air Forces (and later Air Force) General officer who served as Military Governor of occupied Germany The Allied powers who defeated Nazi Germany in World War II divided the country west of the Oder-Neisse line into four occupation zones for administrative George S. Patton
Preceded by Gen. For the 19th century Scottish jurist/politician see George Patton Lord Glenalmond. George Marshall	Chief of Staff of the United States Army 1945 – 1948	Succeeded by Gen. George Catlett Marshall Jr (December 31 1880 &ndash October 16 1959 was an American military leader Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of The Chief of Staff of the United States Army ( CSA) is the highest ranking officer in the United States Army and is member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Omar Bradley
New title	Supreme Allied Commander Europe (NATO) 1949 – 1952	Succeeded by Gen. Omar Nelson Bradley KCB ( February 12, 1893 &ndash April 8, 1981) was one of the main U Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE) is the central command of NATO Military forces The North Atlantic Treaty Matthew Ridgway
Academic offices
Preceded by Frank D. Fackenthal¹	President of Columbia University 1948 – 1953	Succeeded by Grayson L. Kirk
Political offices
Preceded by Harry S. Truman	President of the United States January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961	Succeeded by John F. Kennedy
Party political offices
Preceded by Thomas Dewey	Republican Party presidential candidate 1952, 1956	Succeeded by Richard Nixon
Honorary titles
Preceded by Herbert Hoover	Persons who have lain in state or honor in the United States Capitol rotunda March 30, 1969 – March 31, 1969	Succeeded by Everett Dirksen
Notes and references
1. Matthew Bunker Ridgway ( March 3, 1895 &ndash July 26, 1993) was a United States Army General. Frank Diehl Fackenthal (1883 Hellertown Pennsylvania – 1968 was an American educator Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Grayson Louis Kirk ( October 12, 1903 - November 21, 1997) was president of Columbia University during the Columbia University The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of Thomas Edmund Dewey ( March 24, 1902 – March 16, 1971) was the Governor of New York (1943-1955 and the unsuccessful Republican This is a list of the candidates for the offices of President of the United States and Vice President of the United States of the Republican Party of the The United States presidential election of 1952 took place in an era when the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union was in one of its most tense Please DO NOT flip the colors --> The United States presidential election of 1956 saw a popular Dwight D Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10 1874 &ndash October 20 1964 was the thirty-first President of the United States (1929–1933 Lying in state is a term used to describe the tradition in which a Coffin is placed on view to allow the public at large to pay their respects to the deceased The rotunda is the central rotunda of the United States Capitol, below the Capitol dome. Everett McKinley Dirksen ( January 4, 1896 – September 7, 1969) was a Republican U www.encyclopedia.com

Persondata
NAME	Eisenhower, Dwight David
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Ike (common referent)
SHORT DESCRIPTION	United States general and President
DATE OF BIRTH	October 14, 1890(1890-10-14)
PLACE OF BIRTH	Denison, Texas
DATE OF DEATH	March 28, 1969
PLACE OF DEATH	Washington, D.C.

Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Denison is a city in Grayson County, Texas, United States. The population was 22773 at the 2000 census but Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D

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