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Members of the Dutch Eindhoven Resistance with troops of the US 101st Airborne in front of Eindhoven cathedral during Operation Market Garden in September 1944.
Members of the Dutch Eindhoven Resistance with troops of the US 101st Airborne in front of Eindhoven cathedral during Operation Market Garden in September 1944. Operation Market Garden ( September 17, 1944 – September 25, 1944) was an Allied military operation fought in the Netherlands

Dutch Resistance to the Nazi occupation during World War II developed relatively slowly, but its counterintelligence, domestic sabotage, and communications networks provided key support to Allied forces beginning in 1944 and continuing until the country was fully liberated. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War.

Contents

Prelude

Prior to the German invasion, the Netherlands had adhered to a policy of strict neutrality. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Dutch had not engaged in war with any European nation since 1830. [1] In 1914, when the Great War started the Dutch were not invaded by Germany, and anti-German sentiment was not as strong as in other European countries. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The German invasion therefore came as a shock to the Dutch people. The Dutch people ( Dutch:) are the dominant Ethnic group of the Netherlands. [2]

German invasion

Main article: Battle of the Netherlands

On May 10, 1940, German troops invaded the Netherlands without a declaration of war. The Battle of the Netherlands (Slag om Nederland was part of Case Yellow (Fall Gelb the German invasion of the Low Countries ( Belgium Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A declaration of war is a formal performative Speech act or signing of a document by an authorised party of a government in order to initate a state of War The day before, small groups of German troops in Dutch uniforms had entered the country. Many of them were wearing Dutch helmets, some made of cardboard as there were not enough originals. Although the Dutch army was inferior in nearly every way, four days later it looked as if the Dutch had stopped the German advance. Hitler, who had expected the occupation to be completed in two days, ordered Rotterdam to be annihilated, followed by every other Dutch city if the Dutch refused to surrender. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Rotterdam (pronounced) is the 2nd-largest City by population in the Netherlands, located in the province of The Dutch, who had quickly lost their air force, realised they could not stop the German bombers and surrendered. [3]

Nevertheless, while the Dutch envoy who had just signed the ceasefire agreement with the Germans was on his way back, German bombers roared overhead, and Rotterdam was indeed bombed. Rotterdam (pronounced) is the 2nd-largest City by population in the Netherlands, located in the province of [4] The Dutch soldiers who died defending their country, together with at least 800 civilians who perished in the flames of Rotterdam, were the first victims of Nazi occupation which was to last five years.

Initial German policy

The Nazis, who considered the Dutch to be fellow Aryans, were less repressive in the Netherlands than in other occupied countries, at least at first. Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" The open terrain and dense population made it difficult to conceal illegal activities. Furthermore, the country was surrounded by German-controlled territory on all sides, offering no escape routes. If the Germans discovered people were involved in the resistance, they were often immediately sentenced to death.

At first, most of the Dutch accepted the occupation. Indeed, some of them were avid collaborators. As in Germany, it was the Social Democrats, Catholics and Communists who started the resistance movement. [5]

The Nazis deported the Jews to concentration camps, rationed food, and withheld food stamps as a punishment. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial They also forced adult males between 18 and 45 to work in German factories or on public works projects. Over the next five years, as conditions became increasingly harsh and difficult, resistance became better organized and more forceful. [6]

In the Netherlands, the Germans managed to exterminate a relatively large proportion of the Jews. [7] The main reason was that before the war, the Dutch authorities had required citizens to register their religion so that church taxes could be distributed among the various religious organisations. In addition, the country was occupied by the oppressive SS rather than the Wehrmacht as in the other Western European countries. The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 Then there was the fact that the occupying forces were generally under the command of Austrians who were keen to show that they were good Germans by implementing antisemitic policy. The ( German: "link-up" also known as the, was the 1938 Annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi [8]

Activities

Plaque honouring the Dutch resistance fighters executed by the Germans at Sachsenhausen.
Plaque honouring the Dutch resistance fighters executed by the Germans at Sachsenhausen.

Less than a year later, on February 25, 1941, the Communist Party of the Netherlands called for a general strike, the February strike, in response to the first Nazi razzia on Amsterdam's Jewish population. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Communist Party of the Netherlands ( Dutch: Communistische Partij Nederland, CPN was a Dutch communist Political party. The 1941 February Strike, also known as 'The Strike of February 1941' was a General strike organized during World War II in The Netherlands against the Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Apart from the general strike in occupied Luxembourg in 1942, the strike was unique in the history of Nazi-occupied Europe, although it was quickly suppressed. The Luxembourgian general strike of 1942 was a pacific resistance movement organised within a short time period to protest against a directive that incorporated the Luxembourg

It was also unusual for the Dutch resistance, which was more covert. Resistance in the Netherlands took the form of small-scale, decentralized cells engaged in independent activities. Some small groups had absolutely no links with others. They produced forged ration cards and counterfeit money, collected intelligence, published underground papers such as De Waarheid, Trouw, Vrij Nederland and Het Parool, sabotaged phone lines and railways, produced maps, and distributed food and goods. De Waarheid was the Dutch Communist Party newspaper It originated in 1940 under the German occupation as a resistance paper the day after the Germans Trouw is a Dutch daily Newspaper. Trouw is a Dutch word meaning "fidelity" (cognate of the English "trow" Vrij Nederland (Free Netherlands is a Dutch Magazine which was established during the German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II as Het Parool is an Amsterdam -based daily newspaper It was founded as a resistance paper during World War II (the name means "The Password

One of the riskiest activities was hiding and sheltering refugees and enemies of the Nazi regime, Jewish families like the family of Anne Frank, underground operatives, draft-age Dutch, and others. Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank ( (12 June 1929 – early March 1945 was a Jewish girl born in the city of Frankfurt am Main in Weimar Germany Collectively these people were known as onderduikers ("people in hiding" or literally: "under-divers"). Later in the war this system of hiding people was used to protect downed Allied airmen. Corrie ten Boom and her family are among those who successfully hid several Jews and resistance workers from the Nazis. Cornelia Johanna Arnolda ten Boom, generally known as Corrie ten Boom, ( April 15, 1892 – April 15 1983) was a Dutch, [9]

In February 1943, two operatives of a Dutch resistance cell called CS-6 (for their address, 6 Corelli Street, in Amsterdam) rang the doorbell of a 70-year-old Dutch collaborator, retired Lieutenant-General Hendrik A. Seyffardt, in The Hague. After he answered and identified himself, they shot him twice in the abdomen. He died a day later. This assassination of a lower-level official triggered a cruel reprisal from SS General Hanns Albin Rauter, the killing of 50 Dutch hostages and a series of raids on Dutch universities. The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the Johann Baptist Albin Rauter ( Klagenfurt, February 4 1895 &ndash Scheveningen, March 24 1949 [10] By accident the Dutch resistance attacked Rauter's car on March 6, 1945, which in turn led to the killings at De Woeste Hoeve, where 116 men were rounded up and executed at the site of the ambush and another 147 Gestapo prisoners executed elsewhere. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The ( contraction of ge heime Sta ats' po' lizei: "Secret State Police" was the official Secret police of Nazi Germany [11] A similar war crime happened on October 1 and 2, 1944, in the village of Putten, where over 600 men were deported to camps to be killed in retaliation for resistance activity. Putten ( is a Municipality and a town in Gelderland province in the middle of the Netherlands. [12]

Organization

Already on May 15, 1940, the day after the Dutch capitulation, the communist party CPN held a meeting in order to organize their underground existence and resistance against the German occupier. The Communist Party of the Netherlands ( Dutch: Communistische Partij Nederland, CPN was a Dutch communist Political party. It was the first resistance organisation in the Netherlands. As a result, some 2000 communists would lose their lives in torture rooms, concentration camps or by a firing squad. On the same day Bernardus IJzerdraat distributed leaflets protesting the German occupation and called on the public to resist the Germans. Bernardus IJzerdraat (1891 - 1941 was a Dutch resistance fighter in the Second World War. [13] This was the first public act of resistance. IJzerdraat started to build an illegal resistance organistion called De Geuzen (named after a group who rebelled against the Spanish occupation in the 16th century). [14]

A few months after the invasion, a number of Revolutionary Socialist Worker's Party (RSAP) members including Henk Sneevliet formed the Marx-Lenin-Luxemburg Front, a major force behind the February strike. The Revolutionary Socialist Party (in Dutch Revolutionair Socialistische Partij RSP was a dutch Left-communist Political party. Hendricus Josephus Franciscus Marie Sneevliet, known as Henk Sneevliet or the Pseudonym Maring (May 13 1883 - April 13 1942 was a Dutch The Marx-Lenin-Luxemburg-Front was a resistance movement founded by Henk Sneevliet, Willem Dolleman and Ab Menist, some months after the German invasion Its entire leadership was caught and executed in April 1942. The CPN and the RSAP were the only pre-war organisations that went underground and protested against the antisemitic action taken by the German occupier.

According to CIA historian Stewart Bentley, by the middle of 1944 there were four major resistance organizations in the country, completely independent of each other:

In addition to these groups, the National Steun Fonds (NSF) financial organization received money from the exiled government to fund operations of the LO and KP. The principal figure of the NSF was the banker Walraven van Hall, whose activities were discovered by the Nazis, and who was shot at age 39. [15]

The oldest and most important resistance group, the communists, is not mentioned. For many decades, official historians avoided mentioning the importanrt role played by the communist party and the enormous number of victims, probably more than in all the other resistance groups together.

After Normandy

Dutch women who had sexual relations with German soldiers, await their fate after being arrested by the Dutch resistance.
Dutch women who had sexual relations with German soldiers, await their fate after being arrested by the Dutch resistance.

With the Normandy invasion in June 1944, the Dutch civilian population was put under increasing pressure by Allied infiltration and the need for intelligence regarding the German military defensive buildup, the instability of German positions, and active fighting.

Portions of the country were liberated as part of the Allied Drive to the Siegfried Line; the port of Antwerp was liberated on September 4, 1944. The Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine was one of the final Allied phases in World War II of the Western European Campaign. ||-||-||-||} Antwerp ( Dutch:, French: Anvers) is a City and Municipality in Belgium and the capital of the Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Allied paratrooper disaster of Operation Market Garden, an attempt to secure eight bridges and transport lines around Arnhem in mid-September, failed partly because British forces refused to accept intelligence offered by the Dutch resistance regarding German strength of forces. Operation Market Garden ( September 17, 1944 – September 25, 1944) was an Allied military operation fought in the Netherlands Arnhem ( ( South Guelderish: Èrnem) is a city and Municipality, situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. Unfortunately they were right in believing that the sources had been compromised.

While the south was liberated, Amsterdam and the rest of the north remained under Nazi control until their official surrender on May 6, 1945. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar For these eight months Allied forces held off, fearing huge civilian losses, and hoping for a rapid collapse of the German government. When the Dutch government-in-exile asked for a national railway strike as a resistance measure, the Nazis stopped food transports to the western Netherlands, and this set the stage for the "Hunger winter", the Dutch famine of 1944. The Dutch government in exile was the government of The Netherlands, headed by Queen Wilhelmina, that evacuated to London after the German invasion The Dutch famine of 1944 (known as hongerwinter ("Hunger winter" in Dutch was a Famine that took place in the Netherlands during the winter

Some 374 Dutch resistance fighters are buried in the Field of Honor in the Dunes around Bloemendaal. Bloemendaal ( is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland.

Figures in the Dutch resistance

See also

References

  1. ^ See Ten days campaign
  2. ^ A Forgotten Chapter, Holland Under the Third Reich, Lecture by Anthony Anderson at The University of Southern California on October 17, 1995. The Dutch underground press was part of the resistance to German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II. The Netherlands became involved in World War II on May 10, 1940, when German forces invaded the country and quickly overran it See also Resistance in the Netherlands The Valkenburg Resistance was the Resistance movement in Valkenburg, Limburg Anti-fascism is the opposition to fascist ideologies organizations governments and people Resistance during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means ranging from non-cooperation disinformation and propaganda to hiding crashed pilots Most history of the Jews in the Netherlands was generated between the end of the sixteenth century and World War II. The Ten days campaign (Tiendaagse Veldtocht ( August 2 – August 12 1831) was a failed attempt to suppress the Belgian revolution by the Dutch Retrieved 10 April 2008.
  3. ^ The Netherlands and the beginning of World War II from Marketgarden. com. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
  4. ^ Rotterdam from War over Holland. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
  5. ^ The Dutch Resistance and the OSS — Central Intelligence Agency
  6. ^ Resistance from Holocaust and Resistance in World War II Netherlands. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
  7. ^ Genocide from Holocaust and Resistance in World War II Netherlands. Retrieved 11 April 2008
  8. ^ The Netherlands from Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
  9. ^ Corrie ten Boom from the United States Holocaust Memorital Museum. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
  10. ^ The 'SILBERTANNE' murders from Niederlanders in de Waffen-SS. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
  11. ^ The Hins' World War II Collection - Memorial Woeste Hoeve. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
  12. ^ Brute force hit small Dutch town fifty years ago, from GoDutch. com, first published October 23, 1994. Retrieved 11 April 2008
  13. ^ Resistance in Western Europe, p. 145, ed. Bob Moore, Oxford : Berg, 2000, ISBN 1859732798.
  14. ^ Bernardus IJzerdraat from Erepeloton Waalsdorp (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 April 2008.
  15. ^ Biografie van Hall, Walraven van from Website Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis. Retrieved 11 April 2008.

External links

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