| History of the Netherlands |
|---|
 |
| Ancient times |
| Germanic tribes |
| Roman Era |
| Migration Period |
| The Medieval Low Countries |
| Frankish Realm / The Franks |
| Holy Roman Empire |
| Burgundian Netherlands |
| Seventeen Provinces |
| Spanish Netherlands |
| Rise and Fall of the Dutch Republic |
| Eighty Years' War |
| United Provinces |
| The Golden Age |
| The Batavian revolution |
| From Republic to Monarchy |
| Batavian Republic |
| Kingdom of Holland |
| First French Empire |
| United Kingdom of the Netherlands |
| The Netherlands in Modern Times |
| Modern History of the Netherlands |
| Netherlands in World War II |
| Luctor et Emergo |
| The Dutch Fight against Water |
| The Miscellaneous Netherlands |
| Military history of the Netherlands |
| History of the Dutch language |
| Dutch literature |
| Dutch influence on naval terms |
| Dutch inventions and discoveries |
- This article focuses on social and cultural history. The historical period sets in with the Roman Empire, as the parts south of the Rhine were included in the province of Gallia Belgica, and later of The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The historical period sets in with the Roman Empire, as the parts south of the Rhine were included in the province of Gallia Belgica, and later of The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (imperium Francorum Frankish Kingdom (Latin regnum Francorum, "Kingdom of the The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in In the history of the Low Countries, the Burgundian Netherlands refers to the period when the dukes of Burgundy ruled the area as well as Luxembourg and parts of The Seventeen Provinces were a Personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 15th century and 16th century roughly covering the current Netherlands The Southern Netherlands (Zuidelijke Nederlanden Países Bajos del Sur Pays-Bas du sud were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain ( Spanish The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The term Batavian revolution refers to the political social and cultural turmoil that marked the end of the Dutch Republic at the end of the 18th century The Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek was the successor of the Republic of the United Netherlands. Not to be confused with the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Kingdom of Holland 1806 - 1810 (Koningrijk Holland Royaume The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or United Kingdom of the Netherlands (or Kingdom of the United Netherlands) (1815 - 1830 (1839 (Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden Royaume-Uni des Pays-Bas was the unofficial Rise of Socialism In the beginning of the 20th century socialism began to develop in the Netherlands The Netherlands has been struggling against Floods since the first people settled there The Dutch-speaking people have a long history the Netherlands as a Nation-state dates from 1568 Dutch is a West Germanic language, that originated from the Old Frankish dialects Similar to other literary traditions Dutch literature is not restricted to the Netherlands alone Historically many Dutch military terms have been influential and adopted as Loanwords by many other languages all over the world The Dutch people have a History and Tradition in inventing and Discovery. Night Watch or The Night Watch (De Nachtwacht is the common name of one of the most famous works by Dutch painter Rembrandt Harmenszoon For political events, see History of the Netherlands and Dutch Revolt (1568-1648). The historical period sets in with the Roman Empire, as the parts south of the Rhine were included in the province of Gallia Belgica, and later of The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries For more information about notable Dutch persons in the Golden Age, see List of people from the Dutch Golden Age. The Dutch Golden Age was a period in Dutch history roughly equivalent to the 17th century, in which Dutch Trade, Science and Art
The Golden Age was a period in Dutch history, roughly spanning the 17th century, in which Dutch trade, science, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual
Contents |
Causes of the Golden Age
In 1568 the Seven Provinces that signed the Union of Utrecht started a rebellion against Philip II of Spain: the Eighty Years' War. Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries Before the Low Countries could be completely reconquered, war between England and Spain broke out, forcing the Spanish troops under Philip II to halt their advances. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Meanwhile, Philip's Spanish troops had conquered the important trading cities of Bruges and Ghent. Antwerp, which was then arguably the most important port in the world, had to be conquered. On August 17, 1585, Antwerp fell. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli This ended the Eighty Years' War for the (from now on) Southern Netherlands. The Southern Netherlands (Zuidelijke Nederlanden Países Bajos del Sur Pays-Bas du sud were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain ( Spanish The United Provinces (the Netherlands proper) fought on until 1648 – the Peace of Westphalia. "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of
The definite loss of the Southern Netherlands (most of present-day Belgium) caused the rich Calvinist merchants of these cities to flee to the north. The Southern Netherlands (Zuidelijke Nederlanden Países Bajos del Sur Pays-Bas du sud were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain ( Spanish The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Many migrated to Amsterdam, which was at the time a tiny port, but was quickly transformed into one of the most important ports in the world in the 17th century. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west The exodus can be described as 'creating a new Antwerp'. This mass immigration from Flanders and Brabant was an important driving force behind the Dutch Golden Age.
In addition to the mass immigration from the Southern Netherlands, there was also a massive influx of refugees fleeing from religious persecution, particularly Sephardi Jews from Portugal and Spain and, later, Huguenots from France. Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.
Several other factors also contributed to the flowering of trade, industry, the arts and the sciences during this period. A necessary condition was the supply of cheap energy from windmills and from peat, easily transported by canal to the cities. Peat is an accumulation of partially Decayed Vegetation matter. The invention of the sawmill enabled the construction of a massive fleet of ships for worldwide trading and to defend the republic's economic interests by military means. A sawmill is a facility where logs are cut into boards Sawmill process A sawmill's basic operation is much like those of 100 years ago a log enters
Wealth
During a large part of the 17th century the Dutch, traditionally able seafarers and keen mapmakers, dominated world trade, a position which before had been occupied by the Portuguese and Spaniards, and which later would be lost to England (later Britain) after a long competition that culminated in several Anglo-Dutch Wars (fought mainly at sea) — though these were not the only causes of Dutch decline. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Anglo-Dutch Wars ( Dutch: Engels-Nederlandse Oorlogen or Engelse Zeeoorlogen) were fought in the 17th and 18th centuries between England
In 1602 the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC) was founded. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian It was the first-ever multinational corporation. Multinational corporation ( MNC) or transnational corporation ( TNC) is a Corporation or enterprise that manages Production or delivers This company received a Dutch monopoly on Asian trade and would keep this for two centuries. It became the world's largest commercial enterprise of the 17th century. Spices were imported in bulk and brought huge profits, due to the efforts and risks involved and seemingly insatiable demand. In 1609 the Amsterdam exchange bank was founded, a century before its English counterpart.
From around 1640, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) had a monopoly on the trade with Japan through the trading post on Deshima. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. was a fan-shaped Artificial island in the bay of Nagasaki that was a Dutch Trading port during Japan 's self-imposed isolation ( Sakoku This island near Nagasaki measures but 15,000 square meters. ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. Till 1854 the Dutch were Japan's sole window on the world. Western sciences and products were introduced to the Japanese and contacts resulted in so called Rangaku or Dutch Learning. Rangaku ( Kyūjitai: ja {{linktext 蘭 學}}/ Shinjitai: ja {{linktext 蘭学}} literally “Dutch Learning” and by extension “Western learning” is a body of The Dutch became instrumental in transmitting to Japan some knowledge of the industrial and scientific revolution that was occurring in the West. The Japanese purchased and translated numerous scientific books from the Dutch, obtained from them Western curiosities and manufactures (such as clocks), and received demonstrations of various Western innovations (such as the demonstrations of electric phenomena, and the flight of a hot air balloon in the early 19th century). In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch were arguably the most economically wealthy and scientifically advanced of all European nations, which put them in a privileged position to transfer Western knowledge to Japan.
The Dutch also dominated trade between European countries. The Low Countries were favorably positioned on a crossing of east-west and north-south trade routes and connected to a large German hinterland through the Rhine river. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Dutch traders shipped wine from France and Portugal to the Baltic lands and returned with grain destined for countries around the Mediterranean Sea. Baltic Seven Islandsgif|right|thumb|330px|A contemporary transnational Euroregion encompasses the islands of the Baltic countries The Trip brothers, arms traders, built the Trippenhuis in Amsterdam, currently the seat of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, which is a typical example of 17th century architecture. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (In Dutch Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, abbreviated KNAW) is an Organisation
National industries expanded as well. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Shipyards and sugar refineries are prime examples. As more and more land was utilized, partially through transforming lakes into polders, local grain production and dairy farming soared. A polder is a low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments known as dikes, that forms an artificial hydrological entity meaning it has no connection with
A minor part of the wealth of the Dutch came through slavery. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another In 1619 The Netherlands began the slave trade between Africa and America, by 1650 becoming the pre-eminent slave trading country in Europe, a position overtaken by Britain around 1700. The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World The port city of Amsterdam was the European capital of slavery, helping to manage the slave trade also of neighbouring nations and with up to 10,000 slaving vessels associated with the port. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west
The flourishing Dutch trade produced a large, wealthy merchant class. The new prosperity brought more attention to and sponsorship for visual arts, literature, and science. The visual arts are art forms that focus on the creation of works which are primarily Visual in nature such as Painting, Photography Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding
Tolerance
The Dutch have been internationally oriented for a very long time. This may at least partially be attributed to their dependence on international commerce and good foreign relations. This national trait may in return have promoted another one, namely tolerance towards minority views and interests.
It can also be said that the Reformation had contributed to this mild attitude towards dissenters. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Reformists stressed the importance of each person's individual conscience in determining how to interpret the Bible, rejecting central dogmas and a fixed clerical hierarchy to enforce them. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin
This almost proverbial Dutch tolerance (rather strong today, in the 17th century up to a limit, see also section religion below) made it easy for foreigners to travel or even immigrate (often as refugees) to the Netherlands. Thus some Dutch cities became to some extent a "melting pot". Jews from Portugal and Belgium fled the zealots of the Spanish inquisition and philosophers like Baruch Spinoza and René Descartes published their most famous works first in the Netherlands. The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Bento de Espinosa Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 – February 21,
National consciousness
The outcome of the revolt against Spain, better known as the Eighty Years' War, that had been fought over religious freedom and economical and political independence, and ended in total independence of the reformist northern provinces (see also Dutch Republic), almost certainly would have boosted national morale. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Already in 1609 much of this was accomplished, when a temporary truce was signed with Spain, which would last for 12 years.
Social structure
In the Netherlands the social status in the 17th century was largely determined by income. Social classes existed but in a new way. Aristocracy, or nobility, had sold out most of its privileges to cities, where merchants and their money were dominant. Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations The clergy did not have much worldly influence either: the Roman Catholic Church had been more or less suppressed since the onset of the Eighty Years' War with Spain. Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The new Protestant movement was divided. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. This was different from neighbouring countries where social status was still largely determined by birth and would remain so until the French Revolution began in 1789. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an
This is not to say that aristocrats were without social status. To the contrary, it meant rather that wealthy merchants bought themselves into nobility by becoming landowners and acquiring a coat of arms and a seal. Aristocrats also mixed with members from other classes in order to be able to support themselves as they saw fit. To this end they married their daughters to wealthy merchants, became traders themselves or took up public or military office to earn a salary. Merchants also started to value public office as a means to greater economic power and prestige. Universities became career pathways to such a public office. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Rich merchants and aristocrats sent their sons on a so-called Grand Tour ('Great journey') through Europe. The Grand Tour was the traditional travel of Europe undertaken by mainly upper-class European young men of means Often accompanied by a private scholar, preferably a scientist himself, these young people visited universities in several European countries. This intermixing of patricians and aristocrats was most prominent in the second half of the century. Patricianship, the quality of belonging to a patriciate, began in the ancient world where cities such as Ancient Rome had a class of Patrician families
Next to aristocrats and patricians came the affluent middle class, consisting of Protestant ministers, lawyers, physicians, small merchants and industrialists, and clerks of large state institutions.
Lower status was attributed to small shop owners, specialized workers and craftsmen, administrators, and farmers.
Below that stood skilled labourers, house attendants and other service personnel.
At the bottom of the pyramid were 'paupers', what Karl Marx later would call the proletariat: impoverished peasants, many of whom tried their luck in a city as a beggar or day labourer. The proletariat (from Latin la ''proles'' "offspring" is a term used to identify a lower Social class; a member of such a class is proletarian It should be noted at this place that the Netherlandian people rebelling against Philip II gave themselves the nickname "De Geusen", which corresponds to the French word "gueux" (beggar).
Because of the importance of wealth in defining social status, divisions between classes were less sharply defined and social mobility was much greater than elsewhere. Calvinism, which preaches humility as an important virtue, also tended to diminish the importance of social differences. These tendencies have proved remarkably persistent: modern Dutch society, though much more secularized, is still by many considered to be remarkably egalitarian.
Religion
Calvinism was the predominant belief in the Low Countries. This does not imply that unity existed. The opposite seems true. In the beginning of the century bitter controversies between strict Calvinists and more permissive Protestants, known as Remonstrants, split the country. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The Remonstrants denied predestination and championed freedom of conscience, while their more dogmatic adversaries (known as Contra-Remonstrants) gained a major victory at the Synod of Dordrecht (1618-19). Predestination (also linked with Foreknowledge) is a religious concept which involves the relationship between God and His creation The Synod of Dort was a National Synod held in Dordrecht in 1618[[ 619|/19]] by the Dutch Reformed Church, in order to settle a serious controversy In the end the sheer number of reformist branches may well have worked as an antidote to intolerance.
Humanism, of which Desiderius Erasmus (c. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal 1466–1536) was an important advocate, if not the founder, had also gained a firm foothold and was partially responsible for a climate of tolerance.
This tolerance was not so easy to uphold towards Catholics, since religion played an important part in the Eighty Years War of independence against Spain (with political and economic freedom being other important motives). Economic freedom is freedom to produce trade and consume any goods and services acquired without the use of force fraud or theft Hostile inclinations could however be overcome by money. Thus Catholics could buy the privilege to hold ceremonies in a conventicle (a house doubling inconspicuously as a church), but public offices were out of the question. Catholics tended to keep to themselves in their own section of each town despite making one of the largest single denominations (for example, the Catholic painter Johannes Vermeer lived in the "Papist corner" of the town of Delft). Johannes or Jan Vermeer (baptized in Delft with the name Joannis on October 31 1632, and buried in the same city under the name Jan Delft is a city and Municipality in the province of South Holland (Zuid-Holland the Netherlands. The same applied to Anabaptists and Jews. Anabaptists ( Greek ανα (again twice + βαπτιζω (baptize thus "re-baptizers" are Christians of the Radical Reformation PLEASE TAKE NOTE************
Overall, levels of tolerance were sufficiently high to attract religious refugees from other countries, notably Jewish merchants from Portugal who brought much of wealth with them. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in France in 1685 resulted in the immigration of many French Huguenots, many of whom were shopkeepers or scientists. The Edict of Nantes was issued on April 13, 1598 by Henry IV of France to grant the Calvinist Protestants of This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth Still tolerance had its limits, as philosopher Baruch de Spinoza (1632-1677) would find out. Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Bento de Espinosa Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 – February 21,
Science
Due to its climate of intellectual tolerance the Dutch Republic attracted scientists and other thinkers from all over Europe. Especially the renowned University of Leiden (established in 1575 by the Dutch stadholder, William I of Orange, as a token of gratitude for Leiden's fierce resistance against Spain during the Eighty Years War) became a gathering place for these people. Leiden University (Universiteit Leiden located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest University in The Netherlands. A Stadtholder ( Dutch: stadhouder, " steward " or literally "place-keeper" or "stead-holder" in older Dutch in the Low William I Prince of Orange ( April 24 1533 — July 10 1584) also widely known as William the Silent (Willem de Zwijger or simply For instance French philosopher René Descartes lived in Leiden from 1628 till 1649. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language
Dutch lawyers were famous for their knowledge of international law of the sea and commercial law. A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person Commercial law (sometimes known as business law) is the body of Law which governs Business and commercial transactions Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) laid the foundations for international law. Hugo Grotius or Huig de Groot, or Hugo de Groot; ( Delft, 10 April 1583 Rostock, 28 August 1645 International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards He invented the concept of the Free seas or Mare liberum, which was fiercely contested by England, the Netherlands's main rival for domination of world trade. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland He also formulated laws with regard to conflicts between nations in his book De iure belli ac pacis (On laws of war and peace).
Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) was a famous mathematician, physicist and astronomer. Christiaan Huygens (ˈhaɪgənz in English ˈhœyɣəns in Dutch) ( April 14, 1629 &ndash July 8, 1695) was a Dutch A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning Historically Astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky while Astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena He invented the pendulum clock, which was a major step forward towards exact timekeeping. A pendulum clock is a Clock that uses a Pendulum, a swinging weight as its Timekeeping element Among his contributions in astronomy was his explanation of Saturn's planetary rings. A planetary ring is a ring of Cosmic dust and other small particles Orbiting around a Planet in a flat disc-shaped region He also contributed to the field of optics. The most famous Dutch scientist in the area of optics is certainly Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who invented or greatly improved the microscope (opinions differ) and was the first to methodically study microscopic life, thus laying the foundations for the field of microbiology. Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (October 24 1632 &ndash August 30 1723 was a Dutch tradesman and Scientist from Delft, the Netherlands A microscope ( Greek: ( micron) = small + ( skopein) = to look or see is an instrument for viewing objects that are Microbiology (from Greek grc μῑκρος mīkros, "small" grc βίος bios, " Life " and grc -λογία
Famous Dutch hydraulic engineer Jan Leeghwater (1575-1650) gained important victories in The Netherlands's eternal battle against the sea. Jan Adriaanszoon Leeghwater (1575 De Rijp, Netherlands - 1650 was a Dutch mill builder and hydraulic engineer Leeghwater added a considerable amount of land to the republic by converting several large lakes into polders, pumping all water out with windmills. A polder is a low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments known as dikes, that forms an artificial hydrological entity meaning it has no connection with
Again due to the Dutch climate of tolerance, book publishers flourished. Many books about religion, philosophy and science that might have been deemed controversial abroad were printed in the Netherlands and secretly exported to other countries. Thus during the 17th Century the Dutch Republic became more and more Europe's publishing house.
See also Dutch Golden Age, List Of People - Science
Culture
The Low Countries witnessed a cultural development that stood out from neighbouring countries. The Dutch Golden Age was a period in Dutch history roughly equivalent to the 17th century, in which Dutch Trade, Science and Art With some exceptions (notably Dutch playwright Joost van den Vondel) the Baroque movement did not gain much influence. Joost van den Vondel ( November 17, 1587 - February 5, 1679) was a Dutch writer and playwright Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Its exuberance did not fit the austerity of the largely Calvinistic population. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the
The major force behind new developments was formed by the citizenry, notably in the western provinces: first and foremost in Holland, to a lesser extent Zeeland and Utrecht. Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. A maritime and economic power in the 17th century Holland today consists of the Dutch provinces of Zeeland ( also called Zealand in English and Zeelandic, is a province of the Netherlands. Utrecht ( ˈyːtrɛxt is the smallest province of the Netherlands, and is located in the center of the country Where rich aristocrats often became patrons of art in other countries, because of their comparative absence in the Netherlands this role was played by wealthy merchants and other patricians.
Centres of cultural activity were town militia (Dutch: schutterij) and chambers of rhetoric (Dutch rederijkerskamer). A Schutterij (plural - Schutterijen litteraly "shooters" ( Schützenverein in German was a voluntary City guard or citizen Militia in the Chambers of rhetoric (rederijkerskamers were dramatic societies in the Low Countries. The former were created for town defence and policing, but also served as a meeting-place for the well-to-do, who were proud to play a prominent part and paid a fair sum to see this preserved for posterity by means of a group portrait. The latter were associations on a city level, that fostered literary activities, like poetry, drama and discussions, often through contests. Cities took pride in their existence and promoted them.
Painting
Dutch Golden Age painting followed many of the tendencies that dominated Baroque art in other parts of Europe, such as Caravaggesque naturalism and a growing interest in subjects like still life, landscape, and genre painting. "Dutch Masters" redirects here for the cigar see Dutch Masters (cigar. The painting Girl with a Pearl Earring ( Het Meisje met de Parel) is one of Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer 's masterworks and as the Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, usually just known as Caravaggio, (28 September 1571 – 18 July 1610 was an Italian Artist active in Rome Naturalism in art refers to the depiction of realistic objects in a natural setting This article is about Still Life (or still lifes as plural the art form For the art of designing external spaces see Landscape architecture. Genre works, also called genre scenes or genre views, are pictorial representations in any of various media that represent scenes or events from everyday life History painting—traditionally the most-elevated genre—and portraiture were also popular. History painting, as formulated in 1667 by André Félibien, a historiographer architect and theoretician of French Classicism, was in the Hierarchy A hierarchy of genres is any formalization which ranks different types of Genres in an art-form in terms of their value A portrait is a painting, photograph, Sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person in which the face and its expression is predominant While art collecting and painting for the open market was also common elsewhere, art historians point to the growing number of wealthy Dutch middle-class and successful mercantile patrons as driving forces in the popularity of certain pictorial subjects. The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. [1] This trend, along with the lack of Counter-Reformation church patronage that dominated the arts in Catholic Europe, resulted in the great number of "scenes of everyday life" (genre) and other non-religious pictures. The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the Landscapes and seascapes, for example, reflect the land reclaimed from the sea and the sources of trade and naval power that mark the Republic's Golden Age. One subject that is quite representative of Dutch Baroque painting is the large group portrait, especially of civic and militia guilds, such as Rembrandt van Rijn's Nightwatch. The term militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary Citizens to provide defense emergency law enforcement or Paramilitary service A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (July 15 1606 &ndash October 4 1669 was a Dutch painter and etcher. Night Watch or The Night Watch (De Nachtwacht is the common name of one of the most famous works by Dutch painter Rembrandt Harmenszoon
Today, the best-known painters of the Dutch Golden Age are the period's most dominant figure Rembrandt, the Delft master of genre Johannes Vermeer, the innovative landscape painter Jacob van Ruisdael, and Frans Hals, who infused new life into portraiture. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (July 15 1606 &ndash October 4 1669 was a Dutch painter and etcher. Delft is a city and Municipality in the province of South Holland (Zuid-Holland the Netherlands. Johannes or Jan Vermeer (baptized in Delft with the name Joannis on October 31 1632, and buried in the same city under the name Jan Jacob Izaaksoon van Ruisdael (or Ruysdael) (c 1628 - March 14, 1682) the most celebrated of the Dutch landscapists, was Frans Hals (c 1580– August 26, 1666) was a Dutch Golden Age painter especially famous for portraiture. Some notable artistic styles and trends include Haarlem Mannerism, Utrecht Caravaggism, the School of Delft, the Leiden fijnschilders, and Dutch classicism. Mannerism is a period of European art which emerged from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520. Utrecht Caravaggism refers to those Baroque artists all distinctly influenced by the art of Caravaggio, who were active mostly in the Dutch city of Not to be confused with the Delft School of architecture. The Delft School is a category of mid-17th century Dutch Baroque Genre The Fijnschilders (literally "fine-painters" also called the Leiden Fijnschilders ('Leidse Fijnschilders' were Dutch Golden Age painters who from about For the works or study of works from classical antiquity see Classics Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to
Architecture
Built by Pieter Post (1608-1669)
Dutch architecture was taken to a new height in the Golden Age. Dutch Baroque is a variety of Baroque architecture that flourished in the Dutch Republic and its colonies during the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century Gouda (population 71797 in 2004 is a city and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. Due to the thriving economy cities expanded greatly. New town halls, weighhouses and storehouses were built. Merchants that had gained a fortune ordered a new house built along one of the many new canals that were dug out in and around many cities (for defense and transport purposes), a house with an ornamented façade that befitted their new status. In the countryside, many new castles and stately homes were built. Alas, most of them have not survived.
Early in the 17th century late Gothic elements still prevailed, combined with Renaissance motives. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere After a few decades French classicism gained prominence: vertical elements were stressed, less ornamentation was used, natural stone was preferred above bricks. For the works or study of works from classical antiquity see Classics Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to In the last decades of the century this trend towards sobriety intensified. From around 1670 the most prominent features of a housefront were its entrance, with pillars on each side and possibly a balcony above it, but no further decoration.
Starting at 1595 Reformed churches were commissioned, many of which are still landmarks today.
The most famous Dutch architects of the 17th century were: Jacob van Campen, Pieter and Maurits Post, Pieter Vingbooms, Lieven de Key, Hendrick de Keyser. Jacob van Campen ( February 2 1596, Haarlem - September 13 1657, Amersfoort) was a Dutch artist and architect Lieven de Key (1560 Ghent &mdash July 17, 1627, Haarlem) was a famous architect in The Netherlands. Hendrick de Keyser ( 15 May 1565 – 15 May 1621) was a Dutch sculptor and architect
Sculpture
Dutch 17th century achievements in sculpture are less prominent than in painting and architecture, and fewer examples were created than in neighbouring countries. One reason for this was their absence in the interiors of Protestant churches; after all, objection to Roman Catholic veneration of statues had one of the contentious points of the Reformation. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Another was the comparatively small class of nobles. Sculptures were commissioned for government buildings, private buildings (often adorning housefronts) and exteriors of churches. There was also a clientele for grave monuments and portrait busts.
Hendrick de Keyser, who was active at the dawn of the Golden Age, is one of the few prominent home-grown sculptors. Hendrick de Keyser ( 15 May 1565 – 15 May 1621) was a Dutch sculptor and architect In the 1650s and 1660s, the Flemish sculptor Artus I Quellinus, along with his family and followers like Rombout Verhulst, were responsible for the classicizing decorations for the Amsterdam town hall (now the Royal Palace, Amsterdam). The terms Fleming and Flemings ( Vlaming and Vlamingen in Dutch) denote respectively a person and people and the Flemings or Artus Quellinus also known as Artus (Arnoldus Quellijn, Artus I Quellinus or Artus Quellinus the Elder ( Antwerp, August 30 1609 Quellinus is the Surname of a family of Flemish Artists painters and Sculptors in the 17th century in Antwerp. Rombout Verhulst ( Mechelen, 15 January 1624 - The Hague, buried 27 November 1698) was a Brabant sculptor For the works or study of works from classical antiquity see Classics Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to The Royal Palace in Amsterdam ( Koninklijk Paleis te Amsterdam in Dutch) is one of three palaces in the Netherlands which is at the disposal These remain the major monument of Dutch Golden Age sculpture.
For more details see Dutch Golden Age, List Of People - Sculptors
Notes
- ^ Helen Gardner, Fred S. The Dutch Golden Age was a period in Dutch history roughly equivalent to the 17th century, in which Dutch Trade, Science and Art Kleiner, and Christin J. Mamiya, Gardner's Art Through the Ages, Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, (2005): 718–19.
References
- Simon Schama, Embarrassment of Riches
- Jan de Vries and Ad van der Woude, The First Modern Economy: Success, failure, and perseverance of the Dutch economy, 1500-1815
- Castles,palaces and stately homes in the dutch golden age
- DUTCH LINES | Master Drawings around Rembrandt and Ruisdael | Suermondt-Ludwig-Museum Aachen
- PAINTED LIGHT | The Still Lifes of Willem Kalf (1619-1693) | Suermondt-Ludwig-Museum Aachen
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