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Lorenzo Lotto's portrait of Andrea Odoni, 1527
Lorenzo Lotto's portrait of Andrea Odoni, 1527
Paolo Veronese and workshop, The Mystic Marriage of St Catherine of Alexandria, c. 1562–9
Paolo Veronese and workshop, The Mystic Marriage of St Catherine of Alexandria, c. Lorenzo Lotto (c 1480 &ndash 1556 was a Northern Italian painter draughtsman and illustrator traditionally placed in the Venetian school. Paolo Veronese (1528 – April 19 1588 was an Italian painter of the Renaissance in Venice, famous for paintings such as The Wedding at Cana  1562–9
Titian, Portrait of Jacopo Sannazaro, c. 1514–18
Titian, Portrait of Jacopo Sannazaro, c. Tiziano Vecelli or Tiziano Vecellio (c 1485 &ndash August 27 1576 better known as Titian, was the leading painter of the 16th-century Venetian  1514–18
Jacopo Bassano's Christ carrying the cross is now in the National Gallery, London.
Jacopo Bassano's Christ carrying the cross is now in the National Gallery, London. Jacopo Bassano (also known as Jacopo da Ponte, c 1515 - 13 February 1592) was an Italian painter who was born and died in Bassano del Grappa
Giulio Romano, Portrait of Margherita Palaeologa, c.1531
Giulio Romano, Portrait of Margherita Palaeologa, c. Giulio Romano (c 1499 &ndash November 1, 1546) was an Italian painter and architect. 1531

The Dutch Gift of 1660[1] was a collection of 28 mostly Italian Renaissance paintings and 12 classical sculptures, along with a yacht, the Mary, and furniture, which was presented to King Charles II of England by the States-General of the Netherlands in 1660. The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th A yacht is a recreational boat It designates two rather different classes of Watercraft, sailing and power yachts HMY Mary was the first Royal Yacht of the Royal Navy. She was built in 1660 by the Dutch East India Company. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The States-General ( Staten-Generaal) is the Parliament of the Netherlands. [2] The collection was given to Charles II to mark his return to power in the English Restoration, before which Charles had spent many years in exile in the Dutch Republic during the rule of the English Commonwealth. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Commonwealth of England was the Republican government which ruled first England (including Wales) and then Ireland and Scotland It was intended to strengthen diplomatic relations between England and the Republic, but only a few years after the gift the two nations would be at war again in the Second Anglo-Dutch War of 1665–67. The Second Anglo-Dutch War was fought between England and the United Provinces from 4 March, 1665 until 31 July, 1667.

Most of the paintings and all the Roman sculptures were from the Reynst collection, the most important seventeenth-century Dutch collection of paintings of the Italian sixteenth century, formed in Venice by Jan Reynst (1601–1646) and extended by his brother, Gerrit Reynst (1599–1658). The Reynst Collection, probably the most extensive 17th century collection of art and artefacts was owned by the Dutch merchants Gerrit Reynst (also known as Gerard Reynst Jan Reynst ( 1601 - 29 June 1646) was a Protestant Dutch merchant in Amsterdam and with his elder brother Gerrit Gerrit Reynst (1599 Amsterdam - 29 June 1658, Amsterdam (also known as Gerard Reynst was like his younger brother Jan ( 1601 - [3] The gift reflected the taste Charles shared with his father, Charles I, whose large collection, one of the most magnificent in Europe, had mostly been sold abroad after he was executed in 1649. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. [4] Charles II was not as keen a collector as his father, but appreciated art and was later able to recover a good number of the items from the pre-war collection that remained in England, as well as purchasing many further paintings, and many significant old master drawings. " Old Master " (or " old master " is a term for a European painter of skill who worked before about 1800, or a painting by such [5]

Some decades later, there was a reverse movement when 36 paintings from the English Royal Collection, including at least one of those given in 1660, were taken by the Dutch King William III of England to his Dutch palace of Het Loo. The Royal Collection is the art collection of the British Royal Family. William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy" Palacehetloojpg|thumb|The palace as seen from the gardens]] The former royal residence Het Loo near Apeldoorn, Netherlands, was built starting in 1684 His English successor, Queen Anne, tried to recover these after William's death in 1702, but failed, and they mostly remain in Dutch public collections. Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714 became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 succeeding William III of England and II of [6] Fourteen paintings from the 1660 gift remain in the Royal Collection, with others now in different collections around the world.

Contents

The gift

The 24 Italian paintings and the 12 sculptures had been part of the Reynst Collection assembled by Gerrit Reynst (also known as Gerard Reynst) and his brother Jan Reynst, who had been based in Venice for many years. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Much of the collection originated from the famous Vendramin family collection there, though others had been acquired separately. The Vendramin were a rich merchant family of Venice, Italy, who were among the case nuove or "new houses" who joined the patrician [7] After the death of Gerrit Reynst in 1658, his widow sold a selection of the finest works in the collection to the States-General in 1660 for the then considerable sum of 80,000 guilders. Guilder is the English translation of the Dutch gulden — from Old Dutch for 'golden'

In 1660 this group and twelve Roman sculptures was presented to Charles II, augmented by four non-Italian works. The gift was organized by the regents, especially the powerful Cornelis de Graeff and his younger brother Andries. In the 16th 17th and 18th centuries the regenten (the Dutch plural for regent) were the rulers of the Dutch Republic, the leaders of the Dutch cities Cornelis de Graeff ( Oct 15 1599 - May 4 1664) was a famous Mayor of Amsterdam from the Dutch Golden Age and The sculptures for the gift were selected by the pre-eminent sculptor in the Netherlands, Artus Quellinus, and Gerrit van Uylenburgh, the son of Rembrandt's dealer Hendrick van Uylenburgh, advised the States-General on the purchase. Artus Quellinus also known as Artus (Arnoldus Quellijn, Artus I Quellinus or Artus Quellinus the Elder ( Antwerp, August 30 1609 Gerrit van Uylenburgh (ca 1625-1679 or Gerrit Uylenburgh was a Dutch art-dealer Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (July 15 1606 &ndash October 4 1669 was a Dutch painter and etcher. Hendrick van Uylenburgh (c 1587 - 1661) was an influential Dutch Golden Age Art dealer who helped launch the careers of Rembrandt Much later he was to flee from financial difficulties to England and become Surveyor of the King's Pictures to Charles, from 1676 until his death three years later. The office of the Surveyor of the King's/Queen's Pictures, in the Royal Collection Department of the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United [8] The gift was unpopular with many of the Dutch people, and became a bone of contention between the Dutch political factions. [9]

The Italian paintings

Fourteen important Italian paintings from the Dutch Gift, all previously in the Reynst Collection, remain in the Royal Collection,[10] including:[11]

Paintings no longer in the Royal Collection include a Guercino, Semiramis Receiving Word of the Revolt of Babylon (1624),[15] now in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, which was given by Charles to Barbara Villiers, his mistress, or to their son, Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland. Giovanni Francesco Barbieri ( February 8, 1591 — December 9, 1666) best known as Guercino or Il Guercino, was an The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, is one of the largest museums in the United States attracting over one million visitors a year Barbara Palmer 1st Duchess of Cleveland ( 12 May 1641 Old Style &ndash 9 October 1709) was a royal Courtesan and one Charles Palmer, later FitzRoy 2nd Duke of Cleveland and 1st Duke of Southampton ( 18 June 1662 &ndash 9 September 1730) styled Jacopo Bassano's Christ carrying the Cross is now in the National Gallery, London, having been given to Catherine of Braganza, Charles's queen,[16] after his death. Jacopo Bassano (also known as Jacopo da Ponte, c 1515 - 13 February 1592) was an Italian painter who was born and died in Bassano del Grappa Catherine Henrietta of Braganza (25 November 1638 &ndash 31 December 1705 was a Portuguese Infanta and the Queen consort of Charles II of

The other works

Of the four non-Italian works, two were by Gerrit Dou,[17] one of which, The Young Mother (1658), was only two years old when presented. Gerard Dou, also known as Gerrit and Douw or Dow ( April 7, 1613 &ndash February 9, 1675) was a Dutch Golden This was one of those works repatriated by William III and is now in the Mauritshuis in The Hague. The Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis ( English: "Maurice's House" is an Art museum in The Hague, the Netherlands. [18]

A heavily damaged version of The Mocking of Ceres by Adam Elsheimer (c. Adam Elsheimer (1578 &ndash 1610 was an influential artist in the early 17th century 1605), long thought to be a copy, but now seen as the original of this rare and important work, surfaced in the English art market in the 1970s and is now in a private collection in Milwaukee. The composition is known from a copy in the Prado and an engraving, and the painting was still in the Royal Collection during the reign of George II. PRADO is a component-based and event-driven Web application framework for PHP 5 Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it George II (George Augustus 10 November 1683 &ndash 25 October 1760 was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( [19] The damage was apparently caused by fire, perhaps in the 1698 fire of the Palace of Whitehall, when a considerable part of the Royal Collection was lost, probably including most of the statues in the 1660 Gift, though at least one of these remains in England. The Palace of Whitehall was the main residence of the English monarchs in London from 1530 until 1698 when all except Inigo Jones 's 1622 The Royal Collection is the art collection of the British Royal Family. [20]

The fourth non-Italian painting was a work by Pieter Jansz Saenredam, a recent (1648) and unusually large topographical painting of the Groote Kerk, Haarlem,[21] which might have been intended to cement feelings of grateful nostalgia in Charles. Pieter Jansz Saenredam ( Jun 9 1597, Assendelft - buried May 31 1665, Haarlem) was a Dutch painter The Grote Kerk or St-Bavokerk is the largest church in the Dutch city of Haarlem.

Notes

  1. ^ Previous diplomatic "Dutch Gifts" had been presented to Henry, Prince of Wales in 1610 (J. Henry Prince of Wales is a term which could correctly be used to describe three people called Henry who have held the title Prince of Wales. G. van Gelder, "Notes on the Royal Collection — IV: The 'Dutch Gift' of 1610 to Henry, Prince of 'Whalis', and Some Other Presents", The Burlington Magazine 105 No. 729 [December 1963:541–545]) and to Charles I in 1636, which had included six horses and a state carriage, four paintings, a fine watch, a chest veneered with mother-of-pearl and a precious lump of ambergris (J. Ambergris ( Ambra grisea, Ambre gris, ambergrease, or grey Amber) is a solid waxy flammable substance of a dull gray or blackish G. van Gelder, "Notes on the Royal Collection — III: The 'Dutch Gift' to Charles I", The Burlington Magazine 104 [1962:291–94]). ).
  2. ^ Whittaker and Clayton: pp.  31–2 for the art, Gleissner for the furniture and yacht. The yacht was the gift of the Dutch East India Company, according to [http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/online/exhibitions/animals/royalyachtmary.asp Liverpool Museums (with model), or the City of Amsterdam according to other sources. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian
  3. ^ Emil Jacobs, "Das Museo Vendramin under die Sammlung Reynst", Repertorium für Kunstwissenschaft, 46 (1925:15–38), noted in Denis Mahon I p. 303 note 1. Mahon notes that the Reynst collection was as well known for its antiquities as for its paintings (Mahon p 304 note 14). See also Halbertsma on the sculpture, and Logan on the collection as a whole.
  4. ^ The tradition that many of the paintings had previously been in Charles I's collection, disseminated by George Vertue in the eighteenth century and often repeated was laid to rest by Denis Mahon 1949 — see Mahon I. George Vertue (1684 &ndash July 24, 1756) was an English Engraver and Antiquary, whose notebooks on British art of the
  5. ^ Lloyd, Christopher, The Queen's Pictures, Royal Collectors through the centuries, (National Gallery Publications) 1991, p. 75 ISBN 0947645896
  6. ^ Lloyd, p. 75
  7. ^ Mahon I, p. 303
  8. ^ Church Times, August 11, 2006
  9. ^ Broekman and Helmers
  10. ^ Mahon III, 12. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Not all the paintings were included in the engravings of the Reynst collection, and some of these provenances remain highly probable rather than certain.
  11. ^ Whitaker and Clayton: pp.  31–2 describe the gift in general, and the individual paintings listed immediately below all have full catalogue entries, except the Schiavone Christ before Pilate and the Cariani, which are not covered by Whitaker and Clayton.
  12. ^ Charles' favourite, according to the Dutch ambassadors sent with the gift. See Whitaker and Clayton, pp.  194–7, who justify the atrtribution to Titian, sometimes questioned in the past.
  13. ^ Catalogued in 1666–7 as a Raphael. Raphael Sanzio, usually known by his first name alone (in Italian Raffaello) (April 6 or March 28 1483 – April 6 1520 was an Italian painter and Whitaker & Clayton, 136.
  14. ^ Grove Art
  15. ^ Boston MFA
  16. ^ Whitaker and Clayton, p. 41, n 113. National Gallery
  17. ^ Thesis by Denise Giannino, p.14, n. 37
  18. ^ Maurithuis
  19. ^ Klessmann, pp.  138–145, 198, 205 (the last two on the provenance, on which the authors seem not wholly in accord)
  20. ^ Halbertsma, 10, note 12
  21. ^ Identified by Ellis Waterhouse and published in a note in The Burlington Magazine 92 No. Sir Ellis Kirkham Waterhouse ( February 16 1905 — September 7 1985) was an English Art historian specialized in Roman baroque and 569 (August 1950:238) by Denis Mahon.

References and further reading

External links

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