Dutch Empire

The Dutch Empire is the name given to territories controlled by the Netherlands from the 17th to the 20th century. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Dutch followed Portugal and Spain in establishing a colonial global empire outside of continental Europe, aided by their skills in shipping and trading and the surge of nationalism and militarism accompanying the struggle for independence from Spain. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. A global empire involves the extension of a state's sovereignty over territories all around the World. Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the Continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European Shipping is physical process of Transporting goods and Cargo. Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Militarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or Alongside the British, the Dutch initially built up colonial possessions on the basis of indirect state capitalist corporate colonialism, primarily with the Dutch East India Company. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian Direct state intervention in the colonial enterprise came later. Dutch merchants and sailors also participated in the surge of exploration that unfolded in the 16th and 17th centuries, though the vast new territories revealed by Willem Barents, Henry Hudson, Willem Janszoon and Abel Tasman in the Arctic and in Australasia and Oceania did not generally become permanent Dutch colonies. Willem Barentsz (anglicized as William Barents or Barentz) (born c Henry Hudson' (1570 &ndash 1611 was an English Sea explorer and Navigator in the early 17th century Not to be confused with Willem Janszoon Blaeu (1571-1638 a contemporary Dutch cartographer Willem Janszoon (c Abel Janszoon Tasman ( 1603 - October 10 1659) was a Dutch seafarer, explorer, and Merchant. The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. Australasia is a Region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring Islands in the Pacific

With Dutch naval power rising rapidly as a major force from the late 16th century, the Netherlands reigned supreme at sea, and dominated global commerce during the second half of the 17th century. A cultural flowering during the century is known as the Dutch Golden Age. This article focuses on social and cultural history For political events see History of the Netherlands and Dutch Revolt (1568–1648 The Netherlands lost many of its colonial possessions, as well as its global power status, to the British when the metropole fell to French armies during the Revolutionary Wars. The metropole, from the Greek Metropolis 'mother city' (polis being a city state hence also used for any colonizing 'mother country' in ecclesiastical languages an archbishopric having The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts from 1792 until 1802 fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states The restored portions of the Dutch empire, notably the Dutch East Indies and Suriname remained under the Netherlands' control until the decline of traditional imperialism following World War II. See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below Suriname ( Dutch: Suriname; Sranan Tongo: Sranan) officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Today, the Netherlands are part of a federacy called the Kingdom of the Netherlands, along with its former colonies Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. A federacy is a Form of government where one or several substate units enjoy considerably more independence than the majority of the substate units The Netherlands and The Kingdom of the Netherlands are two distinct geographical and administrative entities Aruba is a -long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, north of the Paraguaná Peninsula, Falcón State, Venezuela The Netherlands Antilles ( Dutch:) previously known as the Netherlands West Indies or Dutch Antilles/West Indies, is part of the Lesser Antilles

Origins of the Dutch Empire (1543–1602)

The formal declaration of independence of the Dutch provinces from the Spanish king, Philip II.

The territories that would later form the Dutch Republic were originally part of a loose federation of seventeen provinces, which Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain had inherited and brought under his direct rule in 1543. "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Seventeen Provinces were a Personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 15th century and 16th century roughly covering the current Netherlands Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states In 1567 the predominantly Protestant north revolted against rule by Roman Catholic Spain, sparking the Eighty Years War. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries Independence was declared in the 1581 Oath of Abjuration. However, Spain did not officially recognize Dutch independence until 1648, following the Thirty Years War. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War.

The coastal provinces of Holland and Zeeland had for a long time prior to Spanish rule been important hubs of the European maritime trade network. Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. A maritime and economic power in the 17th century Holland today consists of the Dutch provinces of Zeeland ( also called Zealand in English and Zeelandic, is a province of the Netherlands. Their geographical location provided convenient access to the markets of France, Germany, England and the Baltic. ^[1] The war with Spain led many financiers and traders to emigrate from Antwerp, capital of Flanders and then one of Europe's most important commercial centres, to Dutch cities, particularly Amsterdam,^[2] which became Europe's foremost centre for shipping, banking, and insurance. ||-||-||-||} Antwerp ( Dutch:, French: Anvers) is a City and Municipality in Belgium and the capital of the Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west ^[3] Efficient access to capital enabled the Dutch in the 1580s to extend their trade networks beyond northern Europe to new markets in the Mediterranean and the Levant. See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the In the 1590s, Dutch ships began to trade with Brazil and the Gold Coast of Africa, and towards the Indian Ocean and the source of the lucrative spice trade. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface Spice trade is a commercial activity of ancient origin which involves the merchandising of Spices and Herbs. ^[4] This brought the Dutch into direct competition with Portugal, which had dominated these trade networks for several decades, and had established colonial outposts on the coasts of Brazil, Africa and the Indian Ocean to facilitate them. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The rivalry with Portugal, however, was not entirely economic: from 1580 the Portuguese crown had been joined to that of Spain in an "Iberian Union" under Phillip II. Iberian Union is a modern day term that refers to the historical political unit that governed all of the Iberian peninsula south of the Pyrenees from 1580–1640 Philip II may refer to Philip II of Macedon (382&ndash336 BC Philip II of France (1165&ndash1223 Philip II of By attacking Portuguese overseas possessions, the Dutch forced Spain to divert financial and military resources away from its attempt to quell Dutch independence. ^[5] Thus began the several decade-long Dutch-Portuguese War.

In 1594, a "Company of Far Lands" was founded in Amsterdam, with the aim of sending two fleets to the spice islands of Maluku. This article covers the historical role of the Maluku Islands as a source of spices since early history when the islands where known as the Spice Islands The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands or simply Maluku) are an Archipelago ^[6] The first fleet sailed in 1596 and returned in 1597 with a cargo of pepper, which more than covered the costs of the voyage. The second fleet, departing in 1598 and returning in 1599, returned its investors a 400% profit. ^[7] The success of these voyages led to the founding of a number of companies competing for the trade. The competition was counterproductive to the companies' interests as it threatened to drive up the price of spices at their source in Indonesia whilst driving them down in Europe. ^[8]

Rise of Dutch hegemony (1602–1652)

As a result of the problems caused by intercompany rivalry, the Dutch East India Company (or VOC, from the Dutch Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie) was founded in 1602. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian The charter awarded to the Company by the States-General granted it sole rights, for an initial period of 21 years, to Dutch trade and navigation east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. The Cape of Good Hope ( Afrikaans: Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Kaap de Goede Hoop Cabo da Boa Esperança Persian Language: دماغه امید نیک The Straits of Magellan (rarely referred to as the Magellanic Straits) comprise a navigable sea route immediately south of mainland Chile and north of Isla Grande The directors of the company, the "Heeren XVII" were given the legal authority to establish "fortresses and strongholds", to sign treaties, to enlist its own army and navy, and to wage defensive war. ^[9] The company itself was founded as a joint stock company, similarly to its English rival that had been founded two years earlier, the English East India Company. A joint stock company (JSC is a type of business entity it is a type of Corporation or Partnership. The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or In 1621 the Dutch West India Company was set up and given a twenty five year monopoly to those parts of the world that were not controlled by its East India counterpart: the Atlantic, the Americas and the west coast of Africa. Dutch West India Company ( Dutch: Geoctroyeerde Westindische Compagnie or GWC; English: Chartered West India Company was a company of ^[10]

Asia

The primary Dutch and Portuguese settlements in Asia, c. 1665. With the exception of Jakarta and Deshima, all had been captured by the Dutch East India Company from Portugal. ^[11]

The VOC began immediately to prise away the string of coastal fortresses that at the time comprised the Portuguese Empire. The settlements were isolated, difficult to reinforce if attacked, and prone to being picked off one by one, but nevertheless the Dutch only enjoyed mixed success in its attempts to do so. ^[12] Amboina was captured from the Portuguese in 1605, but an attack on Malacca the following year narrowly failed in its objective to provide a more strategically located base in the East Indies with favourable monsoon winds. Ambon Island is part of the Maluku Islands of Indonesia. The Island has an area of 775 km² (300 sq mi ^[13] The Dutch found what they were looking for in Jakarta, conquered by Jan Coen in 1619, later renamed Batavia after the Latin name for Holland, and which would become the capital of the Dutch East Indies. Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. Jan Pieterszoon Coen ( 8 January 1587 &ndash 21 September 1629) was an officer of Dutch East India Company (VOC in the early Batavia is the Latin name for the land of the Batavians during Roman time See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below Meanwhile, the Dutch continued to drive out the Portuguese from their bases in Asia. Malacca finally succumbed in 1641 (after a second attempt to capture it), Colombo in 1656, Ceylon in 1658, Nagappattinam in 1662 and Cranganore and Cochin in 1662. Colombo ( Sinhala:, ˈkoləmbə Tamil: கொழும்பு is the largest city and commercial capital of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Kodungallur (anglicised name Cranganore) is a city and a Municipality in the Thrissur district in the Indian state of Kerala ^[14] Goa, the capital of the Portuguese Empire in the East, was attacked by the Dutch twice in 1603 and 1610, on both occasions unsuccessfully. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. Whilst the Dutch were unable in four attempts to capture Macau^[15] from where Portugal monopolised the lucrative China-Japan trade, the Japanese shogunate's increasing suspicion of the intentions of the Catholic Portuguese led to their expulsion in 1639. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. The Nanban trade ( Japanese: 南蛮貿易 nanban-bōeki, "Southern barbarian trade" or the Nanban trade period ( Japanese: 南蛮貿易時代 is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" Under the subsequent sakoku policy, for two hundred years the Dutch were the only European power allowed to operate in Japan, confined in 1639 to Hirado and then from 1641 at Deshima. Sakoku ( Japanese: 鎖国 literally "country in chains" or "lock up of country" was the Foreign relations policy of Japan under which is a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. It occupies an Island connected to the larger island of Kyūshū by the Hirado Bridge was a fan-shaped Artificial island in the bay of Nagasaki that was a Dutch Trading port during Japan 's self-imposed isolation ( Sakoku

By the middle of the seventeenth century, the Dutch had overtaken Portugal as the dominant player in the spice and silk trade, and in 1652 founded a colony at Cape Town on the coast of South Africa, as a way-station for its ships on the route between Europe and Asia. The Cape Colony, part of modern South Africa, was established by the Dutch East India Company in 1652 with the founding of Cape Town. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa ^[16]

Atlantic

Dutch conquests in the West Indies and Brazil. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld ^[17]

In the Atlantic, the West India Company concentrated on wresting from Portugal its grip on the sugar and slave trade, and on opportunistic attacks on the Spanish treasure fleets on their homeward bound voyage. See also Sugar The history of sugar reflects industrial growth The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history ^[18] Bahia on the north east coast of Brazil was captured in 1624 but only held for a year before it was recaptured by a joint Spanish-Portuguese expedition. Bahia (baˈia is one of the 26 States of Brazil, and is located in the northeastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast In 1628, Piet Heyn captured the entire Spanish treasure fleet, and made off with a vast fortune in precious metals and goods that enabled the Company two years later to pay its shareholders a cash dividend of 70%,^[19] though the Company was to have relatively few other successes against the Spanish. For the Danish mathematician and poet see Piet Hein (Denmark. Beginning in the 16th century the Spanish treasure fleets (or simply West Indies Fleet from Spanish Flota de Indias) transported various metal resources and agricultural ^[20] In 1630, the Dutch occupied the Portuguese sugar-settlement of Pernambuco and over the next few years pushed inland, annexing the sugar plantations that surrounded it. Pernambuco (pɛxnɐ̃ˈbuku is a state of Brazil, located in the Northeast region of the country In order to supply the plantations with the manpower they required, an expedition was launched in 1637 from Brazil to capture the Portuguese slaving post of Elmina,^[21] and in 1641 successfully captured the Portuguese settlements in Angola. Elmina is a town situated on a south-facing bay on the Atlantic Ocean coast of Ghana, lying west of Cape Coast. Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central ^[22] By 1650, the West India Company was firmly in control of both the sugar and slave trades, and had occupied the Caribbean islands of Sint Maarten, Curacao, Aruba and Bonaire in order to guarantee access to the islands' salt-pans. For the island of St Martin on the whole see Saint Martin, for the French side see Saint Martin (France and for other uses see Saint Martin (disambiguation Curaçao (ˈkjuːrəsaʊ in English Dutch: Curaçao, Papiamento: Kòrsou) is an Island in the southern Caribbean Sea, Aruba is a -long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, north of the Paraguaná Peninsula, Falcón State, Venezuela The Island Territory of Bonaire ( Dutch: Eilandgebied Bonaire, Papiamento: Teritorio Insular di Boneiru) is one of five island areas Salt evaporation ponds are shallow man-made Ponds designed to produce Salt from Sea water. ^[23]

Unlike in Asia, Dutch successes against the Portuguese in Brazil and Africa were short-lived. Years of settlement had left large Portuguese communities under the rule of the Dutch, who were by nature traders rather than colonisers. ^[24] In 1645, the Portuguese community at Pernambuco rebelled against their Dutch masters,^[25] and by 1654, the Dutch had been ousted from Brazil. Pernambuco (pɛxnɐ̃ˈbuku is a state of Brazil, located in the Northeast region of the country In the intervening years, a Portuguese expedition had been sent from Brazil to recapture Luanda in Angola, by 1648 the Dutch were expelled from there also. For the mystic of the Han Dynasty see Luan Da. Luanda (formerly called Loanda) is the

On the north-east coast of North America, the West India Company took over a settlement that had been established by the Company of New Netherland (1614–18) at Fort Orange at Albany on the Hudson River,^[26] relocated from Fort Nassau which had been founded in 1614. Fort Orange (Fort Oranje was the first permanent Dutch settlement in New Netherland. Albany is the Capital of the State of New York and the County seat of Albany County. The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk, the Great Mohegan by the Iroquois, or as the Lenape Native Americans called it in Unami Fort Nassau (North was a Dutch fort constructed on an island in the Hudson River near present day Albany in 1614. The Dutch had been sending ships annually to the Hudson River to trade fur since Henry Hudson's voyage of 1609. Henry Hudson' (1570 &ndash 1611 was an English Sea explorer and Navigator in the early 17th century ^[27] In order to protect its precarious position at Albany from the nearby English and French, the Company founded the fortified town of New Amsterdam in 1625 at the mouth of the Hudson, encouraging settlement of the surrounding areas of Long Island and New Jersey. New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam was a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that later became New York City. Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, USA, its western shores directly across from Manhattan, from which the island stretches New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. ^[28] The fur trade ultimately proved impossible for the Company to monopolise due to the massive illegal private trade in furs, and the settlement of New Netherland was unprofitable. New Netherland (Dutch Nieuw-Nederland, Latin Novum Belgium or Nova Belgica) 1614–1674 is the name of the former Dutch territory on the eastern coast ^[29] In 1655, the nearby colony of New Sweden on the Delaware River was forcibly absorbed into New Netherland after ships and soldiers were sent to capture it by the Dutch governor, Pieter Stuyvesant. New Sweden ( Nya Sverige in Swedish and Uusi-Ruotsi in Finnish) was a small Swedish settlement along the Delaware River The Delaware River is a river on the Atlantic coast of the United States. Peter Stuyvesant (originally Pieter or Petrus, Peter is never mentioned in historical records (c ^[30]

Ever since its inception, the Dutch East India Company had been in competition with its counterpart, the English East India Company, founded two years earlier but with a capital base eight times smaller,^[31] for the same goods and markets in the East. The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or In 1619, the rivalry resulted in the Amboyna massacre, when several English Company men were executed by agents of the Dutch. The Amboyna massacre was the torture and execution in 1623 of twenty men ten of which were in the service of the British East India Company, by agents of the The event remained a source of English resentment for several decades, and in the late 1620s the English Company shifted its focus from Indonesia to India. ^[32]

Rivalry with England and France (1652–1795)

The growth of the Dutch Cape Colony. The Cape Colony, part of modern South Africa, was established by the Dutch East India Company in 1652 with the founding of Cape Town. ^[33]

In 1651, the English parliament passed the first of the Navigation Acts which excluded Dutch shipping from the lucrative trade between England and its Caribbean colonies, and led directly to the outbreak of hostilities between the two countries the following year, the first of three Anglo-Dutch Wars that would last on and off for two decades and slowly erode Dutch naval power to England's benefit. The English Navigation Acts were a series of Laws which restricted the use of foreign Shipping and trade between England (later the Kingdom of Great The Anglo-Dutch Wars ( Dutch: Engels-Nederlandse Oorlogen or Engelse Zeeoorlogen) were fought in the 17th and 18th centuries between England ^[34][35]

The Second Anglo-Dutch War was precipitated in 1664 when English forces moved to capture New Netherland. After two years of war, the Dutch, led by Michiel de Ruyter,destroyed or captured much of the British fleet at Medway, and England was forced to sue for peace. Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter ( 24 March 1607 – 29 April 1676) is one of the most famous Admirals in Dutch history The Raid on the Medway, sometimes called the Battle of Medway or the Battle of Chatham, was a successful Dutch attack on the largest English Under the Treaty of Breda (1667), New Netherland was ceded to England in exchange for the English settlements in Suriname, which had been conquered by Dutch forces earlier that year. For other meanings see Treaty of Breda (disambiguation. The Treaty of Breda was signed at the Dutch city of Breda, July 31 Though the Dutch would again take New Netherland in 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, it was returned to England the following year, thereby ending the Dutch Empire in continental North America, but leaving behind a large Dutch community under English rule that persisted with its language, church and customs until the mid-eighteenth century. ^[36]

During the Franco-Dutch War, which saw the Republic be invaded by France, the Dutch seized a number of French possessions in the Caribbean and South America, including Tobago and French Guiana. The Franco-Dutch War (1672&ndash1678 was a War fought between the Kingdom of France, Münster-->, Cologne--> and Kingdom of England Tobago is the smaller of the two main islands that make up the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. French Guiana (Guyane française officially fr ''Guyane'' is an Overseas department (French département d'outre-mer, or DOM) of France Also, in 1674, the Dutch would seize, and briefly occupy Acadia. The Dutch Occupation of Acadia began in 1674 when the Dutch naval Captain Jurriaen Aernoutsz briefly occupied French-held areas of Acadia.

The Glorious Revolution of 1688 saw the Dutch William of Orange ascend to the throne, ending eighty years of rivalry between the Netherlands and England, and brought the two countries into the Nine Years' War against France the same year, and again in 1701 during the War of the Spanish Succession, after which large amounts of territory changed hands between Britain, France, Spain and Austria (including the passing of the Spanish Netherlands to Austria) but which left Dutch colonial possessions unchanged. The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland in 1688 by a union William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy" The Nine Years' War (1688–97 – often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg – was a major war of the late 17th In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting The Southern Netherlands (Zuidelijke Nederlanden Países Bajos del Sur Pays-Bas du sud were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain ( Spanish Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich

During the American Revolutionary War, Britain declared war on the Netherlands, sparking the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, in which Britain seized the Dutch colony of Ceylon. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780–1784 was a conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic. Under the Peace of Paris (1783), Ceylon was returned to the Netherlands and Negapatnam ceded to Britain. The Peace of Paris (1783 was the set of treaties which ended the American Revolutionary War.

Napoleonic era (1795–1815)

In 1795, the French revolutionary army invaded the Dutch Republic and turned the nation into a satellite of France, named the Batavian Republic. The Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek was the successor of the Republic of the United Netherlands. Britain, which was at war with France, soon moved to occupy Dutch colonies in Asia, South Africa and the Caribbean. The Battle of Muizenberg was a small but significant military engagement which took place near Muizenberg, South Africa in 1795; it led to the capture

Under the terms of the Treaty of Amiens signed by Britain and France in 1802, the Cape Colony and the islands of the Dutch West Indies that the British had seized were returned to the Republic. The Treaty of Amiens temporarily ended the hostilities between France and the United Kingdom during the French Revolutionary Wars. The Cape Colony, part of modern South Africa, was established by the Dutch East India Company in 1652 with the founding of Cape Town. The Netherlands Antilles ( Dutch:) previously known as the Netherlands West Indies or Dutch Antilles/West Indies, is part of the Lesser Antilles Ceylon was not returned to the Dutch and was made a British Crown Colony. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island The British Overseas Territories are fourteen territories that are under the Sovereignty of the United Kingdom, but which do not form part of the United Kingdom After the outbreak of hostilities between Britain and France again in 1803, the British retook the Cape Colony. The Battle of Blaauwberg, fought near Cape Town on 8 January 1806, was a small but significant military engagement The British also invaded the island of Java in 1810 which resulted in Anglo-Dutch Java War. The Anglo-Dutch Java War in 1810 - 1811 was a war between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands fought entirely on the Island of Java The entire colony fell under British control in 1811.

In 1806 Napoleon dissolved the Batavian Republic and established a monarchy with his brother, Louis, on the throne as King of Holland. Early life Louis was born Luigi Buonaparte in Ajaccio, Corsica. Louis was removed from power by Napoleon in 1810, and the country was ruled directly from France until its liberation in 1813. The following year, the independent Netherlands signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 with Britain. The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 (also known as the Convention of London) was a Treaty signed between Great Britain and the United Provinces in All of the colonies that Britain had seized were returned to the Netherlands, with the exception of the Cape Colony and Guyana. The Cape Colony, part of modern South Africa, was established by the Dutch East India Company in 1652 with the founding of Cape Town. Guyana (ɡaɪˈænə or /ɡiːˈɑːnə/ officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is the only Nation state

Post-Napoleonic era (1815–1945)

After Napoleon's defeat in 1815, Europe's borders were redrawn at the Congress of Vienna. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich For the first time since the declaration of independence from Spain in 1581, the Dutch were reunited with the Southern Netherlands in a constitutional monarchy, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Southern Netherlands (Zuidelijke Nederlanden Países Bajos del Sur Pays-Bas du sud were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain ( Spanish United Kingdom of the Netherlands (or Kingdom of the United Netherlands) (1815 - 1830 (1839 (Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden Royaume-Uni des Pays-Bas was the unofficial The union lasted just 15 years. In 1830, a revolution in the southern half of the country, which the Dutch unsuccessfully attempted to quell, led to the de facto independence of the new state of Belgium. The Belgian Revolution was a conflict in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that began with a riot in Brussels in August 1830 and eventually led to the The Ten days campaign (Tiendaagse Veldtocht ( August 2 – August 12 1831) was a failed attempt to suppress the Belgian revolution by the Dutch The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those However, the Netherlands and the other powers of Europe did not formally recognise the Belgian state until the signing of the Treaty of London nine years later. The Treaty of London, also called the First Treaty of London or the Convention of 1839, was a Treaty signed on 19 April 1839 between

The growth of the Dutch East Indies. See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below ^[37]

The bankrupt Dutch East India Company was liquidated on 1 January 1800,^[38] and its territorial possessions were nationalised as the Dutch East Indies. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year -of the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar until Friday, but 12 days ahead since Saturday. See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below Anglo-Dutch rivalry in Southeast Asia continued to fester over the port of Singapore, which had been ceded to the British East India Company in 1819 by the sultan of Johore. Singapore The founding of modern Singapore in 1819 by Sir Stamford Raffles paved the way for Singapore to become a modern Port and established its status as The Dutch claimed that a treaty signed with the sultan's predecessor the year earlier had granted them control of the region. However, the impossibility of removing the British from Singapore, which was becoming an increasingly important centre of trade, became apparent to the Dutch, and the disagreement was resolved with the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824. History The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 designed to solve many of the issues that had arisen due to the British occupation of Dutch properties during the Napoleonic Wars, as Under its terms, the Netherlands ceded Malacca and their bases in India to the British, and recognised the British claim to Singapore. In return, the British handed over Bencoolen and agreed not to sign treaties with rulers in the "islands south of the Straits of Singapore". Bengkulu is a province of Indonesia. It is on the southwest coast of the island of Sumatra, and borders the provinces of West Sumatra, Thus the archipelago was divided into two spheres of influence: a British one, on the Malay Peninsula, and a Dutch one in the East Indies. The Malay Archipelago is a name given to the Archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia ( Indochina) and Australia. The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast ^[39]

For most of the Dutch East Indies history, and that of the VOC before it, Dutch control over their territories was often tenuous, but was expanded over the course of the 19th century. Only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend to what was to become the boundaries of modern-day Indonesia. Although highly populated and agriculturally productive Java was under Dutch domination for most of the 350 years of the combined VOC and Dutch East Indies era, many areas remained independent for much of this time including Aceh, Lombok, Bali and Borneo. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. See also Sultanate of Aceh Aceh (ʔaˈtɕɛh generally anglicized as ˈɑːtʃeɪ is a special territory ( daerah istimewa) of Indonesia Lombok (population 2950105 in 2005) is an Island in West Nusa Tenggara province Indonesia. Bali is an Indonesian Island located at, the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. ^[40]

The Dutch West India company was abolished in 1791, and its colonies in Suriname and the Caribbean brought under the direct rule of the state. ^[41] The economies of the Dutch colonies in the Caribbean had been based on the smuggling of goods and slaves into Spanish America, but with the end of the slave trade in 1814 and the independence of the new nations of South and Central America from Spain, profitability rapidly declined. Dutch traders moved en masse from the islands to the United States or Latin America, leaving behind a small populations with little income and which required subsidies from the Dutch government. The Antilles were combined under one administration with Suriname from 1828 to 1845. Slavery was not abolished in the Dutch Caribbean colonies until 1863, long after those of Britain and France, though by this time only 6,500 slaves remained. In Suriname, slave holders demanded compensation from the Dutch government for freeing slaves, whilst in Sint Maarten, abolition of slavery in the French half in 1848 led slaves in the Dutch half to take their own freedom. For the island of St Martin on the whole see Saint Martin, for the French side see Saint Martin (France and for other uses see Saint Martin (disambiguation ^[42] In Suriname, after the abolition of slavery, Chinese workers were encouraged to immigrate as indentured labourers,^[43] as were Javanese, between 1890 and 1939. ^[44]

Decolonisation (1942–1975)

Soekarno proclaims Indonesian independence, 17 August 1945, two days after Japan's World War II surrender

In January 1942, Imperial Japan invaded Indonesia. Sukarno ( June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. The Indonesian Declaration of Independence was officially proclaimed at 10 The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The Netherlands East Indies campaign of 1941 - 42 was the short-lived defence of the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia by Allied forces against Two months later the Dutch surrendered in Java with Indonesians initially welcoming the Japanese as liberators. ^[45] The subsequent Japanese occupation of Indonesia during the remainder of World War II saw the fundamental dismantling of the Dutch colonial state's economic, political and social structures, replacing it with a Japanese regime. Imperial Japan occupied Indonesia during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of War in 1945 See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below ^[46] The Japanese encouraged and backed Indonesian nationalism in which new indigenous institutions were created and nationalist leaders such as Sukarno were promoted. Sukarno ( June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. The internment of all Dutch citizens meant that Indonesians filled many leadership and administrative positions, although the top positions were still held by the Japanese. In the decades before the war, the Dutch had been overwhelmingly successful in suppressing the small nationalist movement in Indonesia such that the Japanese occupation proved fundamental for Indonesian independence. ^[46]

Two days after the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Sukarno and fellow nationalist leader Hatta declared Indonesian independence. Mohammad Hatta ( August 12, 1902 - March 14, 1980) was born in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (now The Indonesian Declaration of Independence was officially proclaimed at 10 A four and a half-year struggle followed as the Dutch tried to re-establish their colony. Timeline of the Indonesian National RevolutionThe Indonesian National Revolution or Indonesian War of Independence was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between Dutch forces eventually re-occupied most of the colonial territory and a guerrilla struggle ensued. The majority of Indonesians, and ultimately international opinion, favoured independence, and in December 1949, the Netherlands formally recognised Indonesian sovereignty. Under the terms of the 1949 agreement, Western New Guinea remained under the auspices of Netherlands New Guinea. Netherlands New Guinea was the official name of Western New Guinea while it was a colonial possession of the Netherlands. The new Indonesian government under President Sukarno pressured for the territory to come under Indonesian control as Indonesian nationalists initially intended. Following United States pressure, the Netherlands transferred it to Indonesia under the 1962 New York Agreement. The New York Agreement is a document brokered by the United States on behalf of the Indonesian government in 1962 to transfer sovereignty of Western

In 1954, under the "Statute of the Realm", the Netherlands, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles (at the time comprising Aruba) became a composite kingdom. The Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands (in Dutch Statuut voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden; in Papiamentu Statuut pa e Reino di Hulanda) describes the The former colonies were granted autonomy save for certain matters including defense, foreign affairs and citizenship, which were the responsibility of the Realm. In 1969, unrest in Curaçao led to Dutch marines being sent to quell rioting. In 1973, negotiations started in Suriname for independence, and full independence was granted in 1975, with 60,000 immigrants taking the opportunity of moving to the Netherlands. ^[47] In 1986, Aruba was allowed to secede from the Netherlands Antilles federation, and was pressured by the Netherlands to move to independence within ten years. Aruba is a -long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, north of the Paraguaná Peninsula, Falcón State, Venezuela However, in 1994, it was agreed that its status as a Realm in its own right could continue. ^[48] In 2004 it was agreed that the federation of the Netherlands Antilles would be dissolved, scheduled to take place in December 2008. Curaçao and Sint Maarten will have "country status",^[49] whilst the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba will be granted a status similar to Dutch municipalities. ^[50]

Legacy

A monument in Lewes, Delaware commemorating the founding of the short-lived Dutch colony of Zwaanendael in 1631. Lewes (ˈluːɨs is an incorporated City in Sussex County, Delaware, United States of the Delmarva Peninsula. Delaware ( is a state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. ^[51]

Dutch language

Despite the Dutch presence in Indonesia for almost three hundred and fifty years, the Dutch language has no official status^[52] and the small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation, or employed in the legal profession,^[53] as some legal codes are still only available in Dutch. ^[54] The Indonesian language inherited many words from Dutch, both in words for everyday life, and as well in scientific or technological terminology. ^[55] One scholar argues that 20% of Indonesian words can be traced back to Dutch words. Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of ^[56]

The century and half of Dutch rule in Ceylon and southern India left few to no traces of the Dutch language. Today, in Suriname, Dutch is the official language^[57] and 58 percent of the population speak it as their mother tongue. Twenty-four percent of the population speaks Dutch as a second language, and in total 82 percent of the population can speak Dutch. ^[58] In Aruba, Bonaire, and Curacao, Dutch is the official language but spoken as a first language by only by seven to eight percent of the population,^[59][60] although most people on the islands can speak the language and the education system on these islands is in Dutch at some or all levels. Aruba is a -long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, north of the Paraguaná Peninsula, Falcón State, Venezuela The Island Territory of Bonaire ( Dutch: Eilandgebied Bonaire, Papiamento: Teritorio Insular di Boneiru) is one of five island areas Curaçao (ˈkjuːrəsaʊ in English Dutch: Curaçao, Papiamento: Kòrsou) is an Island in the southern Caribbean Sea, ^[61] The lingua franca of Aruba, Bonaire and Curacao is Papiamento, a creole language that originally developed among the slave population of the islands. The population of the three northern Antilles, Sint Maarten, Saba, and Saint Eustatius, is predominantly English-speaking. For the island of St Martin on the whole see Saint Martin, for the French side see Saint Martin (France and for other uses see Saint Martin (disambiguation SABA was a German manufacturer for electronic equipment from the Black Forest up to the 1980s Sint Eustatius, also known as Statia, or Saint Eustace, is one of the islands which make up the Netherlands Antilles; it is in the northern Leeward

In New Jersey in the United States, an extinct dialect of Dutch, Jersey Dutch, spoken by descendants of seventeenth century Dutch settlers in Bergen and Passaic counties, was noted to still be spoken as late as 1921. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. Jersey Dutch was a variant of the Dutch language spoken in and around Bergen and Passaic counties in New Jersey from the late 1600s until the ^[62]

Arguably, greatest linguistic legacy of the Netherlands was in its colony in South Africa, which attracted large numbers of Dutch farmer (in Dutch, Boer) settlers, who spoke a simplified form of Dutch called Afrikaans, which is largely mutually intelligible with Dutch. Boer (ˈbuːr in Dutch ˈbʊɚ/ /boʊɚ or /ˈbɔr/ in English is the Dutch word for Farmer which came to denote the descendants of the proto Afrikaans Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from 17th century Dutch and classified as Low Franconian Germanic, mainly spoken in In Linguistics, mutual intelligibility is recognized as a relationship between Languages in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand After the colony passed into British hands, the settlers spread into the hinterland, taking their language with them. As of 2005, there were 10 million people for whom Afrikaans is either a primary and secondary language, compared with over 21 million worldwide speakers of Dutch. ^[63]

Placenames

Some towns of New York and areas of New York City, once part of the colony of New Netherland have names of Dutch origin, such as Brooklyn (after Breukelen) and Harlem (after Haarlem). New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The City of New York New Netherland (Dutch Nieuw-Nederland, Latin Novum Belgium or Nova Belgica) 1614–1674 is the name of the former Dutch territory on the eastern coast Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. Breukelen is a municipality and town in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht. Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, long known as a major African American cultural and business center in the past usually Harlem in English is a city in the Netherlands. The last Director-General of the colony of New Netherland, Pieter Stuyvesant, has bequeathed his name to a street, a neighborhood and a few schools in New York City, and the town of Stuyvesant. Peter Stuyvesant (originally Pieter or Petrus, Peter is never mentioned in historical records (c Stuyvesant is a Town in Columbia County, New York, United States.

Many towns and cities in Suriname share names with cities in the Netherlands, such as Alkmaar, and Groningen. Suriname ( Dutch: Suriname; Sranan Tongo: Sranan) officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by For the place with the same name in Commewijne District of Suriname, see Alkmaar (Suriname. Groningen is the name of several places Groningen (province, a province of the Netherlands Groningen (city, a city in the Netherlands

The Stadthuys in Malacca, Malaysia, believed to be the oldest Dutch building in Asia. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and ^[64]

Architecture

In the Surinamese Capital of Paramaribo, the Dutch Fort Zeelandia still stands today. Fort Zeelandia is a Fortress in Paramaribo, Suriname, that was built by British colonists (originally called Fort Willoughby In the centre of Malacca, Malaysia, the Stadhuys Building and Christ Church still stand. There are still some archaeological remains of Fort Goede Hoop (modern Hartford, Connecticut) and Fort Orange (modern Albany, New York). Fort Hoop ( Dutch: Fort Goede Hoop; Algic: Suckiaug) was a settlement by the New Netherlands colony in the land that would eventually Fort Orange (Fort Oranje was the first permanent Dutch settlement in New Netherland. Albany is the Capital of the State of New York and the County seat of Albany County. ^[65]

Dutch architecture is easy to see in Aruba, Curaco, and Bonaire. The Dutch style buildings are especially visible in Willemstad, with its steeply pitched gables, large windows and soaring finials. Willemstad can refer to Willemstad, the capital of Curaçao Willemstad (North Brabant, a town in Moerdijk the Netherlands ^[66]

See also

• Dutch colonisation of the Americas
• Dutch West India Company
• Dutch East India Company
• List Of Dutch East India Company Trading Posts

References

Bibliography

• Ammon, Ulrich (2005). During the 17th century Dutch traders established trade posts and plantations throughout the Americas; actual colonization with Dutch settling in the new lands was not as common Dutch West India Company ( Dutch: Geoctroyeerde Westindische Compagnie or GWC; English: Chartered West India Company was a company of The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian The following were trading posts owned by the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company, presented in geographical sequence from west to east Sociolinguistics.  
• Baker, Colin (1998). Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education. Multilingual Matters.  
• Booij, G. E. (1995). The Phonology of Dutch.  
• Boxer, C. R. (1965). The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600–1800. Hutchinson.  
• Boxer, C. R. (1969). The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415–1825. Hutchinson.  
• Davies, K. G. (1974). The North Atlantic World in the Seventeenth Century. University of Minnesota.  
• McEvedy, Colin (1988). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the North America. Viking.  
• McEvedy, Colin (1998). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Pacific. Penguin.  
• Ostler, Nicholas (2005). Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World. Harper Collins.  
• Rogozinski, Jan (2000). A Brief History of the Caribbean. Plume.  
• SarDesai, D. R. (1997). Southeast Asia: Past and Present. Westview.  
• Scammel, G. V. (1989). The First Imperial Age: European Overseas Expansion c. 1400–1715. Routledge.  
• Sneddon, James (2003). The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society. UNSW Press.  
• Shipp, Steve (1997). Macau, China: A Political History of the Portugese Colony's Transition to Chinese Rule. McFarland.  
• Taylor, Alan (2001). American Colonies: The Settling of North America. Penguin.  
• Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.  

Notes

Further reading

• Andeweg, Rudy C. ; Galen A. Irwin (2005). Governance and Politics of the Netherlands, 2nd ed. , Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1403935297.  
• Boxer, C. R. (1957). The Dutch in Brazil, 1624–1654. Oxford: Clarendon.  
• Bromley, J. S. ; E. H. Kossmann. Britain and the Netherlands in Europe and Asia.  
• Corn, Charles. The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade.  
• Elphick, Richard; Hermann Giliomee (1989). The Shaping of South African Society, 1652–1840, 2nd ed. , Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. ISBN 0819562114.  
• Gaastra, Femme S. (2003). The Dutch East India Company. Zutphen, Netherlands: Walburg.  
• Postma, Johannes M. (1990). The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1815. Cambridge, U. K. : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521365856.  
• Wesseling, H. L. . Imperialism and Colonialism: Essays on the History of Colonialism.  

External links

• (Dutch) De VOCsite
• Dutch and Portuguese Colonial History
• (Dutch) VOC Kenniscentrum
• Archives of the Dutch East and West India Companies