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| See also: |
| Prehistory |
| Early kingdoms |
| Srivijaya (3rd to 14th centuries) |
| Tarumanagara (358-723) |
| Sailendra (8th & 9th centuries) |
| Kingdom of Sunda (669-1579) |
| Kingdom of Mataram (752–1045) |
| Kediri (1045–1221) |
| Singhasari (1222–1292) |
| Majapahit (1293–1500) |
| The rise of Muslim states |
| The spread of Islam (1200–1600) |
| Malacca Sultanate (1400–1511) |
| Sultanate of Demak (1475–1518) |
| Aceh Sultanate (1496–1903) |
| The Sultanate of Banten (1526–1813) |
| Mataram Sultanate (1500s to 1700s) |
| European colonialism |
| The Portuguese (1512–1850) |
| Dutch East India Company (1602–1800) |
| Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) |
| The emergence of Indonesia |
| National Awakening (1899–1942) |
| Japanese Occupation (1942–45) |
| Declaration of Independence (1945) |
| National Revolution (1945–1950) |
| Independent Indonesia |
| Liberal Democracy (1950–1957) |
| Guided Democracy (1957–1965) |
| Start of the New Order (1965–1966) |
| The New Order (1966–1998) |
| Reformation Era (1998–present) |
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The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, (Dutch: Nederlands-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia-Belanda) was the Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. See also Dutch East India Company The Dutch East India Company (VOC had a presence in the Indonesian archipelago from 1603 when the first trading The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Imperial Japan occupied Indonesia during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of War in 1945 Events in March American Red Cross Month Fire Prevention month ( The Philippines) Women's History Month ( United The Round Table Conference was held in The Hague from August 23 - November 2 1949 between representatives of the Netherlands, the Republic See also Timeline of Indonesian history Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17508 islands (6000 inhabited stretching along the Equator See also History of Indonesia This is a timeline of Indonesian history. See also Timeline of Indonesian history Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17508 islands (6000 inhabited stretching along the Equator Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago. Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma is an early Sundanese kingdom whose fifth-century ruler Sailendra (Sanskrit Lord of the Mountain) is the name of an influential Indonesian dynasty that emerged in 8th century Java. The Sunda Kingdom was according to primary historical records from the sixteenth century a kingdom covering areas of present-day Banten Province Jakarta, West Mataram was an Indianized kingdom based in Central Java between the 8th and 10th centuries AD and was established by king Sanjaya, he was also known as Kediri was an Indianized kingdom based in East Java from 1042 to around 1222. Singhasari was a kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292 Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Islam is thought to have first been adopted by peoples of the Indonesia n archipelago sometime during the Eleventh century, although Muslims had The Sultanate of Malacca was founded by Parameswara in 1402 and later married the princess of Pasai in 1409. The Sultanate of Demak was Muslim state located on Java 's north coast in Indonesia, at the site of the present day city of Demak. The Sultanate of Aceh was a Sultanate centered in the modern area of Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, which was a major regional power in the The Sultanate of Banten was founded in the sixteenth century It is said to have been founded by Sunan Gunungjati, who later went on to found Cirebon. The Sultanate of Mataram (pronounced muh-TAR-uhm was the last major independent Javanese empire on Java before the island was colonized by the Dutch The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach the islands of Indonesia. See also Dutch East India Company The Dutch East India Company (VOC had a presence in the Indonesian archipelago from 1603 when the first trading The Indonesian National Awakening is a term for the period in the first half of the twentieth century during which people from many parts of the archipelago first began to develop a national Imperial Japan occupied Indonesia during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of War in 1945 The Indonesian Declaration of Independence was officially proclaimed at 10 Timeline of the Indonesian National RevolutionThe Indonesian National Revolution or Indonesian War of Independence was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between An era of Liberal Democracy (Demokrasi Liberal in Indonesia began in 1950 following the securing of Indonesian independence in the Indonesian National Revolution Indonesia's transition to the " New Order " in the mid-1960s ousted the country's first president Sukarno after 22 years in the position The New Order ( Indonesian: Orde Baru) is the term coined by former Indonesian President Suharto to characterize his regime as he came to power in 1966 Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia.
It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the former Dutch East India Company that came under the administration of the Netherlands in 1800. This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands During the nineteenth century, Dutch possessions in the archipelago and its hegemony were expanded, reaching their greatest extent in the early twentieth century. Following the World War II Japanese occupation, Indonesian nationalists declared Indonesian independence in 1945. Imperial Japan occupied Indonesia during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of War in 1945 The Indonesian Declaration of Independence was officially proclaimed at 10 Following the subsequent Indonesian National Revolution, the Netherlands formerly recognised Indonesian soverignty in December 1949. Timeline of the Indonesian National RevolutionThe Indonesian National Revolution or Indonesian War of Independence was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between
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Background: the Dutch East India Company
The Dutch East India Company (VOC) had been set up in the early seventeenth century to maximize Dutch trade interests in the Malay archipelago. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian By 1700, a colonial pattern was well established; the VOC had grown to become a state-within-a-state and the dominant power in the archipelago. Its method of indirect rule was to survive it. Indirect rule is a type of European colonial Policy in which the traditional local power structure or at least part of it is incorporated into the colonial administrative structure After the bankrupt company was liquidated on 1 January 1800, its territorial possessions became the property of the Dutch government. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year -of the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar until Friday, but 12 days ahead since Saturday.
Establishing a hegemonic Indies empire
In an 1811 to 1816 interregnum, during the Napoleonic Wars, the British took over administration of several Dutch East Indies posts including Java before Dutch control was restored. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions The 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, ceded Dutch control of Malacca, the Malay Peninsula, and possessions in India to Britain in exchange for British settlements in Indonesia, such as Bengkulu in Sumatra. The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast Bengkulu is a province of Indonesia. It is on the southwest coast of the island of Sumatra, and borders the provinces of West Sumatra, Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two The resulting delineation of borders between British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies remains today between Malaysia and Indonesia, respectively. British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century The capital of the Dutch East Indies was Batavia, now known as Jakarta, still capital of the republic. Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia.
For most of the Dutch East Indies history, and that of the VOC before it, Dutch control over these territories was tenuous; only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend to what was to become the boundaries of modern-day Indonesia. Although Java was under Dutch domination for most of the 350 years of the combined VOC and Dutch East Indies era, many areas remained independent for much of this time including Aceh, Lombok, and Borneo. See also Sultanate of Aceh Aceh (ʔaˈtɕɛh generally anglicized as ˈɑːtʃeɪ is a special territory ( daerah istimewa) of Indonesia Lombok (population 2950105 in 2005) is an Island in West Nusa Tenggara province Indonesia. Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. [2]
There were numerous wars and disturbances across the archipelago as various indigenous Indonesian groups resisted efforts to establish a Dutch hegemony, which weakened Dutch control and tied up its military forces. Prince Diponegoro (born Yogyakarta 1785- died Makassar 1855 was a Javanese prince who opposed the Dutch colonial rule Hendrik Merkus Baron de Kock ( May 25, 1779 – April 12, 1845) was a Dutch military general minister and senator The Java War or Diponegoro War was fought in Java between 1825 and 1830. [3] In the seventeenth century the VOC had used its superior arms, and Buginese (from Sulawesi) and Ambonese (from Maluku) mercenaries to expand and protect its trading interests across the archipelago. The Bugis are the most numerous of the three major linguistic and ethnic groups of South Sulawesi, the southwestern province of Sulawesi, Indonesia's third largest Ambon Island is part of the Maluku Islands of Indonesia. The Island has an area of 775 km² (300 sq mi The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands or simply Maluku) are an Archipelago During the Dutch East Indies era, the most prolonged conflicts were the Padri War in Sumatra (1821–38), the Java War (1825–30) led by Prince Diponegoro, and a bloody thirty-year war in Aceh. The Padri War (also called the Minangkabau War) was fought from 1821 to 1837, in West Sumatra between Dutch troops and the indigenous The Java War or Diponegoro War was fought in Java between 1825 and 1830. Prince Diponegoro (born Yogyakarta 1785- died Makassar 1855 was a Javanese prince who opposed the Dutch colonial rule See also Sultanate of Aceh Aceh (ʔaˈtɕɛh generally anglicized as ˈɑːtʃeɪ is a special territory ( daerah istimewa) of Indonesia Although each resulted in an eventual Dutch ascendancy, Indonesians used Islam as a vehicle for opposition to the Dutch, which along with communism and nationalism, would be used to a much greater extent and eventual success in the twentieth century struggle for independence (see Indonesian National Revival and Indonesian National Revolution). The Indonesian National Awakening is a term for the period in the first half of the twentieth century during which people from many parts of the archipelago first began to develop a national Timeline of the Indonesian National RevolutionThe Indonesian National Revolution or Indonesian War of Independence was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between [2]
Disturbances continued to break out on both Java and Sumatra during the remainder of the 19th century, and between 1846 and 1849, expeditions to conquer Bali were largely unsuccessful. The Banjarmasin War in south east Borneo resulted in the Dutch defeat of the sultan. In Aceh, guerrilla leaders fought off Dutch invasion in what was the longest and bloodiest conflict from 1873 to Acehnese surrender in 1908. See also Sultanate of Aceh Aceh (ʔaˈtɕɛh generally anglicized as ˈɑːtʃeɪ is a special territory ( daerah istimewa) of Indonesia As exploitation of Indonesian resources expanded off Java, most of the outer islands came under direct Dutch government control or influence. Significant Indonesian piracy remained a problem for the Dutch until the mid-19th century. [2]
Under the 1904–1909 tenure of governor-general J.B. van Heutsz, the government extended more direct colonial rule throughout the Dutch East Indies, thereby laying the foundations of today's Indonesian state. JB (Joannes Benedictus van Heutsz (1851-1924 was appointed Governor general of the Dutch East Indies in 1904 [4] Although relatively minor, Indonesian rebellions broke out, but control was taken off the remaining independent local rulers; southwestern Sulawesi was occupied in 1905–06, the island of Bali in 1906, and the Bird's Head Peninsula (West Papua), was brought under Dutch administration in 1920. Sulawesi (formerly known as Celebes, ˈsɛlɛbiz is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the "Bird's Head" redirects here The Bird's Head ( Indonesian Kepala Burung, Vogelkop Peninsula or Doberai Peninsula This final territorial range would form the territory of the Republic of Indonesia proclaimed in 1945, with the exception of Netherlands New Guinea territory, which came under Indonesian administration in 1965. Netherlands New Guinea was the official name of Western New Guinea while it was a colonial possession of the Netherlands.
Economic and social history
Dutch economic strategy for the colony during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries can be defined along three overlapping periods: the Cultivation System, the Liberal Period, and the Ethical Period. The Cultivation System ( cultuurstelsel) or less accurately the Culture System, was a Dutch government policy in the mid-nineteenth century for its The political character of colonial Indonesia changed greatly during the four decades of the 20th century from 1901 and ending with the Japanese Occupation of Indonesia in 1942 Throughout these periods, and until Indonesian independence, the exploitation of Indonesia's wealth contributed to the industrialisation of the Netherlands. Large expanses of Java, for example, became plantations cultivated by Javanese peasants, collected by Chinese intermediaries, and sold on overseas markets by European merchants. Before World War II, most of the world's supply of quinine and pepper, over a third of its rubber, a quarter of its coconut products, and a fifth of is tea, sugar, coffee, and oil. Indonesia made the Netherlands one of the world's most significant colonial powers. [2]
Despite increasing returns from the Dutch system of land tax, Dutch finances had been severely affected by the cost of the Java and Padri Wars. The Dutch loss of Belgium in 1830 brought the Netherlands to the brink of bankruptcy, and a concerted Dutch exploitation of Indonesian resources commenced. In 1830, a new Governor-General, Johannes van den Bosch, was appointed to make the Dutch East Indies pay their way. The Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies represented the Dutch rule in the Dutch East Indies between 1610 and Dutch recognition of the independence of Indonesia Johannes Count van den Bosch ( February 2, 1780 – January 28, 1844) was a Dutch Lieutenant General and politician An agricultural policy of government-controlled forced cultivation was introduced to Java. Known as the Cultivation System (Dutch: cultuurstelsel); much of Java became a Dutch plantation, making it a profitable, self-sufficient colony and saving the Netherlands from bankruptcy. The Cultivation System, however, brought much economic hardship to Javanese peasants, who suffered famine and epidemics in the 1840s. [2]
Critical public opinion in the Netherlands led to much of the Cultivation System's excesses being eliminated under the agrarian reforms of the "Liberal Period". From 1870, producers were no longer compelled to provide crops for exports, but the Indies were open up to private enterprise, which developed large plantations. Sugar production, for example, doubled between 1870 and 1885; new crops such as tea and cinchona flourished, and rubber was introduced, leading to dramatic increases in Dutch profits. However, the resulting scarcity of land for rice production, combined with dramatically increasing populations, especially in Java, led to further hardships. Changes were not limited to Java, or agriculture; oil from Sumatra and Kalimantan became a valuable resource for industrialising Europe. In most languages in the world the term Kalimantan refers to the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo, while for Indonesians the name "Kalimantan" Dutch commercial interests expanded off Java to the outer islands with increasingly more territory coming under direct Dutch government control or dominance in the latter half of the nineteenth century. [2]
In 1898, the population of Java numbered twenty-eight million with another seven million on Indonesia's outer islands. [5]
In 1901 the Dutch adopted what they called the Ethical Policy, under which the colonial government had a duty to further the welfare of the Indonesian people in health and education. The political character of colonial Indonesia changed greatly during the four decades of the 20th century from 1901 and ending with the Japanese Occupation of Indonesia in 1942 Other new policies included irrigation programs, transmigration, communications, flood mitigation, industrialisation, and protection of native industry. The transmigration program ( Indonesian: Transmigrasi) was an initiative of the Indonesian government to move landless people from densely populated areas Political reform increased the autonomy to the local colonial administration, moving a degree from central control from the Netherlands, whilst power was also diverged from the central government to more localised governing units. Although far more progressive than previous policies, the humanitarian policies were ultimately inadequate. While a small elite of secondary and tertiary-educated Indonesians developed, the overwhelming majority of Indonesians remained illiterate. Primary schools were established and officially open to all, but by 1930, only 8% of school-aged children received an education. Industrialisation did not significantly effect the majority of Indonesians, and Indonesia remained an agricultural colony. However, the education reforms, and modest political reform, resulted in the creation of a small elite of highly educated indigenous Indonesians, who promoted the idea of an independent and unified "Indonesia" that would bring together disparate indigenous groups of the Dutch East Indies. A period termed the Indonesian National Revival, the first half of the twentieth century saw the nationalist movement develop strongly, but also face Dutch repression. The Indonesian National Awakening is a term for the period in the first half of the twentieth century during which people from many parts of the archipelago first began to develop a national [2]
Removal of the colonial state
The invasion and occupation of Indonesia during World War II, brought about the destruction of the colonial state in Indonesia, as the Japanese removed as much of the Dutch state as they could, replacing it with their own regime. Imperial Japan occupied Indonesia during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of War in 1945 Timeline of the Indonesian National RevolutionThe Indonesian National Revolution or Indonesian War of Independence was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between Imperial Japan occupied Indonesia during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of War in 1945 Although the top positions were held by the Japanese, the internment of all Dutch citizens meant that Indonesians filled many leadership and administrative positions. Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, nationalist leaders Sukarno and Hatta declared Indonesian independence. Sukarno ( June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. Mohammad Hatta ( August 12, 1902 - March 14, 1980) was born in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (now A four and a half-year struggle followed as the Dutch tried to re-establish their colony; although Dutch forces re-occupied most of Indonesia's territory a guerrilla struggle ensued, and the majority of Indonesians, and ultimately international opinion, favoured Indonesian independence. Timeline of the Indonesian National RevolutionThe Indonesian National Revolution or Indonesian War of Independence was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between In December 1949, the Netherlands formally recognised Indonesian sovereignty.
The 1949 agreement, however, left out Western New Guinea, which remained under the auspices of Netherlands New Guinea. Netherlands New Guinea was the official name of Western New Guinea while it was a colonial possession of the Netherlands. The Indonesian government under Sukarno pressured for the territory to come under Indonesian control. Sukarno ( June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. Skirmishes took place between 1961 and 1962, including a brief naval engagement in 1962. The United States pressured the Netherlands to surrender it to Indonesia in August under terms negotiated in the New York Agreement. The New York Agreement is a document brokered by the United States on behalf of the Indonesian government in 1962 to transfer sovereignty of Western At the same time, the Australian government reversed its policy and supported Indonesian control of the area. It remains under Indonesian control, although resistance continues in various parts of the region.
See also
References
General
- Braudel, Fernand, The perspective of the World, vol III in Civilization and Capitalism, 1984
- Ricklefs, M. See also Timeline of Indonesian history Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17508 islands (6000 inhabited stretching along the Equator The Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies represented the Dutch rule in the Dutch East Indies between 1610 and Dutch recognition of the independence of Indonesia Fernand Braudel ( August 24 1902 &ndash November 27 1985) was the foremost French historian of the postwar era C. (1991). A Modern History of Indonesia, 2nd edition. MacMillan, chapters 10–15. ISBN 0-333-57690-X.
- Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.
- Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet, pages 23–25. ISBN 1-74059-154-2.
Notes
- ^ Friend (1942), Vickers (2003), Ricklefs (1991), Reid (1974), Taylor (2003)
- ^ a b c d e f g Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet, pages 23–25. ISBN 1-74059-154-2.
- ^ Schwarz, A. (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Westview Press, pages 3–4. ISBN 1-86373-635-2.
- ^ Robert Cribb, "Development policy in the early 20th century", in Jan-Paul Dirkse, Frans Hüsken and Mario Rutten, eds, Development and social welfare: Indonesia’s experiences under the New Order (Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 1993), pp. 225–245.
- ^ Furnivall, J. S. (1939 [reprinted 1967]). Netherlands India: a Study of Plural Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 9. ISBN 0-521-54262-6. Cited in Vicker, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press, p. 9. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.
External links
- Netherlands Indies Movie Archives
- "dutch+indies") 11 Dutch Indies objects in 'The European Library Harvest'
- Parallel and Divergent Aspects of British Rule in the Raj, French Rule in Indochina, Dutch Rule in the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia), and American Rule in the Philippines
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