Dust is a general name for minute solid particles with diameters less than 500 micrometers. A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. Geometry, a diameter of a Circle is any straight Line segment that passes through the center of the circle and whose Endpoints are on the A micrometre ( American spelling: micrometer; symbol µm) is one millionth of a Metre, or equivalently one thousandth of a Millimetre Dust occurs in the atmosphere from various sources such as soil dust lifted up by wind, volcanic eruptions, and pollution. Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Wind is the flow of Air or other Gases that compose an Atmosphere (including but not limited to the Earth's) Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in Dust in homes, offices, and other human environments consists of human skin cells, plant pollen, human and animal hairs, textile fibers, paper fibers, minerals from outdoor soil and dust, and many other materials which may be found in the local environment. The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes ( pollen grains) which produce the male Gametes (sperm cells of Hair is a keratinised protein filament that grows through the epidermis from follicles deep within the Dermis. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel [1]
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Atmospheric Dust
Airborne dust is considered an aerosol and can have a strong local radiative forcing on the atmosphere and significant effects on climate. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas In Climate science radiative forcing is (loosely defined as the change in net Irradiance at the Tropopause. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of In addition, if enough of the minute particles are dispersed within the air in a given area (such as flour or coal dust), under certain circumstances this can be an explosion hazard. A dust explosion is the explosive Combustion of a dust suspended in air in an enclosed location
One particular version of dust, Coal dust, is responsible for the lung disease known as Pneumoconiosis, including black lung disease, which occurs among coal miners. Coal dust is a fine powdered form of Coal, which is created by the crushing grinding or pulverizing of coal lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive Pneumoconiosis is an Occupational lung disease caused by the Inhalation of dust Black Lung is an electronic and Industrial music project by Australian musician David Thrussell also known for his industrial bands Snog and This danger has resulted in a number of laws regulating environmental standards for working conditions.
Domestic dust
The precise composition of domestic dust can vary widely:
The quantity and composition of house dust varies greatly with seasonal and environmental factors such as the surroundings, exchange of outside air, age of the house, building materials and their condition, and the quantity of furniture and carpets, as well as their state of preservation. A season is one of the major divisions of the Year, generally based on yearly periodic changes in Weather. See also Nature The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a terminology that is comprised of all living and Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five House generally refers to a Shelter or Building that is a Dwelling or place for Habitation by Human beings. Furniture is the Mass noun for the movable objects which may support the human body (seating furniture and beds, provide storage or hold objects on horizontal A carpet is any loom-woven felted textile or grass floor covering It varies further with ventilation and heating systems, cleaning habits, activities of the occupants or users of a room, etc. For the Grand Central Records albums see Central Heating (Grand Central album and Central Heating 2. Cleanliness is the absence of dirt including Dust, Stains bad smells and Garbage. House dust consists of inorganic and organic matter, yet the relative proportions of these components may vary considerably. Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. "House dust" from kindergartens often consists almost completely of inorganic materials such as sand, loam, and clay from sand pits. ( German, literally means "children's garden" is a form of education for young children which serves as a transition from home to the commencement of more formal schooling Sand is a naturally occurring Granular material composed of finely divided rock and Mineral particles Loam is Soil composed of Sand, Silt, and Clay in relatively even concentration (about 40-40-20% concentration respectively considered Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and A sandpit or sandbox is a low wide container or shallow depression filled with Sand in which Children can play On the other hand, house dust from residences of animal owners with worn out carpets may consist nearly completely of organic material. The proportion of organic matter in 318 house dust samples was found to vary between <5% and >95% (Butte and Walker, 1994). Fergusson et al. (1986) reported the organic content of house dust from 11 homes in Christchurch, New Zealand, to be within the range from 25. Christchurch (Ōtautahi The largest City in the South Island, it is also the second largest city and third largest urban area of New Zealand 7% to 56. 5%. Floor dust from seven Danish offices had a mean organic fraction of 33% (Mølhave et al. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe In Mathematics and Statistics, the arithmetic Mean (or simply the mean) of a list of numbers is the sum of all the members of the list divided , 2000). [2]
According to the German Environmental Survey, approximately 6 mg/m²/day of house dust is formed in private households,[3] depending primarily on the amount of time spent at home. Nearly 1000 dust particles per square centimeter settle on domestic surfaces every hour. M^2 redirects here For other uses see M². CM2 redirects here [1] Some dust consists of human skin; it is estimated that the entire outer layer of skin is shed every day or two at a rate of 7 million skin flakes per minute, which corresponds to a mass emission rate of about 20 mg/minute. The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant [4]
Insects and other small fauna found in houses have their own subtle interactions with dust that may have adverse impact on the health of its regular occupants. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Thus, in many climates it is wise to keep a modicum of airflow going through a house, by keeping doors and windows open or at least slightly ajar. In colder climates, it is essential to manage dust and airflow, since the climate encourages occupants to seal even the smallest air gaps, and thus eliminate any possibility of fresh air entering.
House dust mites are on all surfaces and even suspended in air. The house dust mite (sometimes abbreviated by Allergists to HDM) is a cosmopolitan guest in Human habitation Dust mites feed on minute particles of organic matter, the main constituent of house dust. They excrete enzymes to digest dust particles; these enzymes and their feces, in turn, become part of house dust and can provoke allergic reactions in humans. Dust mites flourish in the fibers of bedding, furniture, and carpets.
The particles that make up house dust can easily become airborne, so care must be exercised when removing dust, as the activity intended to sanitize or remove dust may make it airborne. A laptop computer, also known as a notebook computer, is a small Personal computer designed for mobile use. A heat sink (or heatsink) is an environment or object that absorbs and dissipates heat from another object using Thermal contact (either direct or radiant One way to repel dust is with some kind of electrical charge, but house dust can be removed by many methods, including wiping, swiping, or sweeping by hand, or with a dust cloth, sponge, feather duster, or broom, or by suction by a vacuum cleaner or air filter. A feather duster is an implement used for cleaning It consists typically of a handle and a segment composed of natural or artificial Feathers which form the cleaning-contact A vacuum cleaner (in colloquial British English also hoover) is a device that uses an air Pump to create a partial Vacuum to Suck An air filter is a device which removes solid Particulates such as Dust, Pollen, Mold, and bacteria from Air. The device being used traps the dust; however, some may become airborne and come to settle in the cleaner's lungs, thus making the activity somewhat hazardous. "Dust bunnies" are little clumps of fluff that form when sufficient dust accumulates. Dust bunnies (often one word dustbunnies) are little clumps of dust that form under Furniture and in corners that are not cleaned regularly Dust is known to worsen hay fever. Hay Fever is a comic play written by Noel Coward in 1924 and first produced in 1925 with Marie Tempest as the first Judith Bliss
Dust control
Dust control is the suppression of solid particles with diameters less than 500 micrometers. Geometry, a diameter of a Circle is any straight Line segment that passes through the center of the circle and whose Endpoints are on the Because dust in the air is a serious health threat to children, older people, and those with respiratory illnesses, the U. Respiratory Disease is the term for Diseases of the Respiratory system. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandates facilities that generate dust must work to minimize it in their operations.
The most frequent dust control violations occurred at new residential housing developments in urban areas. Federal law in the United States requires permits for earth moving at construction sites, include plans to control dust emissions. Federal law is the body of Law created by the Federal government of a country The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort Control measures include such simple practices as watering down construction and demolition sites, as well as preventing dust from being tracked out onto adjacent roads. Demolition is the opposite of Construction: the tearing-down of Buildings and other Structures It contrasts with deconstruction In addition, federal laws require dust controls on sources such as vacant lots, unpaved parking lots, and unpaved roads. Control measures for these sources include paving, gravel, or stabilizing the surface with water or other dust suppressants.
Dust in outer space
Cosmic dust is widely present in space, where gas and dust clouds are primary precursors for planetary systems. This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter The zodiacal light, seen in the sky on a dark night, is produced by sunlight reflected from particles of dust in orbit around the Sun. The zodiacal light is a faint roughly triangular whitish glow seen in the night sky which appears to extend up from the vicinity of the Sun along the Ecliptic The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. The tails of comets are produced by emissions of dust and ionized gas from the body of the comet. A comet is a small Solar System body that orbits the Sun and when close enough to the Sun exhibits a visible coma (atmosphere or a tail — Dust also covers solid planetary bodies, and vast dust storms can occur on Mars that can cover almost the entire planet. Interstellar dust is found between the stars, and high concentrations can produce diffuse nebulae and reflection nebulae. In Astronomy, diffuse nebulae is the general term for illuminated Nebulae The three types of diffuse nebulae are Reflection nebulae Emission In Astronomy, reflection nebulae are clouds of dust which are simply reflecting the light of a nearby Star or stars
Dust samples returned from outer space could provide information about conditions in the early solar system. The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity. Several spacecraft have been launched in an attempt to gather samples of dust and other materials. A spacecraft is a Vehicle or machine designed for Spaceflight. Among these was Stardust, which flew past Comet Wild 2 in 2004 and returned a capsule of the comet's remains to Earth in January 2006. Stardust is an American interplanetary mission of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, whose primary purpose was to investigate the makeup of the Comet 81P/Wild, also known as Wild 2, is a Comet named after Swiss astronomer Paul Wild (pronounced Vilt) who discovered it in 1978 The Japanese Hayabusa spacecraft is currently on a mission to collect samples of dust from the surface of an asteroid. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. is an Unmanned space mission led by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency to return a sample of material from a small Near-Earth asteroid named Asteroids, sometimes called Minor planets or planetoids', are bodies—primarily of the inner Solar System —that are smaller than planets but
Dust in fiction
- In JM Barrie's children's novel Peter Pan (1911), "pixie dust" is a substance used to help make people fly who can't already. Sir James Matthew Barrie 1st Baronet OM ( 9 May, 1860 &ndash 19 June, 1937) more commonly known as J Peter Pan is a fictional character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J
- In Arthur C. Clarke's A Fall of Moondust (1961), 21st century tourists "cruise" across the Moon's "Seas" that have filled over eons with very fine dust, which is so fine that it almost behaves like water. Sir Arthur Charles Clarke, CBE (16 December 1917–19 March 2008 was a British Science fiction Author, Inventor, and A Fall of Moondust is a Science fiction novel by Arthur C Clarke, first published in 1961.
Dust in religion
- In ancient Sumerian mythology the afterlife consists of the dreary "House of Dust and Darkness". The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore"
- In Genesis 3:19, God — following The Fall, Adam and Eve's transgression — states to the couple: By the sweat of your brow you will eat your food until you return to the ground, since from it you were taken; for dust you are and to dust you will return. The Fall of Man, or simply the Fall, in Christian doctrine refers to the transition of the first humans from a state of innocent obedience to God, [Emphasis added] This latter clause is used in the Ash Wednesday service in some churches for the administering of ashes, and is adapted in funeral services to the common prayer "Dust to Dust". In the Western Christian Calendar, Ash Wednesday is the first day of Lent and occurs forty days before Easter (excluding Sundays
- In Genesis 13:16, God states to Abram (later Abraham): I will make your offspring like the dust of the earth, so that if anyone could count the dust, then your offspring could be counted. Abraham ( Ashkenazi Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez:
See also
References
- Holmes, Hannah; (2001)The Secret Life of Dust. Contamination control ( IPA: /kənˌtæməˈneɪʃən kənˈtroʊl/ is the collective name for any method that effectively controls the growth and proliferation of contamination A dust explosion is the explosive Combustion of a dust suspended in air in an enclosed location Medical geology is an emerging interdisciplinary scientific field consisting of those aspects of Geology as they affect human animal and plant Health. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-37743-0
- Steedman, Carolyn; (2002) Dust. Manchester University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0719060151
- ^ a b Kathleen Hess-Kosa, (2002), Indoor Air Quality: sampling methodologies, page 216. CRC Press.
- ^ Lidia Morawska, Tunga Salthammer, (2003), Indoor Environment: Airborne Particles and Settled Dust, page 409. Wiley-VCH.
- ^ George W. Ware, (2002), Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, page 4. Springer.
- ^ Heinsohn, R. , Cimbala, J. , (2003) Indoor Air Quality Engineering: Environmental Health and Control of Indoor Pollutants. page 146. CRC Press.
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