| Duodenum | |
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| Duodenum is #6 | |
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| Small intestine | |
| Gray's | subject #248 1169 |
| Artery | Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery |
| Vein | Pancreaticoduodenal veins |
| Nerve | celiac ganglia, vagus [1] |
| Precursor | Foregut (1st and 2nd parts), Midgut (3rd and 4th part) |
| MeSH | duodenum |
| Dorlands/Elsevier | d_30/12315518 |
In anatomy of the digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25-30 cm long connecting the stomach to the jejunum. Gray's Anatomy the Respiratory apparatus ( Apparatus Respiratorius Respiratory system Respiratory apparatus Arteries are Blood vessels that carry blood away from the Heart. The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery is given off from the Superior mesenteric or from its first intestinal branch opposite the upper border of the inferior part of the The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is an Artery that supplies Blood to the Duodenum and Pancreas. In the Circulatory system, a vein is a Blood vessel that carries Blood back toward the Heart (as opposed to Artery, a blood vessel The pancreaticoduodenal veins accompany their corresponding Arteries: the Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and the Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery A nerve is an enclosed cable-like bundle of peripheral Axons (the long slender projections of Neurons. The celiac ganglia are two large irregularly shaped masses of Nerve tissue in the upper Abdomen. The vagus nerve (ˈveɪˌgəs (VĀ-gəs (also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X) is the tenth of twelve paired Cranial nerves, and is the Embryology (from Greek grc ἔμβρυον embryon, "unborn embryo" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the development The foregut is the anterior part of the Alimentary canal, from the Mouth to the Duodenum at the entrance of the Bile duct. The midgut is the portion of the Embryo from which most of the Intestines are derived Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books Elsevier, the world's largest Publisher of Medical and Scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the jejunum is the central of the three divisions of the Small intestine and lies between the Duodenum and It is the first and shortest part of the small intestine and it is where most chemical digestion takes place. In Biology the small Intestine is the part of the Gastrointestinal tract (gut between the Stomach and the Large intestine, and comprises It begins with the duodenal bulb and ends at the ligament of Treitz. The duodenal bulb is the portion of the Duodenum which is closest to the Stomach. The suspensory muscle of the duodenum is the proper name of what is commonly known as the ligament of Treitz (named for Václav Treitz) and it refers to tissue that The name duodenum is from the Latin duodenum digitorum, twelve fingers' breadths. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.
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Function
The duodenum is largely responsible for the breakdown of food in the small intestine. Brunner's glands, which secrete mucus, are found in the duodenum. Brunner glands (or Pancreal glands) are compound tubular submucosal Glands found in that portion of the Duodenum which is above the In vertebrates mucus is a slippery secretion produced by and covering Mucous membranes It is a viscous Colloid containing Antiseptic enzymes (such as The duodenum wall is composed of a very thin layer of cells that form the muscularis mucosae. The lamina muscularis mucosae (or "muscularis mucosa" is the thin layer of Smooth muscle found in most parts of the Gastrointestinal tract, located The duodenum is almost entirely retroperitoneal. The retroperitoneum (adj retroperitoneal) is the anatomical space in the Abdominal cavity behind ( retro) the Peritoneum.
The duodenum also regulates the rate of emptying of the stomach via hormonal pathways. Secretin and cholecystokinin are released from cells in the duodenal epithelium in response to acidic and fatty stimuli present there when the pyloris opens and releases gastric chyme into the duodenum for further digestion. Secretin is a Peptide hormone produced in the S cells of the Duodenum in the Crypts of Lieberkühn. Cholecystokinin ( CCK; from Greek chole, "bile" cysto, "sac" kinin, "move" hence move the bile-sac These cause the liver and gall bladder to release bile, and the pancreas to release bicarbonate and digestive enzymes such as trypsin, lipase and amylase into the duodenum as they are needed. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The gallbladder (or cholecyst sometimes gall bladder is a small organ whose function in the body is to store Bile and aid in the digestive process Bile or gall is a bitter yellow or green Alkaline fluid secreted by Hepatocytes from the Liver of most Vertebrates In many species The pancreas is a Gland organ in the digestive and Endocrine system of Vertebrates. Trypsin ( is a Serine protease found in the Digestive system, where it breaks down Proteins Trypsin predominantly cleaves peptide chains at the carboxyl A lipase is a Water-soluble Enzyme that Catalyzes the Hydrolysis of Ester bonds in water–insoluble Lipid Amylase is an Enzyme that breaks Starch down into Sugar. Amylase is present in human Saliva, where it begins the chemical process
New studies have shown that around 80% of obese people who had gastric bypass surgery (bypassing the duodenum) were cured of their Type 2 Diabetes. However, the disappearance of their diabetes came long before the actual weight loss. When the same operation was performed on diabetic rats, they too were rid of their diabetes. However, when the operation was reversed in the animals, the diabetes returned. This shows that preventing food from entering the duodenum can have a dramatic impact on people suffering from Type 2 Diabetes.
Sections
The duodenum is divided into four sections for the purposes of description. The first three sections form a "C" shape.
First part
The first (superior) part begins as a continuation of the duodenal end of the pylorus. The pylorus (from Greek πυλωρος = "gate guard" is the region of the Stomach that connects to the Duodenum. From here it passes laterally (right), superiorly and posteriorly, for approximately 5 cm, before making a sharp curve inferiorly into the superior duodenal flexure (the end of the superior part). It is intraperitoneal. Intraperitoneal injection or IP injection is the injection of a substance into the Peritoneum (body cavity
Second part
The second (descending) part of the duodenum begins at the superior duodenal flexure. It passes inferiorly to the lower border of vertebral body L3, before making a sharp turn medially into the inferior duodenal flexure (the end of the descending part).
The pancreatic duct and common bile duct enter the descending duodenum, commonly known together as the hepatopancreatic duct (or pancreatic duct in the United States), through the major duodenal papilla. The pancreatic duct, or duct of Wirsung, is a duct joining the Pancreas to the Common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in Digestion Bile, which is synthesized in the liver is carried to the right and left hepatic ducts which converge along with the Cystic duct to form the Common hepatic duct. The pancreatic duct, or duct of Wirsung, is a duct joining the Pancreas to the Common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in Digestion The pancreatic duct, or duct of Wirsung, is a duct joining the Pancreas to the Common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in Digestion This part of the duodenum also contains the minor duodenal papilla, the entrance for the accessory pancreatic duct. Most people have just one Pancreatic duct. However some have an additional accessory pancreatic duct, called the Duct of Santorini, which connects straight to the The junction between the embryological foregut and midgut lies just below the major duodenal papilla. The foregut is the anterior part of the Alimentary canal, from the Mouth to the Duodenum at the entrance of the Bile duct. The midgut is the portion of the Embryo from which most of the Intestines are derived
Third part
The third (inferior/horizontal) part of the duodenum begins at the inferior duodenal flexure and passes transversely to the left, crossing the inferior vena cava, aorta and the vertebral column. The inferior vena cava (or IVC is the large Vein that carries de-oxygenated Blood from the lower half of the body into the Heart. In Human anatomy, the vertebral column ( backbone or spine) is a column of 34 Vertebrae the Sacrum, Intervertebral
Fourth part
The fourth (ascending) part passes superiorly, either anterior to, or to the right of, the aorta, until it reaches the inferior border of the body of the pancreas. The pancreas is a Gland organ in the digestive and Endocrine system of Vertebrates. Then, it curves anteriorly and terminates at the duodenojejunal flexure where it joins the jejunum. The duodenojejunal flexure or duodenojejunal junction is the border between the Duodenum and the Jejunum. In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the jejunum is the central of the three divisions of the Small intestine and lies between the Duodenum and The duodenojejunal flexure is surrounded by a peritoneal fold containing muscle fibres: the ligament of Treitz. The suspensory muscle of the duodenum is the proper name of what is commonly known as the ligament of Treitz (named for Václav Treitz) and it refers to tissue that
Blood Supply
The duodenum receives arterial blood from two different sources. The transition between these sources is important as it determines the foregut from the midgut. Proximal to the 2nd part of the duodenum (approximately at the major duodenal papilla - where the bile duct enters) the arterial supply is from the gastroduodenal artery and its branch the superior pancreatoduodenal artery. Distal to this point (the midgut) the arterial supply is from the superior mesenteric artery, and its branch the inferior pancreatoduodenal artery supplies the 3rd and 4th sections. The superior and inferior pancreatoduodenal arteries (from the gastroduodenal artery and SMA respectively) form an anastomotic loop between the celiac trunk and the SMA; so there is potential for collateral circulation here.
The venous drainage of the duodenum follows the arteries. Ultimately these veins drain into the portal system, either directly or indirectly through the splenic or superior mesenteric vein.
Lymphatic Drainage
The lymphatic vessels follow the arteries in a retrograde fashion. The anterior lymphatic vessels drain into the pancreatoduodenal lymph nodes located along the superior and inferior pancreatoduodenal arteries and then into the pyloric lymph nodes (along the gastroduodenal artery). The posterior lymphatic vessels pass posterior to the head of the pancreas and drain into the superior mesenteric lymph nodes. Efferent lymphatic vessels from the duodenal lymph nodes ultimately pass into the celiac lymph nodes.
Additional images
 The celiac artery and its branches; the stomach has been raised and the peritoneum removed. |
 Superior and inferior duodenal fossæ. |
 Duodenojejunal fossa. |
 Interior of the stomach. In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following |
 Section of duodenum of cat. X 60. |
 The pancreas and duodenum from behind. |
 Transverse section through the middle of the first lumbar vertebra, showing the relations of the pancreas. |
 The pancreatic duct. |
 Duodenum with amyloid deposition in lamina propria. |
 Region of pancreas |
 Stomach |
 Duodenum with brush border (microvillus) |
References
External links
Microvilli (singular microvillus) are microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area of cells and are involved in a wide variety of functions including The Medical College of Georgia, also known as MCG, is a public medical Research university located in downtown Augusta Georgia. Georgetown University is a Jesuit Private university located in Georgetown Washington DDictionary
duodenum
-noun
- The first part of the small intestine, starting at the lower end of the stomach and extending to the jejunum.
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