| History of the Basque people |
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| Prehistory and Antiquity |
| Basque Prehistory |
| Basque people in Antiquity |
| Middle Ages |
| Duchy of Cantabria |
| Duchy of Vasconia |
| County of Vasconia |
| Battle of Roncevaux Pass |
| Kingdom of Navarre |
| Banu Qasi |
| Basque party wars |
| Modern Age |
| The Basque Country in the Early Modern Age |
| Basque witch trials |
| The Basque Country in the Late Modern Age |
| Carlist Wars |
| Basque nationalism |
| ETA |
| Monarchs |
| Dukes of Vasconia and Gascony |
| Kings of Pamplona and Navarre |
| Lords of Biscay |
| Counts of Araba |
| Counts of Lapurdi |
| Viscounts of Zuberoa |
| Topical |
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The Duchy of Vasconia (sometimes Wasconia), later known as Gascony, was a Merovingian creation: a frontier duchy on the Garonne, in the border with the rebel Basque tribes. The Basque people (Euskaldunak are a group of people inhabiting adjacent areas of Spain and France. This article deals with the prehistory of the modern Basque Country. The Duchy of Cantabria was a march created by the Visigoths in northern Spain to watch their border with the Cantabrians and Basques The Duchy of Vasconia (also Wasconia, later the Duchy of Gascony) was originally a Frankish march formed in the seventh century to protect the Aquitanian The County of Vasconia was a small medieval Realm segregated c The Battle of Roncevaux Pass ( French and English spelling Roncesvalles in Spanish, Orreaga in Basque) was a The Kingdom of Navarre (Reino de Navarra Nafarroako Erresuma Royaume de Navarre originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a European kingdom which occupied lands on either Banu Qasi ( Arabic: بنو قاسي ( Banū Qāsī) meaning "sons" or "heirs of Cassius" was the name of a Basque The Basque witch trials of the 17th century represent the most ambitious attempt at rooting out Witchcraft ever undertaken by the Spanish Inquisition. The Carlist Wars in Spain were the last major European Civil wars in which pretenders fought to establish their claim to a throne Basque nationalism is a movement with roots in the Carlism and the loss by the laws of 1839 and 1876 of the Ancien Régime relationship between the Basque provinces eu '''Euskadi Ta Askatasuna''' or ETA ( Basque for "Basque Homeland and Freedom" ˈɛːta is an illegal armed Basque nationalist Separatist This is a list of the kings of Pamplona ( Iruña in Basque), later Navarre. Lord of Biscay ( Basque: Bizkaiko Jauna, Spanish: Señor de Vizcaya) is a historical title of the head of state of the autonomous territory Álava (Araba is a province of northern Spain in the southern part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. Fuero ( Spanish) is a Spanish legal term and conceptThe word comes from Latin forum, an open space used as market tribunal The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. The Duchy of Vasconia (also Wasconia, later the Duchy of Gascony) was originally a Frankish march formed in the seventh century to protect the Aquitanian Gascony (Gascogne gaskɔɲ Gascon Occitan: Gasconha, pronounced) is an area of southwest France that constituted a province of France The Merovingians (also Merovings) were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region (known as Francia in Latin Mark from the Old English mearc and march (or various plural forms of these words derived from the Frankish word marka ("boundary" The Garonne (Garonne in Occitan, Catalan and Spanish: Garona; Garumna is a River in southwest France and northern The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. During the collapse of Frankish authority in the region in the year 660, it gained de facto and possibly de jure independence, in personal union with the Duchy of Aquitaine (north and east of the Garonne). Events By Place Europe Slavic principality of Carantania is first mentioned in historical sources The Duke of Aquitaine ( French: Duc d'Aquitaine) ruled the historical region of Aquitaine under the supremacy of the Frankish and later the The Garonne (Garonne in Occitan, Catalan and Spanish: Garona; Garumna is a River in southwest France and northern
After Muslim invasions and Carolingian restoration of the Frankish Kingdom, the Duchy, separated from Aquitaine, suffered some fragmentation, specially in the south, where the Kingdom of Pamplona and the County of Vasconia arose as separate states in the 9th century, when it came to be known as Duchy of Gascony,[1] as Gascon Romance was already replacing Basque in most of the region. The initial Arab Muslim conquests (632–732 (فتح Fatah, literally opening, also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (imperium Francorum Frankish Kingdom (Latin regnum Francorum, "Kingdom of the The Kingdom of Navarre (Reino de Navarra Nafarroako Erresuma Royaume de Navarre originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a European kingdom which occupied lands on either The County of Vasconia was a small medieval Realm segregated c The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Gascon (Gascon; French,) is a dialect of the Occitan language. Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain
After a period of obscurity, it reemerged in the early eleventh century as a close ally (possible even vassal) of the Kingdom of Navarre. The Kingdom of Navarre (Reino de Navarra Nafarroako Erresuma Royaume de Navarre originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a European kingdom which occupied lands on either In 1032, it was inherited by the heir of Aquitaine and became personally united to that duchy thereafter. A personal union is the combination by which two different States are governed by the same Monarch, while their boundaries their laws and their interests remain distinct It thus became a part of the Angevin Empire. The term Angevin Empire describes a collection of states ruled by the Angevin Plantagenet dynasty The ducal title was reemployed by Edward Longshanks and it formed a base of support for the English during the Hundred Years' War. Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost The Hundred Years' War (Guerre de Cent Ans was a prolonged conflict lasting from 1337 to 1453 between two royal houses for the French throne vacant with the extinction of the senior It has been called England's first foreign colony.
Contents |
Nomenclature
Before listing the names of the dukes and counts of Gascony, a long explanation is needed. This is because these names are recorded under a bewildering number of variants, which makes identification very difficult. These dukes and counts were leaders of the Basque clans that dominated Gascony and so their native names were Basque. However, as the Gascon language gradually replaced Basque, their names are also recorded in Gascon. Indeed, eventually the dukes of Gascony probably themselves adopted Gascon, which is reflected in the declining use of authentically Basque names by the last dukes.
In written documents, their names were usually recorded in Latin, which was the favored written language at the time. Today, their names are also frequently found in their French version, and also sometimes in their Spanish version. One example: the Basque name Otsoa (meaning "wolf") was literally translated Lop in Gascon, Lupus in Latin, Loup in French, and Lobo in Spanish. Thus, Duke Otsoa II of Gascony can be known by any of these names, which confuses people not used to the local linguistic situation. Furthermore, even within a set language, there exist many different variants, as for the Basque name Santxo (from Latin sanctus, meaning "holy"), which can be found in Basque documents written Antso, Sanzio, Santio, Sanxo, Sancio, and so on.
Usually, the dukes and counts of Gascony had two names, the first one being their given name, the second one being the given name of their father (for example, Duke Sans I Lop, which means this is Duke Sans I, son of Lop). This custom later generated the Spanish family names, with the adding of suffix -ez meaning "son of". "Juan Sánchez" literally means "John, son of Sancho". For a few dukes of Gascony, the second name is not the given name of their father, but it is a nickname that they gained over time and that replaced the given name of their father, such as the famous duke Sans III Mitarra, where Mitarra is not the name of his father, but a nickname of Arab origin.
In the list below, the dukes and counts of Gascony are listed according to their Gascon names (based on the current spelling of Gascon, not the medieval spelling, which was fluctuating).
Although all the different names under which the dukes of Gascony are known are just different versions of the same names in different languages, it should be noted that there is one duke of Gascony known by two names that are completely different names and not merely two versions of the same name: Duke Seguin I. "Semen" is his Basque name (sometimes written Semeno, Xemen, Ximen, or Jimeno). Nobody knows for sure if Semen is the Basque version of the biblical name Simon] or a native Basque name based on the Basque word seme (meaning "son"). On the other hand, "Seguin" (modern Gascon "Siguin") is a name of Germanic origin: sig- means victory (cf modern German Sieg) and -win means "friend".
It has been suggested that some apparently "Basque" names are merely corruptions of late Germanic names. For example, Garsinde leading to Garsean, Gendolf or Centulf to Centule, Aginald or Hunnald to Enneko(in Flanders,and Frisian,still a short form of the first two frank names), Aginard to Aznar, Belasgytta or Wallagotha to Velasquita, Belasgutho to Velasco, Arnoald to Arnau, Theuda to Toda, Theudahilda to Dadildis or Dedadils. Perhaps the intermarriage of Hispano-Gothic magnates with the local Basque population led to the modification of Gothic names into Basque variants.
List of dukes and counts
Dukes of Vasconia (Frankish vassals)
Dukes of Vasconia and Aquitaine
- Felix (660-670)
- Lupus I (670-676 or until 710 in Vasconia only[1])
- Odo the Great (or Eudes) (688-735 - his reign commenced perhaps as late as 692, 700, 710 or 715, unclear parentage. Genial, Genialis, or Genealis was the Duke of Gascony ( Vasconia) from 602 to his death in 627 Events By Place Byzantine Empire Maurice, at war with the Avars and always dealing with the lack of money decrees that the army should Events By Place Europe Cearl becomes king of Mercia. Asia Shashanka Aighyna, Aeghyna, Aegyna, Aigino, or Aichina, probably a Saxon, was the Duke of Gascony ( Vasconia Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Byzantines defeat the Avars and Slavs, who were besieging Constantinople Events By Place Asia The Muslims capture Jerusalem, Antioch, Caesarea Maritima and Akko Felix (died circa 676 was the Patrician of Toulouse, and then Duke of Aquitaine from 660 until his death Events By Place Europe Slavic principality of Carantania is first mentioned in historical sources Events By Place Europe On the death of his brother Clotaire Childeric II becomes king of all of the Frankish kingdoms ( Austrasia Lupus I (also Lupo, Loup, Lobo, Otsoa, or Otxoa) was the Duke of Gascony and Aquitaine from about 670 Events By Place Europe On the death of his brother Clotaire Childeric II becomes king of all of the Frankish kingdoms ( Austrasia Events By Place Europe Æthelred invades Kent. Asia In Japan Emperor Temmu For the area code see Area code 710. For the Los Angeles-area freeway see Interstate 710. For the later duke of Aquitaine and also Gascony with the same name see Odo of Gascony. For the submarine see Los Angeles class submarine. ---- Events By Place Europe Emperor Justinian II Events A Smallpox epidemic starts in Ancient Japan, which reduces the population by 30% Events By Place Asia The Arabs conquer Armenia. Leontios leading a substantial Byzantine army Events By Place North America The Mount Edziza volcanic complex erupts in northern British Columbia, Canada. For the area code see Area code 710. For the Los Angeles-area freeway see Interstate 710. Events By Place Europe September 26 — Battle of Compiègne: Ragenfrid defeats Theudoald, becoming mayor
- Hunald I (735-748), son of previous, abdicated to monastery, may have returned later (see below). Hunald (also known as Hunoald, Hunuald, Chunoald, Chunold, Hunold, or Hunaud) Duke of Aquitaine (735-744 or Events A Smallpox epidemic starts in Ancient Japan, which reduces the population by 30% Events By Place Asia January — An Earthquake strikes the Middle East from northern Egypt to northwestern Mesopotamia
- Waifer (or Gaifier) (748-767), son of previous. Waifer (aka Waifar, Waiofar, Waifre, Guyver or Gaifier) was the Duke of Aquitaine from 748 to 767 succeeding his newly-monastic Events By Place Asia January — An Earthquake strikes the Middle East from northern Egypt to northwestern Mesopotamia ---- Events By Place Europe A period of Anarchy begins in Bulgaria.
- Hunald II (767-769), either Hunald I returning or a different Hunald, fled to Lupus II of Gascony and was handed over to Charlemagne. Hunald (also known as Hunoald, Hunuald, Chunoald, Chunold, Hunold, or Hunaud) Duke of Aquitaine (735-744 or ---- Events By Place Europe A period of Anarchy begins in Bulgaria. Events By Topic Religion Pope Stephen III holds a council papal election procedure is changed and the devotion to Icons is confirmed
Independent Dukes of Vasconia
- Lop II (768 or 770-778 or 801)
- Sans I (778 or 801-812)
- Seguin I (812-816)
- Gassia I (816-818)
- Lop III Centullo Wasco (818-819 or 819-823[1])
Dukes of Vasconia and Counts of Bordeaux (Frankish vassals)
Counts of Vasconia
- Temporarily segregated from the Duchy. Lupo II (died 778 is the third-attested historical Duke of Gascony ( dux Vasconum or princeps) appearing in history for the first time in 769 Events By Place Europe Pepin the Short ( 714 — 768 king of the Franks since 751, dies he is succeeded Events By Place Asia Emperor Kōnin ascends to the throne of Japan, succeeding Empress Shōtoku. Events By Place Europe August 15 — Battle of Roncevaux Pass (Roncesvalles Charlemagne 's army suffers a terrible Events By Place Europe December 28 — Louis the Pious occupies Barcelona. Sancho I López or Lupus Sancho (also Lupo Basque: Antso Otsoa, French: Sanche Loup, Gascony: Sans Lop, Events By Place Europe August 15 — Battle of Roncevaux Pass (Roncesvalles Charlemagne 's army suffers a terrible Events By Place Europe December 28 — Louis the Pious occupies Barcelona. Events By Place Europe The second Battle of Roncevaux Pass is fought between the Basques and the Franks. Seguin I Lupo was Duke of Gascony from 812 to 816, when Louis the Pious deposed him Events By Place Europe The second Battle of Roncevaux Pass is fought between the Basques and the Franks. Events By Place Europe Frankish king Louis the Pious is crowned emperor by Pope Stephen IV. García I Jiménez ( Basque: Gartzia Semeno, Gascon: Gassia Semen, French: Garsias and Garsie Siguin) was the Events By Place Europe Frankish king Louis the Pious is crowned emperor by Pope Stephen IV. Events By Place Asia The State of Je falls to the Tang - Silla Alliance Lupo III Centule ( Basque: Otsoa Wasco, French: Loup Centulle, Gascon: Lop Centullo, Latin: Lupus Centullus Events By Place Asia The State of Je falls to the Tang - Silla Alliance The year 819 AD has the following notable benchmarks Events By Place Asia The Abbasid capital is moved back to Baghdad The year 819 AD has the following notable benchmarks Events By Place Asia The Abbasid capital is moved back to Baghdad Events By Place Byzantine Empire Crete is conquered from the Byzantines by the Saracens. The Count of Bordeaux or comes Burdagalensis was the ruler of the city of Bordeaux and its environs in the Merovingian and Carolingian Seguin II (died 846 called Mostelanicus, was the Count of Bordeaux and Saintes from 840 and Duke of Gascony from 845 Events By Place Europe Nominoe occupies Nantes and Rennes, he makes raids in Anjou and threatens Bayeux William I ( French: Guillaume, Gascon: Guilhem, Spanish: Guillermo) was the Duke of Gascony, appointed in 846 Events By Place Europe Nominoe occupies Nantes and Rennes, he makes raids in Anjou and threatens Bayeux Events By Place Europe The Saracens destroy Leontini. Charles the Bald, Louis the German and Events By Place Europe Saint Swithun becomes Bishop of Winchester England See: Northern Basque Country
- Aznar Sans (820-836)
- Sans II (836-855 or 864), fought against the Franks since 848 and eventually became Duke of Vasconia. The French Basque Country or Northern Basque Country (Pays basque français Iparralde constitutes the North-Eastern part of the Basque Country and the Western Aznar or Asnar Sánchez ( Basque: Aznar Antso, French: Aznard Sanche, Gascon: Aznar Sans; died 836 was the Events By Place Asia Tahir, the son of a slave is rewarded with the governorship of Khurasan for supporting the Caliphate Events By Place Asia Abbasid caliph Al-Mutasim establishes a new capital at Samarra, Iraq. Sancho II Sánchez or Sans II Sancion (died 864) succeeded his brother Aznar Sánchez as count of Vasconia Citerior ( Gascony) in Events By Place Asia Abbasid caliph Al-Mutasim establishes a new capital at Samarra, Iraq. Events By Place Europe Louis II succeeds Lothar as Western Emperor Events By Place Europe July 25 - Edict of Pistres: Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings Events By Place Europe The Saracens destroy Leontini. Charles the Bald, Louis the German and
Late Independents Dukes of Vasconia
Independent Dukes of Gascony
- Sans III (864-893)
- Gassia II (893-930)
- Sans IV (930-c. Sancho II Sánchez or Sans II Sancion (died 864) succeeded his brother Aznar Sánchez as count of Vasconia Citerior ( Gascony) in Events By Place Europe The Saracens destroy Leontini. Charles the Bald, Louis the German and Events By Place Europe Saint Swithun becomes Bishop of Winchester England Events By Place Europe Louis II succeeds Lothar as Western Emperor Events By Place Europe July 25 - Edict of Pistres: Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings Arnold (also Arnaut or Arnaud, died 864 was the Count of Fézensac and briefly Duke of Gascony in 864 Events By Place Europe Louis II succeeds Lothar as Western Emperor Events By Place Europe July 25 - Edict of Pistres: Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings Sancho III ( Basque: Antso, Sanzio, Santio, Sanxo, Santzo, Santxo, or Sancio; French: Events By Place Europe July 25 - Edict of Pistres: Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings This article refers to the year 893 The number 893 can also refer to Japanese traditional organized crime groups Yakuza. García II Sánchez ( Basque: Gartzia Antso, French: Garsie-Sanche le Tors or le Courbé, Gascon: Gassia Sans This article refers to the year 893 The number 893 can also refer to Japanese traditional organized crime groups Yakuza. Events By Place Europe With the establishment of the Althing, now the world's oldest Parliament, the Icelandic Commonwealth Sancho IV Garcés ( Basque: Antzo Gartzia, Gascon: Sans Gassia French: Sanche; died 950 or 955) was Events By Place Europe With the establishment of the Althing, now the world's oldest Parliament, the Icelandic Commonwealth 950)
- Sans V (c. Events By Place Europe Duke Boleslav I of Bohemia makes peace with Otto I. Sancho V Sánchez ( Basque: Antso Sancion, Gascon: Sans Sancion French: Sanche Sancion, Spanish: Sancho 950-c. Events By Place Europe Duke Boleslav I of Bohemia makes peace with Otto I. 961)
- Guilhem II (c. Events By Place Asia Ani (present-day Turkey) becomes the capital of Armenia under the Bagratuni Dynasty William II Sánchez (also William Sancho Basque: Gilen Antso, French: Guillaume Sanche, Gascon: Guilhem Sans, Latin 961-996)
- Bernat I (996-1009)
- Sans VI (1009-1032)
- Berengar (1032-1036)
- Eudes (1036-1039)
- Bernat II (1039-1052)
- Guy Geoffrey (1052-1086)
- United to Duchy of Aquitaine in 1058. Events By Place Asia Ani (present-day Turkey) becomes the capital of Armenia under the Bagratuni Dynasty Events By Place Europe March / April — Pope John XV dies before being able to crown Otto III, King Bernard I William ( Basque: Bernart Gilen, French: Bernard Guillaume, Gascon: Bernat Guilhem, Latin: Bernardus Events By Place Europe March / April — Pope John XV dies before being able to crown Otto III, King Sancho VI William ( Basque: Antso Gilen, French: Sanche Guillaume, Gascon: Sans Guilhem, Spanish: Sancho Berengar ( French: Bérenger or Bélenger, Latin: Berengarius or Belengarius, Spanish: Berenguer) Odo or Otto ( French: Eudes or Odon, Latin: Odonis; c 1010 &ndash 10 March 1039) was Duke Bernard II Tumapaler (or Tumpaler, Gascon: Bernat, Spanish: Bernardo; circa 1020 &ndash between 1064 and 1090 was Duke of Gascony The Duke of Aquitaine ( French: Duc d'Aquitaine) ruled the historical region of Aquitaine under the supremacy of the Frankish and later the
The unity of Gascony had disappeared already in the 10th century, and so those wishing to learn more about the history of Gascony should look at the particular histories of Béarn, Armagnac, Bigorre, Comminges, Nébouzan, Labourd and so on. This article is about the former French province for the warship see French aircraft carrier Béarn Béarn ( Gascon: Bearn This article is about the county in France For other uses see Armagnac. Bigorre ( Gascon: Bigòrra) is region in southwest France, historically an independent county and later a French province, located in the upper The Comminges is an ancient region of southern France in the foothills of the Pyrenees, corresponding closely to the Arrondissement of Saint-Gaudens in the department Nébouzan (pronounced /nebuzɑ̃/ in French) ( Gascon: Nebosan, pronounced /nebuˈza/ was a small Province of France located in the Labourd ( Lapurdi in Basque; from Latin Lapurdum, Labord in Gascon is a former French province and part of the
Sources
- Auñamendi Encyclopedia: Ducado de Vasconia.
- Sedycias, João. História da Língua Espanhola.
- Foundation for Medieval Genealogy: Gascony.
- Monlezun, Jean Justin. Histoire de la Gascogne. 1846.
- Charles Oman, The Dark Ages 476-918. Sir Charles William Chadwick Oman ( January 12 1860 &ndash June 23 1946) was a British military historian of the early Rivingtons: London, 1914.
- Collins, Roger. The Basques. Blackwell Publishing: London, 1990.
- Higounet, Charles. Bordeaux pendant le haut moyen age. Bordeaux, 1963.
- Lewis, Archibald R. The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050. University of Texas Press: Austin, 1965.
- Pertz, G, ed. Chronici Fontanellensis fragmentum in Mon. Ger. Hist. Scriptores, Vol. II.
- Pertz, G, ed. Chronicum Aquitanicum in Mon. Ger. Hist. Scriptores, Vol. II.
- Waitz, E, ed. Annales Bertiniani. Hanover: 1883.
Notes
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