As practised from the 11th to 20th centuries in Western societies, a duel was and is an engagement in combat between two individuals, with matched weapons in accordance with their combat doctrines. Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (26 April 1798 &ndash 13 August 1863 was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of Doctrine (Latin doctrina) is a codification of beliefs or "a body of teachings quot or "instructions" taught principles or positions as the In the modern application the term is applied to air combat between fighter pilots. Air combat may refer to Aerial warfare, or aerial combat the use of military aircraft and other flying machines in warfare Dogfight A fighter pilot is a military aviator trained to engage other aircraft and typically pilots a Fighter aircraft.

The Romanticism depiction of medieval duels was based on either a pretext of defence of honor, usually accompanied by a trusted representative (who might themselves fight), often in contravention of the duelling conventions, or as a matter of challenge of the champion which developed out of the desire of one party (the challenger) to redress a perceived insult to his or his sovereign's honor. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the The goal of the honourable duel was often not so much to kill the opponent as to gain "satisfaction", that is, to restore one's honor by demonstrating a willingness to risk one's life for it.

Duels may be distinguished from trials by combat, in that duels were not used to determine guilt or innocence, nor were they official procedures. Trial by combat (also wager of battle, trial by battle or judicial duel) was a method of Germanic law to settle accusations in the absence of Indeed, from early 19th century duels were often illegal in Europe, though in most societies where duelling was socially accepted, participants in a fair duel were not prosecuted, or if they were, were not convicted. Only gentlemen were considered to have honor, and therefore only they were qualified to duel. The term gentleman (from Latin gentilis, belonging to a race or "gens" and "man" Cognate with the French word gentilhomme If a gentleman was insulted by a person of lower class, he would not duel him, but would beat him with a cane, riding crop, a whip or have his servants do so. Duelling is now illegal in all but a few countries around the world.

Contents 1 Rules 2 History 3 Prominent duels 4 Unusual duels 5 Single Combat 6 Duelling in particular countries 6.1 Greece 6.2 Poland 6.3 Philippines 6.4 Germany, Austria, Switzerland 6.5 Africa 7 Opposition to duelling 7.1 United States 7.1.1 History 7.1.2 Constitutional provisions and federal laws prohibiting dueling 7.1.3 State and territorial laws prohibiting dueling 8 Modern duels 8.1 South America 8.2 Japan 9 See also 10 References 11 Sources 11.1 Popular works 12 External links

Rules

Duels could be fought with some sort of sword or, from the 18th century on, with pistols. Georg Mühlberg (1863-1925 was a German Painter. The European dueling sword in the narrow sense is a basket and cage hilted weapon in use specifically in Duels from the late 17th to the 19th century [1] For this end special sets of duelling pistols were crafted for the wealthiest of noblemen. Duel(ling pistols are Pistols of identical appearance reliability and accuracy that were used in a classical Duel.

The traditional situation that led to a duel often went something like this. After the offense, whether real or imagined, one party would demand "satisfaction" from the offender,[2] signaling this demand with an inescapably insulting gesture, such as throwing his glove before him, hence the phrase "throwing down the gauntlet". This originates from medieval times, when a knight was knighted. Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. The knight-to-be would receive a ritual slap in the face, said to be the last one he ever had to accept without retaliating tenfold. Therefore anyone being slapped with a glove was considered like a knight, to accept the challenge or be dishonored. Contrary to popular belief, hitting one in the face with a glove was not a challenge, but could be done after the glove had been thrown down as a response to the one issuing the challenge. Each party would name a trusted representative (a second) who would, between them, determine a suitable "field of honor", the chief criterion being isolation from interruptions. Duels traditionally took place at dawn, for this very reason. It was also the duty of each party's second to check that the weapons were equal and that the duel was fair.

At the choice of the offended party, the duel could be

• to first blood, in which case the duel would be ended as soon as one man was wounded, even if the wound was minor:
• until one man was so severely wounded as to be physically unable to continue the duel;
• to the death, in which case there would be no satisfaction until the other party was mortally wounded;
• or, in the case of pistol duels, each party would fire one shot. Even if neither man had been hit, if the challenger stated that he was satisfied, the duel would be declared over. A pistol duel could continue until one man was wounded or killed, but to have more than three exchanges of fire was considered barbaric, and somewhat ridiculous if no hits were achieved.

Under the latter conditions, one or both parties could intentionally miss in order to fulfill the conditions of the duel, without loss of either life or honor. However, to do so, "to delope", could imply that your opponent was not worth shooting. Delope ( French for "throwing away" is the practice of throwing away one's first fire in a Duel, in an attempt to abort the conflict This practice occurred despite being expressly banned by the Code Duello of 1777. A code duello is a set of rules for a one-on-one combat or Duel. Rule 13 stated: "No dumb shooting or firing in the air is admissible in any case. . . therefore children's play must be dishonorable on one side or the other, and is accordingly prohibited. " Practices varied, however, and many pistol duels were to first blood or death. The offended party could stop the duel at any time if he deemed his honor satisfied. In some duels there were seconds (stand-ins) who in the event of the primary dueler was not able to finish the duel would then take his place. This was usually done in duels with swords, where one's expertise was sometimes limited. The second would also act as a witness.

For a pistol duel, the parties would be placed back to back with loaded weapons in hand and walk a set number of paces, turn to face the opponent, and shoot. Typically, the graver the insult, the fewer the paces agreed upon. Alternately, a pre-agreed length of ground would be measured out by the seconds and marked, often with swords stuck in the ground (referred to as "points"). At a given signal, often the dropping of a handkerchief, the principals could advance and fire at will. This latter system reduced the possibility of cheating, as neither principal had to trust the other not to turn too soon. Another system involved alternate shots being taken—the challenged firing first.

Many historical duels were prevented by the difficulty of arranging the "methodus pugnandi". In the instance of Dr. Richard Brocklesby, the number of paces could not be agreed upon; and in the affair between Mark Akenside and Ballow, one had determined never to fight in the morning, and the other that he would never fight in the afternoon. Richard Brocklesby ( August 11, 1722 &ndash December 11, 1797) English Physician, was born at Minehead, Mark Akenside (November 9 1721 &ndash June 23 1770 was an English Poet and Physician. John Wilkes, who did not stand upon ceremony in these little affairs, when asked by Lord Talbot how many times they were to fire, replied, "just as often as your Lordship pleases; I have brought a bag of bullets and a flask of gunpowder. John Wilkes ( 17 October 1725 – 26 December 1797) was an English radical, journalist and politician William Talbot 1st Earl Talbot ( 16 May 1710 &ndash 27 April 1782) known as the Lord Talbot from 1737 to 1761 was an British "

History

Further information: History of fencing and European dueling sword

Physical confrontations related to insults and social standing pre-date human society, but the formal concept of a duel, in Western society, developed out of medieval judicial duel and older pre-Christian practices such as the Viking Age Holmganga. The European dueling sword in the narrow sense is a basket and cage hilted weapon in use specifically in Duels from the late 17th to the 19th century A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Trial by combat (also wager of battle, trial by battle or judicial duel) was a method of Germanic law to settle accusations in the absence of Viking Age is the term denoting the years from about 700 to 1066 in European history. Holmgang ( hólmganga in Old Norse and modern Icelandic, holmgång in Swedish was a Duel practiced by Norsemen. Judicial duels were deprecated by the Lateran Council of 1215, but in 1459 (MS Thott 290 2), Hans Talhoffer reports that in spite of this, there were still seven capital crimes that were still commonly accepted to be settled by a judicial duel. The Fourth Council of the Lateran was summoned by Pope Innocent III with his Papal bull of April 19, 1213. Hans Talhoffer (also spelled Talhofer) was a fencing-master in southern Germany in the 15th century. Most societies did not condemn dueling, and the victor of a duel was regarded not as a murderer but as a hero, his social status often increased. During the early Renaissance, dueling established the status of a respectable gentleman, and was an accepted manner to resolve disputes. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Gentry generally refers to people of high Social class, especially in the past Dueling in such societies was seen as an alternative to less regulated conflict.

The first published code duello, or "code of dueling", appeared in Renaissance Italy; however, it had many antecedents, ranging back to old Germanic law. A code duello is a set of rules for a one-on-one combat or Duel. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The first formalized national code was France's, during the Renaissance. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere In 1777, Ireland developed a code duello, which was indeed the most influential in American dueling culture. Year 1777 ( MDCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Prominent duels

To decline a challenge was often equated to defeat by forfeiture, and was sometimes even regarded as dishonorable. Prominent and famous individuals were especially at risk for being challenged.

The Russian poet Alexander Pushkin prophetically described a number of duels in his works, notably Onegin's duel with Lensky in Eugene Onegin. Eugene Onegin ( Russian: Евгений Онегин BGN/PCGN: Yevgeniy Onegin) is a Novel in verse written by Aleksandr Pushkin The poet was mortally wounded in a controversial duel with Georges d'Anthès, a French officer rumored to be his wife's lover. Georges-Charles de Heeckeren d'Anthès, baron ( February 5 1812 &ndash November 2 1895) D'Anthès, who was accused of cheating in this duel, married Pushkin's sister-in-law and went on to become French minister and senator. The whole affair was instigated by anonymous letters, apparently written by two homosexual princes in order to avenge d'Anthès for his homosexual affair with the Ambassador of Holland.

In 1598 the English playwright Ben Jonson fought a duel with an actor by the name of Gabriel Spencer. Benjamin Jonson ( c 11 June 1572 &ndash 6 August 1637) was an English Renaissance Dramatist Spencer was mortally wounded. In 1798 HRH The Duke of York, well known as "The Grand Old Duke of York", fought a duel with Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Lennox. Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Prince Frederick Duke of York and Albany (Frederick Augustus 16 August 1763 – 5 January 1827) was a member of the Hanoverian The Grand Old Duke of York is a children's Nursery rhyme, which in its most common version is The grand old Duke of YorkHe had ten thousand men Charles Lennox 4th Duke of Richmond and Lennox, KG ( 9 December 1764 &ndash August 28, 1819) was a British soldier and The Duke of York was grazed by a bullet along his hairline. In 1840 the 7th Earl of Cardigan, The officer in charge of the now infamous Charge of the Light Brigade, fought a duel with a British army officer by the name of Captain Tuckett. Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Lieutenant General James Thomas Brudenell 7th Earl of Cardigan, KCB (16 October 1797 &ndash 28 March 1868 commanded the Light Brigade of the British Army during The Charge of the Light Brigade was a disastrous Cavalry charge led by Lord Cardigan during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October Tuckett was wounded in the engagement but not fatally.

Four Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom have engaged in duels:

• William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne v Colonel Fullarton (1780)
• William Pitt the Younger v George Tierney (1798)
• George Canning v Lord Castlereagh (1809)
• The Duke of Wellington v Lord Winchelsea (1829)

In 1864, American writer Mark Twain—then editor of the New York Sunday Mercury—narrowly avoided fighting a duel with a rival newspaper editor, apparently through the quick thinking of his second, who exaggerated Twain's prowess with a pistol. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, and William Petty-FitzMaurice 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, KG, PC (2 May 1737 &ndash 7 May 1805 known as The Earl of Shelburne between 1761 and 1784 by which Year 1780 ( MDCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759 &ndash 23 January 1806 was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a George Canning (11 April 1770 &ndash 8 August 1827 was a British statesman and Politician who served as Foreign Secretary and is at present the shortest serving Robert Stewart 2nd Marquess of Londonderry, KG, GCH, PC (18 June 1769 in Dublin &ndash 12 August 1822 at Loring Hall, Kent Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, KP, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS ( c For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist [3] [4] [5]

The most famous American duel was the Burr-Hamilton duel, in which notable Federalist Alexander Hamilton was fatally wounded by his political rival, the sitting Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr. The term " federalist " describes several political beliefs around the world The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death This article discusses Aaron Burr (1756-1836 the US politician

The last fatal duel in Canada, in 1833, saw Robert Lyon challenge John Wilson to a pistol duel after a quarrel over remarks made about a local schoolteacher whom Wilson ended up marrying after Lyon was killed in the duel. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page son of a British officer Robert Lyon ( December 30 1812 - June 13 1833) was the last fatality in Canadian duelling history shot by The last fatal duel in England took place on Priest Hill near Windsor in 1852. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Englefield Green is a village in northern Surrey, England. It is near Royal Holloway University of London, the south eastern corner of Windsor

(See also: List of famous duels)

Unusual duels

In 1808, two Frenchmen are said to have fought in balloons over Paris, each attempting to shoot and puncture the other's balloon; one duelist is said to have been shot down and killed with his second. The following is a list of famous Duels Historical duels Antiquity 222 BC Marcus Claudius Marcellus taking the Spolia ^[1]

Thirty-five years later (1843), two men are said to have fought a duel by means of throwing billiard balls at each other. ^[1]

It is said (though not confirmed) that Otto von Bismarck challenged Rudolf Virchow to a duel. Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen Duke of Lauenburg Prince of Bismarck ( April 1, 1815 July 30, 1898) Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow ( 13 October 1821 &ndash 5 September 1902) was a German doctor, anthropologist, public health Virchow, as the challenged party had the choice of weapons; he chose two sausages, one of which had been inoculated with cholera. Bismarck is said to have called off the duel at once. ^[2]

Some participants in a duel, given the choice of weapons, are said to have deliberately chosen ridiculous weapons such as howitzers, sledgehammers, or forkfuls of pig dung, in order to show their disdain for duelling. A howitzer is a type of Artillery piece that is characterized by a relatively short barrel and the use of comparatively small explosive charges to propel projectiles A sledgehammer is a Tool consisting of a large flat head attached to a Lever (or handle ^[1]

Single Combat

Single combat is a duel between two single warriors which takes place in the context of a battle between two armies, with the two often considered the champions of their respective sides. A champion (identical to the French from the late Latin campio) is one who has repeatedly come out first among contestants in challenges (especially the winner of a tournament Typically, it takes place in the no-man's-land between the opposing armies, with other warriors watching and themselves refraining from fighting until one of the two single combatants has won.

Single combats are attested at numerous periods and places, in both myth and the depiction of actual war. Earlier examples are the single combat between David and Goliath in the Bible and those between Menelaus and Paris and later between Achilles and Hector, in the Iliad. David, Arabic: داوود or داود dawud, "beloved" was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel according to the Hebrew Bible Goliath ( גָּלְיָת, Standard Hebrew Golyat, Tiberian Hebrew Golyāṯ, Arabic: جالوت Jalut (Muslim Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin In Greek mythology, Menelaus ( Ancient Greek:) was a king of Ancient Sparta, the husband of Helen, and a central figure in the See List of King Priam's children Paris ( Greek:; also known as Alexander or Alexandros, c "Achilleus" redirects here For the emperor with this name see Achilleus (emperor. In Greek mythology, Hectōr ( "holding fast" or Hektōr, is a Trojan prince and one of the greatest fighters in the The Iliad ( Greek: Ἰλιάς (Ancient Ιλιάδα (Modern is together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient Depictions of single combat also appear in the Hindu epics of the Mahābhārata and the Ramayana. The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki Many battles depicted in the Medieval Chanson de Roland consist of a series of single combats, as are battles depicted in various tales of the Arabian Nights. The Song of Roland (La Chanson de Roland is the oldest remaining major work of French literature.

Single combats are especially common during battles fought between mounted aristocratic warriors (or earlier, driving chariots), a type of warfare allowing considerable freedom of manouvre and initiative to individual warriors. The chariot is the earliest and simplest type of Carriage, used in both peace and war as the chief vehicle of many ancient peoples Single combat is less feasible where battles are fought by bodies of infantry whose success depends upon keeping an exact formation, such as the ancient phalanx and maniple and in later times the various formations of pikemen. Maniple (Latin manipulus) was a tactical unit of the Roman legion adopted from the Samnites during the Samnite Wars A pike is a Pole weapon, a very long thrusting Spear used two-handed and used extensively by Infantry both for attacks on enemy foot soldiers and as

Duelling in particular countries

Greece

In the Ionian Islands in the 19th century, there was a practice of formalised fighting between men over points of honor. This article is about the group of islands west of Greece For the ancient region in western Anatolia see Ionia. The tradition was unusual in that it was carried on by peasants rather than the aristocracy.

Knives were the weapons used in such fights. They would begin with an exchange of sexually-related insults in a public place such as a tavern, and the men would fight with the intention of slashing the other's face, rather than killing. As soon as blood was drawn onlookers would intervene to separate the men. The winner would often spit on his opponent and dip his neckerchief in the blood of the loser, or wipe the blood off his knife with it.

The winner would generally make no attempt to avoid arrest and receive a light penalty, such as a short jail sentence and/or a small fine. [6]

Poland

In Poland duels have been known since the Middle Ages. Polish duel rules were formed, based on Italian, French and German codes. The best known Polish code was written as late as in 1919 by Władysław Boziewicz. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In those times duels were already forbidden in Poland, but the "Polish Honorary Code" was quite widely in use. Punishments for participation in duels were rather mild (up to a year imprisonment if the result was death or grievous bodily harm). [7]

Philippines

Duelling is widely known to have existed for centuries in the Philippine Islands. In the Visayan islands, the offended party would first "hagit" or challenge the offender. The offender would have the choice whether to accept or decline the challenge. In the past, choice of weapons were not limited. But most often, bolos, rattan canes, and knives were the preferred weapons. Rules may be agreed upon. Duels were either first-blood, submission, or to the last man standing (last man still alive). Duels to death were known as "huego-todo" (without bounds).

Widely publicised duels are common in Filipino martial-arts circles. One of those very controversial and publicised duels was between Ciriaco "Cacoy" Cañete and Venancio "Ansiong" Bacon. It was rumored that Cacoy won in this match by executing an illegal maneuver, but this rumor has not been proven to this day. Another match was between Cacoy and a man identified only by his name "Domingo" in the mountain barangay of Balamban in 1948, which was also very controversial. Some claimed that this event was just a hoax.

Germany, Austria, Switzerland

Historically a form of non-lethal duelling called Mensur was a tradition among students in these countries, and still exists as Academic fencing. Academic fencing or Mensur is the traditional kind of Fencing practiced by some student corporations ( Studentenverbindungen ' in Academic fencing or Mensur is the traditional kind of Fencing practiced by some student corporations ( Studentenverbindungen ' in It no longer has the aim of defending honour and is even non-competitive.

"a traditional way of training and educating character and personality . . . there is neither winner nor loser . . . the goal being less to avoid injury than to endure it stoically"

Africa

In certain African countries, a form of duelling known as Nguni stick fighting takes place as competition between tribes. Nguni stick fighting (or known as donga is a martial art traditionally practiced by teenage Nguni herdboys in South Africa. As in other duels there are certain rules to be followed and a battle master is present to judge the proceedings, as well as put a stop to them if necessary. This practice continues to this day and was documented in the recent BBC program Last Man Standing.

Opposition to duelling

The Roman Catholic Church and many political leaders, like King James I & VI of Scotland and England, usually denounced dueling throughout Europe's history, though some authorities tacitly allowed it, believing it to relieve long-standing familial and social tensions. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

United States

History

Dueling began to fall out of favor in America in the 18th century. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Benjamin Franklin denounced the practice as uselessly violent, and George Washington encouraged his officers to refuse challenges during the American Revolutionary War because he believed that the death by dueling of officers would have threatened the success of the war effort. Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots"

By the end of the 19th century, legalized dueling was almost extinct in most of the world. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Some American states have laws that establish procedures for legal dueling, but it is unlikely that they would be upheld in court. A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government As shown below, however, some states do not have any statute or constitutional provision prohibiting dueling.

Constitutional provisions and federal laws prohibiting dueling

Several states have very high-level bans laid against dueling, with stiff penalties for violation. Several United States state constitutions ban the practice, the most common penalty being disenfranchisement and/or disqualification from all offices. Every state in the United States possesses its own constitution As well, the Uniform Code of Military Justice makes dueling by a member of the armed forces a military crime. The Uniform Code of Military Justice ( UCMJ,,) is the foundation of Military law in the United States.

• Constitution of Alabama (Article IV, Section 86):
  • "The Legislature shall pass such penal laws as it may deem expedient to suppress the evil practice of duelling. The Constitution of the State of Alabama is the basic governing document of the U The Alabama Legislature is the legislative branch of the state government of Alabama. Penal (originally Peñal) is a town in southern Trinidad. It lies south of San Fernando and Debe, and north of Siparia. "
• Constitution of Arkansas (Article XIX, Section 2)
  • "No person who may hereafter fight a duel, assist in the same as second, or send, accept, or knowingly carry a challenge therefor, shall hold any office in the State, for a period of ten years; and may be otherwise punished as the law may prescribe. The Constitution of the State of Arkansas is the governing document of the U "
• Constitution of Florida of 1838, Article 6, Section 5:
  • "No person shall be capable of holding, or of being elected to any post of honor, profit, trust, or emolument, civil or military, legislative, executive, or judicial, under the government of this State, who shall hereafter fight a duel, or send, or accept a challenge to fight a duel, the probable issue of which may be the death of the challenger, or challenged, or who shall be a second to either party, or who shall in any manner aid, or assist in such duel, or shall be knowingly the bearer of such challenge, or acceptance, whether the same occur, or be committed in or out of the State. The Constitution of the State of Florida is the document that establishes and describes the duties powers structure and function of the government of the U "
• Constitution of Kentucky (Section 228 and 239):
  • "Members of the General Assembly and all officers, before they enter upon the execution of the duties of their respective offices, and all members of the bar, before they enter upon the practice of their profession, shall take the following oath or affirmation: I do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be) that I will support the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of this Commonwealth, and be faithful and true to the Commonwealth of Kentucky so long as I continue a citizen thereof, and that I will faithfully execute, to the best of my ability, the office of . The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the document that governs the United States Commonwealth of Kentucky. The Kentucky General Assembly, also called the Kentucky Legislature, is the state legislature of the U The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. . . . according to law; and I do further solemnly swear (or affirm) that since the adoption of the present Constitution, I, being a citizen of this State, have not fought a duel with deadly weapons within this State nor out of it, nor have I sent or accepted a challenge to fight a duel with deadly weapons, nor have I acted as second in carrying a challenge, nor aided or assisted any person thus offending, so help me God. "
  • "Any person who shall, after the adoption of this Constitution, either directly or indirectly, give, accept or knowingly carry a challenge to any person or persons to fight in single combat, with a citizen of this State, with a deadly weapon, either in or out of the State, shall be deprived of the right to hold any office of honor or profit in this Commonwealth; and if said acts, or any of them, be committed within this State, the person or persons so committing them shall be further punished in such manner as the General Assembly may prescribe by law. "
• Constitution of Mississippi (Article 3, Section 19):
  • "Human life shall not be imperiled by the practice of dueling; and any citizen of this state who shall hereafter fight a duel, or assist in the same as second, or send, accept, or knowingly carry a challenge therefor, whether such an act be done in the state, or out of it, or who shall go out of the state to fight a duel, or to assist in the same as second, or to send, accept, or carry a challenge, shall be disqualified from holding any office under this Constitution, and shall be disenfranchised. The Constitution of the State of Mississippi is the governing document of Mississippi. "
• Constitution of Oregon (Article II, Section 9)
  • "Every person who shall give, or accept a challenge to fight a duel, or who shall knowingly carry to another person such challenge, or who shall agree to go out of the State to fight a duel, shall be ineligible to any office of trust, or profit. The Oregon Constitution is a US state constitution, the governing document of the U "
• Constitution of South Carolina (Article XVII, Section 1B)
  • "After the adoption of this Constitution any person who shall fight a duel or send or accept a challenge for that purpose, or be an aider or abettor in fighting a duel, shall be deprived of holding any office of honor or trust in this State, and shall be otherwise punished as the law shall prescribe. The Constitution of the State of South Carolina is the governing document of U "
• Constitution of Tennessee (Article IX, Section 3):
  • "Any person who shall, after the adoption of this Constitution, fight a duel, or knowingly be the bearer of a challenge to fight a duel, or send or accept a challenge for that purpose, or be an aider or abettor in fighting a duel, shall be deprived of the right to hold any office of honor or profit in this state, and shall be punished otherwise, in such manner as the Legislature may prescribe. The Constitution of the State of Tennessee defines the form structure activities character and fundamental rules (and means for changing them of the U "
• Constitution of West Virginia (Article IV, Section 10)
  • "Any citizen of this state, who shall, after the adoption of this constitution, either in or out of the state, fight a duel with deadly weapons, or send or accept a challenge so to do, or who shall act as a second or knowingly aid or assist in such duel, shall, ever thereafter, be incapable of holding any office of honor, trust or profit in this state. "
• Uniform Code of Military Justice (Article 114):
  • "Any person subject to this chapter who fights or promotes, or is concerned in or connives at fighting a duel, or who, having knowledge of a challenge sent or about to be sent, fails to report the facts promptly to the proper authority, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. The Uniform Code of Military Justice ( UCMJ,,) is the foundation of Military law in the United States. A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a Military court. These military courts can determine Punishments for members of the Military subject "

State and territorial laws prohibiting dueling

20 states, along with the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, have some statute(s) (including constitutional provisions) prohibiting dueling. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The remaining 30 states either have no such statute or constitutional provision, or limit their dueling prohibition to members of their state national guard. This does not necessarily mean, however, that dueling is legal in any state. The following is a list of each state and/or territory's status with respect to laws prohibiting dueling:

• Alabama - See Constitution above
• Alaska - No statutory dueling prohibition
• Arizona - No statutory dueling prohibition for civilians; prohibited for personnel of the state national guard^[3]
• Arkansas - See Constitution above; specifically prohibited for personnel of the state national guard^[4]
• California - California Penal Code Sections 225 through 232
• Colorado - C. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. R. S. 18-13-104
• Connecticut - No statutory dueling prohibition for civilians; prohibited for personnel of the state national guard^[5]
• Delaware - No statutory dueling prohibition
• Florida - See Constitution above
• District of Columbia - D. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Delaware ( is a state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D C. Code 22-1302
• Georgia - No statutory dueling prohibition for civilians; prohibited for personnel of the state national guard^[6]
• Hawaii - No statutory dueling prohibition for civilians; prohibited for personnel of the state national guard^[7]
• Idaho - Idaho Code 19-303
• Illinois - No statutory dueling prohibition
• Indiana - No statutory dueling prohibition
• Iowa - No statutory dueling prohibition for civilians; prohibited for personnel of the state national guard^[8]
• Kansas - No statutory dueling prohibition for civilians; prohibited for personnel of the state national guard^[9]
• Kentucky - K. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. R. S. 437. 030
• Louisiana - No statutory dueling prohibition
• Maine - No statutory dueling prohibition
• Maryland - No statutory dueling prohibition
• Massachusetts - G. The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. L. Mass. ch. 265, sections 3-4
• Michigan - M. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. C. L. S. 750. 171-750. 173a; M. C. L. S. 750. 319 and 750. 320
• Minnesota - No statutory dueling prohibition
• Mississippi - Miss. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Code Ann. Title 97, Chapter 39
• Missouri - No statutory dueling prohibition for civilians; prohibited for personnel of the state national guard^[10]
• Montana - No statutory dueling prohibition
• Nebraska - No statutory dueling prohibition
• Nevada - Nev. Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. Rev. Stat. Ann. 200. 430 through 200. 450
• New Hampshire - No statutory dueling prohibition
• New Jersey - No statutory dueling prohibition
• New Mexico - N. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. M. Stat. Ann. 30-20-11
• New York - No statutory dueling prohibition for civilians; prohibited for personnel of the state national guard^[11]
• North Carolina - No statutory dueling prohibition
• North Dakota - N. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States North Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern and Western regions of the United States of America. D. Cent. Code 29-03-02
• Ohio - No statutory dueling prohibition for civilians; prohibited for personnel of the state national guard^[12]
• Oklahoma - 21 Okl. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. St. , Chapter 22
• Oregon - See Constitution above; also specifically prohibited for personnel of the state national guard^[13]
• Pennsylvania - No statutory dueling prohibition for civilians; prohibited for personnel of the state national guard^[14]
• Puerto Rico - 33 L. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} P. R. A. 4035
• Rhode Island - R. Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States I. Gen. Laws, Title 11, Chapter 12
• South Carolina - See Constitution above; 16 S. South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. C. Code Ann. , Chapter 3, Article 5
• South Dakota - No statutory dueling prohibition
• Tennessee - See Constitution above
• Texas - No statutory dueling prohibition
• Utah - Utah Code Ann. South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. 76-5-104 (homicide includes dueling and other "consensual altercations")
• Vermont - No statutory dueling prohibition
• Virginia - No statutory dueling prohibition
• Washington - No statutory dueling prohibition for civilians; prohibited for personnel of the state national guard^[15]
• West Virginia - See Constitution above; W. Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by Va. Code 61-2-18 through 61-2-25
• Wisconsin - No statutory dueling prohibition
• Wyoming - No statutory dueling prohibition

Modern duels

Dueling still continues to occur, albeit not with regularity. Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States.

South America

In much of South America duels were common during the 20th century[8], although generally illegal. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a

• In Peru there were several high-profile duels by politicians in the early part of the twentieth century including one in 1957 involving Fernando Belaúnde Terry—who went on to become President. Fernando Belaúnde Terry ( October 7, 1912 &ndash June 4, 2002) was President of Peru for two terms (1963&ndash1968 and 1980&ndash1985
• Uruguay decriminalized duelling in 1920, and in that year José Batlle y Ordóñez, a former President of Uruguay, killed Washington Beltran, editor of the newspaper El Paisin, in a formal duel fought with pistols. Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America José Pablo Torcuato Batlle y Ordóñez ( May 21 1856 - October 20 1929) was the president of Uruguay in 1899 (interim and from In 1990 another editor was challenged to a duel by an Assistant Police Chief[9]. Although approved by the government the duel did not take place—and in 1992 Uruguay repealed the 1920 law.
• In 2002 Peruvian independent congressman, Eittel Ramos, challenged Peruvian Vice President, David Waisman to a duel with pistols, saying the vice president had insulted him. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. David Waisman Rjavinsthi is a Peruvian politician Early life Waisman is Jewish, him and father left Romania in 1935 and came to Lima Waisman declined. [10]
• 1952: Chile. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Then-senator Salvador Allende and his colleague Raúl Rettig (later president of Chile and head of a commission that investigated human rights violations committed during the 1973–1990 military rule in Chile, respectively), agreed to fire one shot on each other and both failed [11]. Salvador Isabelino Allende Gossens (June 26 1908 – September 11 1973 was President of Chile from November 1970 until his death during the coup d'état of Raúl Rettig Guissen (b Temuco, 16 May 1909 &ndash d Santiago, 30 April 2000) was a Chilean politician and Government Junta of Chile ( September 11, 1973 - March 11, 1990) (Junta Militar de Gobierno was the political At that time duelling was already illegal in Chile.

Japan

• In May of 2005, twelve youths aged between fifteen and seventeen were arrested in Japan and charged with violating a dueling law that came into effect in 1889. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Six other youths were also arrested on the same charges in March.

See also

In the world of cinema, dueling has provided themes for such motion pictures as Stanley Kubrick's 1975 Barry Lyndon (an adaptation of a novel by William Makepeace Thackeray from 1844) and Ridley Scott's 1977 The Duellists, which adapted Joseph Conrad's 1908 short story The Duel. Barry Lyndon ( 1975) is a Period film by Stanley Kubrick based on the novel The Luck of Barry Lyndon (1844 by William William Makepeace Thackeray (ˈθækərɪ 18 July 1811 – 24 December 1863 was an English Novelist of the 19th century Sir Ridley Scott (born November 30 1937 in South Shields, Tyne and Wear) is a British Academy Award Nominated and Golden Globe Emmy Award and BAFTA Award winning The Duellists is a 1977 film which was Ridley Scott 's first Feature film as a director Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924 was a Polish-born English novelist [12] [13] The 1943 film The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp shows the two main characters becoming friends after fighting a duel, the preparations for which are shown in great detail. The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp ( is a film by the British filmmaking team of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger under the banner of The

• List of famous duels
• European duelling sword
• Fencing
• Vendetta - Private, extralegal warfare
• trial by combat
• Academic fencing
• Holmgang
• Duels (video game)
• Code duello
• Truel - for three participants (Game Theory)

References

Sources

• Baldick, Robert. The Duel: A History of Duelling. London: Chapman & Hall, 1965.
• Cramer, Clayton. Concealed Weapon Laws of the Early Republic: Dueling, Southern Violence, and Moral Reform
• Freeman, Joanne B. Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001; paperback ed. , 2002)
• Freeman, Joanne B. “Dueling as Politics: Reinterpreting the Burr-Hamilton Duel. ” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3d series, 53 (April 1996): 289-318.
• Frevert, Ute. "Men of Honour: A Social and Cultural History of the Duel. " trans. Anthony Williams Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995.
• Greenberg, Kenneth S. “The Nose, the Lie, and the Duel in the Antebellum South. ” American Historical Review 95 (February 1990): 57-73.
• James Kelly. That Damn'd Thing Called Honour: Duelling in Ireland 1570-1860" (1995)
• Kevin McAleer. Dueling: The Cult of Honor in Fin-de-Siecle Germany (1994)
• Morgan, Cecilia. "'In Search of the Phantom Misnamed Honour': Duelling in Upper Canada. " Canadian Historical Review 1995 76(4): 529-562.
• Rorabaugh, W. J. “The Political Duel in the Early Republic: Burr v. Hamilton. ” Journal of the Early Republic 15 (Spring 1995): 1-23.
• Schwartz, Warren F. , Keith Baxter and David Ryan. “The Duel: Can these Gentlemen be Acting Efficiently?. ” The Journal of Legal Studies 13 (June 1984): 321-355.
• Steward, Dick. Duels and the Roots of Violence in Missouri (2000),
• Williams, Jack K. Dueling in the Old South: Vignettes of Social History (1980) (1999),
• Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. Honor and Violence in the Old South (1986)
• Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South (1982),

Popular works

• The Code of Honor; or, Rules for the Government of Principals and Seconds in Duelling, John Lyde Wilson 1838
• The Field of Honor Benjamin C. Truman. John Lyde Wilson ( May 24, 1784 February 12, 1849) was an Antebellum Democratic-Republican Governor of South for the English brewer see Sir Benjamin Truman Benjamin Cummings Truman ( October 25 1835 - July 18, 1916 (1884); reissued as Duelling in America (1993).
• Savannah Duels & Duellists, Thomas Gamble (1923)
• Gentlemen, Swords and Pistols, Harnett C. Kane (1951)
• Pistols at Ten Paces: The Story of the Code of Honor in America, William Oliver Stevens (1940)
• The Duel: A History, Robert Baldick (1965, 1996)
• Dueling With the Sword and Pistol: 400 Years of One-on-One Combat, Paul Kirchner (2004)
• Duel, James Landale (2005). Paul Kirchner (born January 29 1952 in New Haven CT is an American writer and illustrator James Landale is a BBC journalist who is the current Chief Political Correspondent for BBC News. ISBN 1-84195-647-3. The story of the last fatal duel in Scotland

External links

• Allen, Douglas, W. , and Reed, Clyde, G. , 2006, "The Duel of Honor: Screening for Unobservable Social Capital," American Law and Economics Review: 1-35.
• "Duels and Dueling on the Web", ". . . a comprehensive guide and web directory to pistol and sword dueling in history, literature and film. . . "

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