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Duck Soup

Theatrical release poster.
Directed by Leo McCarey
Produced by Herman J. Mankiewicz (uncredited)
Written by Bert Kalmar
Harry Ruby
Arthur Sheekman
Nat Perrin
Starring Groucho Marx
Harpo Marx
Chico Marx
Zeppo Marx
Margaret Dumont
Louis Calhern
Raquel Torres
Edgar Kennedy
Distributed by Paramount Pictures
(1933-1957)
MCA/EMKA, Ltd.
(1958-62)
Universal Pictures
(1962-present)
Release date(s) November 17, 1933
Running time 68 min
Country United States
Language English
Allmovie profile
IMDb profile

Duck Soup is a 1933 Marx Brothers anarchic comedy film written by Bert Kalmar and Harry Ruby, with additional dialogue by Arthur Sheekman and Nat Perrin, and directed by Leo McCarey. Thomas Leo McCarey ( October 3, 1898 - July 5, 1969) was an Academy Award -winning American Film director Herman Jacob Mankiewicz ( November 7, 1897 - March 5, 1953) was a Hollywood screenwriter noted for writing along with Orson Bert Kalmar ( February 10, 1884 - September 18, 1947) was an American Lyricist. Harry Ruby ( October 29 1895 – February 23 1974) was an American Songwriter and Screenwriter. Arthur Sheekman ( February 5 1901, Chicago &ndash January 12 1978) a graduate from the University of Minnesota, started Nat Perrin ( March 15, 1905 - May 9, 1998) was a Comedy Writer who contributed gags and story lines to several Marx Brothers Arthur Marx (previously Adolph Marx) popularly known as Harpo Marx ( November 23, 1893 &ndash September 28, 1964 Leonard Marx, known as Chico, ( March 22, 1887 &ndash October 11, 1961) was one of the Marx Brothers. Herbert Manfred Marx ( February 25, 1901 &ndash November 30, 1979) is best known as Zeppo Marx, the name he used when he performed Margaret Dumont ( October 20, 1882 &ndash March 6, 1965) was an American comedic actress Louis Calhern ( February 19, 1895 &ndash May 12, 1956) was an American stage and screen actor Raquel Torres (1908-1987 was a Mexican film actress born in Hermosillo Mexico Edgar Livingston Kennedy ( April 26, 1890 — November 9, 1948) was an American comedic Film Actor, known Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture production and Distribution company, based in Hollywood California. MCA Inc (or Music Corporation of America) was an American Corporation in the music and television businesses Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City Studios) a subsidiary of NBC Universal, is a major Global American Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Events British Film Institute founded March 2 - King Kong premieres in New York City. The Marx Brothers were a popular team of sibling Comedians who appeared in Vaudeville, stage plays film and television Anarchic comedy (or wacky comedy) is a Genre of cinema using nonsensical Stream-of-consciousness humor. Bert Kalmar ( February 10, 1884 - September 18, 1947) was an American Lyricist. Harry Ruby ( October 29 1895 – February 23 1974) was an American Songwriter and Screenwriter. Arthur Sheekman ( February 5 1901, Chicago &ndash January 12 1978) a graduate from the University of Minnesota, started Nat Perrin ( March 15, 1905 - May 9, 1998) was a Comedy Writer who contributed gags and story lines to several Marx Brothers Thomas Leo McCarey ( October 3, 1898 - July 5, 1969) was an Academy Award -winning American Film director First released theatrically by Paramount Pictures on November 17, 1933, it starred what were then billed as the "Four Marx Brothers" (Groucho, Harpo, Chico, and Zeppo) and also featured Margaret Dumont, Raquel Torres, Louis Calhern and Edgar Kennedy. Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture production and Distribution company, based in Hollywood California. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Arthur Marx (previously Adolph Marx) popularly known as Harpo Marx ( November 23, 1893 &ndash September 28, 1964 Leonard Marx, known as Chico, ( March 22, 1887 &ndash October 11, 1961) was one of the Marx Brothers. Herbert Manfred Marx ( February 25, 1901 &ndash November 30, 1979) is best known as Zeppo Marx, the name he used when he performed Margaret Dumont ( October 20, 1882 &ndash March 6, 1965) was an American comedic actress Raquel Torres (1908-1987 was a Mexican film actress born in Hermosillo Mexico Louis Calhern ( February 19, 1895 &ndash May 12, 1956) was an American stage and screen actor Edgar Livingston Kennedy ( April 26, 1890 — November 9, 1948) was an American comedic Film Actor, known It was the last Marx Brothers film to feature Zeppo, and the last of five Marx Brothers movies released by Paramount. [1]

Compared to the Marx Brothers' previous Paramount films, Duck Soup was a box-office disappointment,[2] although it was not a "flop" as is sometimes reported. [3] The film opened to mixed reviews,[4] although this by itself did not end the group's business with Paramount. Bitter contract disputes, including a threatened walk-out by the Marxes, crippled relationships between them and Paramount just as Duck Soup went into production. After the film fulfilled their five-picture contract with the studio, the Marxes and Paramount agreed to part ways. [5][6]

However, critical opinion has evolved and the film has since achieved the status of a classic. [7] Duck Soup is now widely considered to be a Marx Brothers masterpiece. Masterpiece (or chef d'œuvre) refers to any Work of art that is considered extraordinary [8][4]

In 1990 the United States Library of Congress deemed Duck Soup "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry. The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress The National Film Registry is the registry of Films selected by the United States National Film Preservation Board for preservation in the Library of [9]


Contents

Plot

The wealthy Mrs. Teasdale (Margaret Dumont) insists that Rufus T. Margaret Dumont ( October 20, 1882 &ndash March 6, 1965) was an American comedic actress Firefly (Groucho Marx) be appointed leader of the small, bankrupt country of Freedonia before she will continue to provide much-needed financial assistance. Freedonia, according to the 1933 Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup, is a Fictional country in Europe Meanwhile, neighboring Sylvania is attempting to take over the country. Sylvanian ambassador Trentino (Louis Calhern) tries to foment a revolution, woos Mrs. An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country Louis Calhern ( February 19, 1895 &ndash May 12, 1956) was an American stage and screen actor Teasdale, and attempts to dig up dirt on Firefly by sending in spies Chicolini (Chico Marx) and Pinky (Harpo Marx). Leonard Marx, known as Chico, ( March 22, 1887 &ndash October 11, 1961) was one of the Marx Brothers. Arthur Marx (previously Adolph Marx) popularly known as Harpo Marx ( November 23, 1893 &ndash September 28, 1964

After collecting worthless information about Firefly, Chicolini and Pinky infiltrate the government when Chicolini is appointed Secretary of War after Firefly sees him on the street selling peanuts. Meanwhile, Firefly's personal assistant, Bob Roland (Zeppo Marx) suspects Trentino's questionable motives, and counsels Firefly to "get rid of that man at once" by saying "something to make him mad, and he'll strike you, and we'll force him to leave the country. Herbert Manfred Marx ( February 25, 1901 &ndash November 30, 1979) is best known as Zeppo Marx, the name he used when he performed " Firefly agrees to the plan, but after a series of personal insults exchanged between Firefly and Trentino, the plan backfires and Firefly slaps Trentino instead. As a result, the two countries reach the brink of war. Adding to the international friction is the fact that Firefly is also wooing Mrs. Teasdale, and likewise hoping to get his hands on her late husband's fortune.

Trentino learns that Freedonia's war plans are in Mrs. Teasdale's possession and orders Chicolini and Pinky to steal them. Chicolini is caught by Firefly and put on trial, during which war is officially declared, and everyone is overcome by war frenzy, breaking into song and dance. The trial put aside, Chicolini and Pinky join Firefly and Bob Roland in anarchic battle, resulting in general mayhem.

The end of the film finds Trentino caught in a makeshift stocks, with the Brothers pelting him with fruit. Trentino surrenders, but Groucho refuses to stop throwing until they run out of fruit. Margaret Dumont begins singing the Freedonia national anthem in her operatic voice and the Brothers begin hurling fruit at her instead.

The mirror scene from Duck Soup
The mirror scene from Duck Soup

Mirror scene

In the "mirror scene," Pinky, dressed as Firefly, pretends to be Firefly's reflection in a missing mirror, matching his every move — including ones that begin out of sight — to near perfection until the end of the scene. A mirror is an object with a surface that has good Specular reflection; that is it is smooth enough to form an Image. In TV and movies, a scene is a part of the action in a single location Eventually, Chicolini, also disguised as Firefly, collides with both of them.

This scene has been duplicated many times—for example, in the Bugs Bunny cartoon, Hare Tonic,[7] and in the The X-Files episode, "Dreamland". Clyde Rabbit (uncleMrs Bugs Bunny (wifePapa Bunny (fatherMama Bunny (motherRugs Bunny Hare Tonic is a 1945 Warner Bros cartoon in the Looney Tunes series directed by Chuck Jones, and it is also one of the last cartoons The X-Files is a Peabody, Golden Globe and Emmy Award -winning American Science fiction television series created by Chris Carter " Dreamland " was the fourth episode of the sixth season of The X-Files science-fiction television series created by Chris A scene in The Pink Panther, with David Niven and Robert Wagner wearing identical gorilla costumes, mimics the mirror scene. The Pink Panther, directed by Blake Edwards and co-written by Edwards and Maurice Richlin, is a Comedy film, starring David Niven James David Graham Niven (1 March 1910 – 29 July 1983 was an English Academy Award -winning Actor probably best known for his role as the punctuality-obsessed Robert John Wagner (born February 10, 1930) is a Golden Globe - nominated prolific American Film and Television Harpo himself did a reprise of this scene, dressed in his usual costume, with Lucille Ball also donning the fright wig and trench coat, in an episode of I Love Lucy. Lucille Ball (August 6 1911 – April 26 1989 was an American comedienne, film television stage and radio Actress, model, film I Love Lucy is an American Situation comedy, starring Lucille Ball, Desi Arnaz, Vivian Vance and William Frawley [10]

Although its appearance in Duck Soup is now certainly the most well known instance of it, the concept of the mirror scene did not originate with the Marx Brothers. Charlie Chaplin used it in The Floorwalker (1916)[7] and Max Linder included it in his 1921 silent film Seven Years Bad Luck, where a man's servants have accidentally broken a mirror and attempt to hide the fact by imitating his actions in the mirror's frame. The Floorwalker was Charlie Chaplin's first Mutual Film Corporation film made in 1916. The year 1916 in film involved some significant events Events October 17 - A Daughter of the Gods released - first US production with Max Linder ( December 16, 1883 &ndash October 31, 1925) was an influential French pioneer of Silent film. Events February 20 - The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, starring Rudolph Valentino, premieres Seven Years Bad Luck is a 1921 comedy film written directed and starring Max Linder. [11]

Other scenes and jokes

The climactic production number ridicules war by comparing nationalism to a minstrel show. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an American entertainment consisting of comic skits variety acts dancing, and Music, One line is a variant on the old Negro spiritual "All God's Chillun Got Wings" (and was reportedly considered for deletion for the film's current DVD release, for fear of offending African Americans)[5]:

They got guns,
We got guns,
All God's chillun got guns!
I'm gonna walk all over the battlefield,
'Cause all God's chillun got guns!

"All God's chillun got guns!"
"All God's chillun got guns!"

Shortly after, during the final battle scenes, "rightfully [. Spirituals (or Negro spirituals) are songs which were created by African slaves in America. . . ] called the funniest of all of cinema",[8] Firefly can be seen wearing a different costume in almost every sequence until the end of the film, including American Civil War outfits (first Union and then Confederacy), a British palace guard uniform, a Boy Scout Scoutmaster's uniform, and even a coon-skin Davy Crockett cap. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The Boy Scouts of America ( BSA) is the largest youth organization in the United States with over five million Colonel David Stern Crockett ( August 17, 1786 March 6, 1836) was a celebrated 19th-century American Folk hero, Meanwhile, the exterior view of the building they are occupying changes appearance from a bunker to an old fort, etc. (Some analysts say that all the war costumes suggest that the scene symbolizes all American wars. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the As the Boy Scouts have never formally engaged in war, it is more likely that the writers were merely trying to get laughs. [7]) Firefly assures his generals that he has "a man out combing the countryside for volunteers. " Sure enough, Pinky is wandering out on the front lines wearing a sandwich board sign reading, "Join the Army and see the Navy. " Later, Chicolini volunteers Pinky to carry a message through enemy lines; Firefly tells him, "[. . . ] and remember, while you're out there risking life and limb through shot and shell, we'll be in here thinking what a sucker you are. " Thomas Doherty has described this line as "sum[ming] up the Great War cynicism towards all things patriotic". World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All [12] Scenes from this final act also play a significant role in a scene near the end of the Woody Allen film Hannah and Her Sisters. Woody Allen (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg; December 1 1935 is an American Film director, Writer, Actor, Comedian, and Hannah and Her Sisters is a 1986 Comedy film which tells the intertwined stories of an extended family told mostly during a year that begins and ends with [7]

The melodramatic exclamation "This means war!" certainly did not originate with Duck Soup, but it is used several times in the film—at least twice by Trentino and once by Firefly[13]—and would be repeated by Groucho in A Night at the Opera. A Night at the Opera is a 1935 Comedy film starring Groucho Marx, Chico Marx, Harpo Marx, Kitty Carlisle, Variations of this phrase would later become a frequently-used catch-phrase in Bugs Bunny cartoons. Clyde Rabbit (uncleMrs Bugs Bunny (wifePapa Bunny (fatherMama Bunny (motherRugs Bunny [14]

In another scene, the film pokes fun at the Hays Code by showing a woman's bedroom and then showing a woman's shoes on the floor, a man's shoes and horseshoes. For the television broadcasting term please see Production code number. A bedroom is a large Room where people usually sleep for the night and/or for relaxation during the day A shoe is an item of Footwear. Shoes may vary from a simple Flip-flop to a complex Boot. A horseshoe is a U-shaped item made of metal or of modern synthetic materials nailed or glued to the Hooves of Horses and some other Draught Pinky is sleeping in the bed with the horse; the woman is in the twin bed next to them. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae.

Chico and Harpo harass Edgar Kennedy in Duck Soup
Chico and Harpo harass Edgar Kennedy in Duck Soup

The film's writers recycled a joke used in Horse Feathers in this dialogue with Chico that hints at his real-life lifestyle:

Prosecutor: Chicolini, isn't it true you sold Freedonia's secret war code and plans?
Chicolini: Sure! I sold a code and two pairs o' plans!

The street vendor confrontations are also well-remembered pieces of physical comedy[7][8]: Chico and Harpo harass a lemonade seller (comedy film veteran Edgar Kennedy) egged on by his flustered attitude. Leonard Marx, known as Chico, ( March 22, 1887 &ndash October 11, 1961) was one of the Marx Brothers. Arthur Marx (previously Adolph Marx) popularly known as Harpo Marx ( November 23, 1893 &ndash September 28, 1964 Edgar Livingston Kennedy ( April 26, 1890 — November 9, 1948) was an American comedic Film Actor, known Horse Feathers ( 1932) was the fourth Marx Brothers Film. It stars the four Marx Brothers Groucho, Chico, Harpo Physical comedy also known as Slapstick is a comedic performance relying mostly on the use of the body to convey Humor. Leonard Marx, known as Chico, ( March 22, 1887 &ndash October 11, 1961) was one of the Marx Brothers. Arthur Marx (previously Adolph Marx) popularly known as Harpo Marx ( November 23, 1893 &ndash September 28, 1964 Edgar Livingston Kennedy ( April 26, 1890 — November 9, 1948) was an American comedic Film Actor, known At one point, Harpo burns up Kennedy's straw boater hat, and Kennedy responds by pushing their peanut wagon over. Harpo gets revenge for this by sloshing his legs in Kennedy's lemonade tank, driving off his customers. Finally, there is a complex bit of business involving the knocking off, dropping, picking up and exchanging of hats. [15]

Cast

Cast notes

Comparing the original scripts with the finished film, most of the characters' initial scripted names were later changed. Edmund Breese ( 18 June, 1871 &ndash 6 April, 1936) was an American film actor of the silent era. Edwin Maxwell ( February 9, 1886 in Dublin Ireland – August 13, 1948) was an Irish character actor in Hollywood movies William Worthington ( 8 April 1872, Troy, New York - 9 April 1941, Beverly Hills, California) was Charles B Middleton ( October 3, 1874 – April 22, 1949) was an American stage and film actor Leonid Kinskey ( April 18, 1903 - September 8, 1998) was a Russian -born movie and television actor who enjoyed a long career Frederick Sullivan ( 18 July, 1872 &ndash 24 July, 1937) was an English Film director and actor of the silent era Only the names of Chicolini and Mrs. Teasdale were kept. Groucho's character — originally named "Rufus T. Firestone" — eventually became Rufus T. Firefly, while the name of Harpo's character — named Pinky in the final product — was given in the pressbook as "Brownie". "Ambassador Frankenstein of Amnesia" was quickly changed to Ambassador Trentino of Sylvania. Zeppo's character remained Firefly's son until very late in production, finally becoming Bob Roland; also, Mrs Teasdale's niece "June Parker" transformed into Vera Marcal, first introduced as Trentino's "niece" before ultimately becoming his companion. [16]

Production

The Marx Brothers' previous film, Horse Feathers, had been Paramount's highest-grossing film of 1932. Horse Feathers ( 1932) was the fourth Marx Brothers Film. It stars the four Marx Brothers Groucho, Chico, Harpo Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture production and Distribution company, based in Hollywood California. Encouraged by this success, the studio suggested on August 2, 1932 that they rush out a follow-up. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Already at this early stage, the story (provisionally entitled Oo La La[7]) was set in a mythical kingdom. On August 11, 1932, The Los Angeles Times reported that production would commence in five weeks with the famed Ernst Lubitsch directing. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed Ernst Lubitsch ( January 28, 1892 – November 30, 1947) was a German -born Jewish Film director.

This was a turbulent time in the Marx Brothers' career. Reorganization at Paramount Pictures brought fears that money due the Brothers would never be paid; as a result, the Brothers threatened to leave Paramount and start their own company, Marx Bros. , Inc. [17] Their first planned independent production was a film adaptation of the Pulitzer Prize-winning Broadway musical Of Thee I Sing, with Norman McLeod leaving Paramount to direct. The Pulitzer Prize, ˈpʊlɨtsɚ PULL-it-sər is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in Newspaper journalism, Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located Musical theatre is a form of Theatre combining Music, Songs spoken Dialogue and Dance. Of Thee I Sing is a musical with a score by George and Ira Gershwin and a book by George S Norman McLeod may refer to Norman McLeod (minister (1780–1866 Presbyterian minister from Scotland who led a settlement of Highlanders to Nova Scotia and [2] During late 1932 and early 1933, Groucho and Chico were also working on Flywheel, Shyster, and Flywheel, a radio show written by Nat Perrin and Arthur Sheekman; there was even, at one time, talk of casting the two as their radio characters for the new film[17] (an idea that would eventually be used for the later Marx Brothers film The Big Store[2]). Flywheel Shyster and Flywheel was a short lived Radio Situation comedy aired for 26 weeks beginning in November 1932 on the NBC Blue radio Radio programming is the content that is broadcast by Radio stations The original inventors of radio such as Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Nat Perrin ( March 15, 1905 - May 9, 1998) was a Comedy Writer who contributed gags and story lines to several Marx Brothers Arthur Sheekman ( February 5 1901, Chicago &ndash January 12 1978) a graduate from the University of Minnesota, started The Big Store ( 1941) is a Marx Brothers Comedy film in which Groucho, Chico and Harpo work to save the Phelps

By October 4, 1932, Arthur Sheekman, Harry Ruby, and Bert Kalmar began writing the screenplay for the next Paramount film, which was now called Firecrackers. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Harry Ruby ( October 29 1895 – February 23 1974) was an American Songwriter and Screenwriter. Bert Kalmar ( February 10, 1884 - September 18, 1947) was an American Lyricist. [7][16] Herman Mankiewicz was to supervise production, beginning in January 1933. Herman Jacob Mankiewicz ( November 7, 1897 - March 5, 1953) was a Hollywood screenwriter noted for writing along with Orson [17] By December 1932, Firecrackers had become Cracked Ice. [16] Grover Jones was also reported to have contributed to the first draft by Ruby and Kalmar. Grover Jones ( 15 November, 1893 &ndash 24 September, 1940) was an American screenwriter and Film director. [17] In The Marx Brothers Encyclopedia, Glenn Mitchell says that "the first script's content is difficult to determine". [18]

On January 18, 1933, Harry Ruby, Bert Kalmar and Grover Jones submitted to Paramount their "Second Temporary Script" for Cracked Ice,[16] and Paramount announced that shooting would commence on February 15. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor This script shows that the basic story of what would become Duck Soup had been fixed. In February, Paramount announced that the title had been changed to Grasshoppers[7] ("because animal stories are so popular"), and that filming was set back to February 20. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment

Leo McCarey, director of Duck Soup
Leo McCarey, director of Duck Soup

However, on May 11, 1933, the Marx Brothers' father Sam "Frenchie" Marx passed away in Los Angeles of a heart attack,[2] and shortly afterwards, the contract dispute with Paramount was settled. Thomas Leo McCarey ( October 3, 1898 - July 5, 1969) was an Academy Award -winning American Film director Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Samuel Marx, born Simon Marrix ( 1861 - May 10, 1933) was a Vaudeville performer husband of Minnie Marx, and father Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West [4] The New York Post reported on May 17 that the Brothers would make a new comedy for Paramount, called Duck Soup. The New York Post is the 13th-oldest Newspaper published in the United States and generally acknowledged as the oldest to have been published continually Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Leo McCarey was set for direction of the film. Thomas Leo McCarey ( October 3, 1898 - July 5, 1969) was an Academy Award -winning American Film director Three days later The New York Sun reported that Duck Soup would start filming in June. The Sun was a New York newspaper that was published from 1833 until 1950 Duck Soup's script was completed by July 11. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. [16] The script was a continuation of Ruby and Kalmar's Firecrackers/Cracked Ice drafts, but contained more elements. [17] Many of the film's clever gags and routines were lifted from Flywheel, Shyster, and Flywheel,[2] giving Perrin and Sheekman an "additional dialogue" credit.

Director McCarey reportedly came up with the title for the film, having previously used it for an earlier directorial effort with Laurel and Hardy. For other meanings see Duck Soup (disambiguation. Duck Soup was a short Silent film made by Hal Roach Studios in Laurel and Hardy were the popular American -based comedy team of thin British-born Stan Laurel (1890-1965 and heavy American-born Oliver Hardy (1892-1957 [7] This continued the "animal" titles of the Brothers' previous three films, Animal Crackers, Monkey Business and Horse Feathers. Animal Crackers is a 1930 Comedy film, in which mayhem and zaniness ensue when a valuable painting goes missing during a party in honor of famed African explorer Captain Monkey Business ( is the third of the Marx Brothers ' movies and the first not to be an adaptation of one of their Broadway shows Horse Feathers ( 1932) was the fourth Marx Brothers Film. It stars the four Marx Brothers Groucho, Chico, Harpo [17] "Duck soup" is an American English slang phrase meaning something easy to do. Slang is the use of highly informal Words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's Dialect or Language. [19] When Groucho was asked for an explanation, he quipped, "Take two turkeys, one goose, four cabbages, but no duck, and mix them together. After one taste, you'll duck soup for the rest of your life. "[7]

McCarey also thought up "the very Laurel & Hardy-like sequence in which Harpo and Chico stage a break-in at Mrs Teasdale's house. "[17] Another McCarey contribution was the now-classic "mirror scene",[2] a revival of an old vaudeville act,[7] which had previously been used in Charlie Chaplin's 1916 silent film The Floorwalker[7] and Max Linder's 1921 short Seven Years Bad Luck. Vaudeville was a Genre of variety entertainment prevalent on the stage in the United States and Canada, from the early 1880s The Floorwalker was Charlie Chaplin's first Mutual Film Corporation film made in 1916. Max Linder ( December 16, 1883 &ndash October 31, 1925) was an influential French pioneer of Silent film. [11][2]

Soundtrack

Breaking with their usual pattern, neither Harpo's harp nor Chico's piano is used in the film, although Harpo briefly pretends to play harp on the strings of a piano, strumming chords in accompaniment to a music box that is playing the unlikely chime tune, "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?" from rival studio Disney's Three Little Pigs, released the same year as Duck Soup. The harp is a Stringed instrument which has the plane of its strings positioned perpendicular to the soundboard. The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers " Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf " is a popular song written by Frank Churchill with additional lyrics by Ann Ronell, which originally featured in the Three Little Pigs is an animated Short film released on May 27, 1933 by United Artists, produced by Walt Disney

The musical introduction to Groucho's character is similar to the ones in Animal Crackers and Horse Feathers but it did not become closely associated with him as did "Hooray for Captain Spaulding" from Animal Crackers. "Hooray for Captain Spaulding" is a song originally from the 1928 Marx Brothers stage musical Animal Crackers and the 1930 film version

Zeppo, as usual, plays, according to James Agee, "a peerlessly cheesy improvement on the traditional straight man",[20] in his final on-screen appearance with the Brothers. James Rufus Agee (November 27 1909 &ndash May 16 1955 was an American Novelist, Journalist, Poet He sings with the group (including soloing the first few lines of the first song, When the Clock on the Wall Strikes 10). He also sings with the others in Freedonia's Going to War, filling out the four-cornered symmetry as the Brothers sing and dance in pairs during the number. [8]

Original songs by Kalmar and Ruby

The "Freedonia National Anthem" is used frequently throughout the film, both as vocal and instrumental; the entire song seems to consist of "Hail, Hail, Freedonia, land of the brave and free", contrasting with the final line of The Star-Spangled Banner. " The Star-Spangled Banner " is the National anthem of the United States of America The "Sylvania theme", which sounds vaguely like "Rule Britannia", is also used several times. Rule Britannia! is a British Patriotic song, originating from the Poem "Rule Britannia" by James Thomson and set to music "When The Clock On The Wall Strikes 10", the first musical number in the film, is part of the same scene as "Just Wait 'Til I Get Through With It"[7], Groucho's song over the laws of his administration. "This Country's Going To War"[21] is the final musical ensemble in the film, and is also the only musical number in the Marx Brothers' films to feature all four of the Brothers.

The introductory scene, showing ducks swimming in a kettle and quacking merrily, is scored with an instrumental medley of the aforementioned songs, and is also the only scene in the film that has anything remotely to do with ducks.

Non-original music

Reception

Groucho in one of the many costumes he wore in the war sequence of Duck Soup.
Groucho in one of the many costumes he wore in the war sequence of Duck Soup. The twin Op. 40 Polonaises of the Polonaise in A major Op 40 No The term hornpipe refers to any of several dance forms played and danced in Britain and elsewhere from the late 17th century until the present day " Dixie " also known as " I Wish I Was in Dixie " " Dixie's Land " and other titles is a popular American song. Three Little Pigs is an animated Short film released on May 27, 1933 by United Artists, produced by Walt Disney " Stars and Stripes Forever " is a patriotic American march widely considered to be the Magnum opus of composer John Philip Sousa. John Philip Sousa ( November 6, 1854 &ndash March 6, 1932) was an American Composer and conductor of the late Frank W Meacham (born c 1850, Buffalo New York &ndash 1896, New York City) was an American composer and arranger of Tin Pan The xylophone (from the Greek words ξύλον - xylon, "wood" + φωνή - phone, "voice" meaning "wooden " Turkey in the Straw " is a well known American Folk song dating from the early 19th century Leichte Kavallerie ( Light Cavalry) is an Operetta in three acts by Franz von Suppé, with a Libretto by Hans Bodenstedt Franz von Suppé (Francesco Suppé Demelli (April 18 1819 &ndash) was a Composer and conductor of the Romantic period notable for his four dozen Paul Revere (bap December 22, 1734 ( OS) / January 1 1735 (NS &ndash May 10, 1818) was an American Silversmith " Ain't She Sweet " is a song composed by Milton Ager and Jack Yellen in 1927 Milton Ager ( October 6 1893 – May 6 1979) was an American Pianist and Composer. Jack Selig Yellen (Jacek Jeleń ( July 6, 1892 - April 17, 1991) was a Polish - American Lyricist and Screenwriter Ray Noble ( December 17, 1903 &ndash April 3, 1978) was a British Bandleader, Composer, arranger and Actor The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on "Charge" is a short Fanfare frequently played at sporting events Oscar Nathan Straus (6 March 1870 – 11 January 1954 was a Viennese composer of Operettas and film scores and songs The Old Gray Mare is an old folk song typically regarded as a "kiddy" song

Popular belief holds that Duck Soup was a box office failure, but this is not true. Although it did not do as well as Horse Feathers, it was the sixth-highest grossing film of 1933, according to Glenn Mitchell in The Marx Brothers Encyclopedia and Simon Louvish in Monkey Business, his biography of the Marx Brothers. Glenn Mitchell ( September 28, 1950 &ndash November 20, 2005) was a Dallas Texas Radio personality Simon Louvish (born 1947 in Scotland is an Israeli author and film maker [18][2][5]

One possible reason for the film's lukewarm reception is that it was released during the Great Depression. Audiences were taken aback by such preposterous political disregard, buffoonery, and cynicism at a time of economic and political crisis. [7][5] Film scholar Leonard Maltin had this to say in his book The Great Movie Comedians:

As wonderful as [Monkey Business, Horse Feathers, and Duck Soup] seem today, some critics and moviegoers found them unpleasant and longed for the more orderly world of The Cocoanuts with its musical banalities. Leonard Maltin (born December 18, 1950) is an American Film critic and Film Historian. Monkey Business ( is the third of the Marx Brothers ' movies and the first not to be an adaptation of one of their Broadway shows Horse Feathers ( 1932) was the fourth Marx Brothers Film. It stars the four Marx Brothers Groucho, Chico, Harpo The Cocoanuts ( 1929) was the first feature-length Marx Brothers film produced by Paramount Pictures. [. . . ] Many right-thinkers laughed themselves silly in 1933—but a large number didn't. [. . . ] The unrelieved assault of Marxian comedy was simply too much for some people. [22]

Years later, Groucho's son Arthur Marx described Irving Thalberg's assessment of the film's failure during a National Public Radio interview:

[Thalberg] said the trouble with Duck Soup is you've got funny gags in it, but there's no story and there's nothing to root for. Arthur Marx (born July 21, 1921, New York New York) is an author a former ranked amateur Tennis player, and son of entertainer Groucho Irving Grant Thalberg ( May 30, 1899 – September 14, 1936) was an Academy Award -winning American Film producer You can't root for the Marx Brothers because they're a bunch of zany kooks. [Thalberg] says, "You gotta put a love story in your movie so there'll be something to root for, and you have to help the lovers get together. "[23]

Most critics at the time disliked it because of its "dated" look at politics. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions [2][7][8] Some modern critics are also unimpressed. Christopher Null believes, "the send-up of Mussolini-types doesn't quite pan out. Take the comedy, leave the story. "[24] Along similar lines, film historian David Nusair claims:

"[T]he film suffers from the same problem that seems to plague all of the brothers' films: ie the majority of this just isn't funny. [. . . ] The conclusion, which is action-packed and mind-numbing, does the movie absolutely no favors, and it's extraordinarily difficult to understand why this is generally regarded as some kind of a comedy classic. "[25]

Even Groucho himself did not initially think of the film too highly. When asked the significance of the film's politics, Groucho only shrugged and said: "What significance? We were just four Jews trying to get a laugh. "[5][26] Nevertheless, the Brothers were ecstatic when Benito Mussolini took the film as a personal insult and banned it in Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest [7][27] Also, the residents of Fredonia, New York protested because they feared that the similar-sounding nation would hurt their city's reputation. Fredonia is a Village in Chautauqua County, New York, United States. The Marx Brothers took the opposite approach, telling them to change the name of their town to keep from hurting their movie. [28][29]

Despite the tepid critical response at the time, Duck Soup is now seen as a classic political farce. A farce is a Comedy written for the stage or film which aims to Entertain the audience by means of unlikely extravagant and improbable situations disguise and mistaken [5] Film critic Danel Griffin believes that Duck Soup is "on par with other war comedies like Chaplin's The Great Dictator and Kubrick's Dr. Strangelove, only slightly more unnerving in that Duck Soup doesn't seem to realize it is anything more than innocent fluff. The University of Alaska Southeast ( UAS) is a regional university in the University of Alaska System. The Great Dictator is a Comedy film directed by and starring Charlie Chaplin. "[8]

Revived interest in the film (and other 1930s comedies in general) during the 1960s was seen as dovetailing with the rebellious side of American culture in that decade. [5] American literary critic Harold Bloom considers the end of Duck Soup one of the greatest works of American art produced in the 20th century. Harold Bloom' (born July 11, 1930) is a Literary critic. Bloom defended 19th-century Romantic poets at a time when their reputations [30]

The film was #85 on American Film Institute's 100 Years, 100 Movies and #5 on its 100 Years, 100 Laughs,[7] and in 1990 was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. The American Film Institute ( AFI) is an independent Non-profit organization created by the National Endowment for the Arts, which was established in 1967 The first of the AFI 100 Years series of cinematic milestones AFI's 100 Years Part of the AFI 100 Years series, AFI's 100 Years 100 Laughs is a list of the top 100 comedy movies in American cinema The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The National Film Registry is the registry of Films selected by the United States National Film Preservation Board for preservation in the Library of [9] In 2000, readers of Total Film magazine voted Duck Soup the 29th greatest comedy film of all time. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Total Film, published by Future Publishing, is the United Kingdom 's second best-selling Film Magazine. [5] The film also scores a 94% "fresh" rating at Rotten Tomatoes. Rotten Tomatoes is a Website devoted to reviews information and news of Movies. [31] It is also one of the earliest films to appear on Roger Ebert's list of Great Movies. Roger Joseph Ebert (iːbɝt born June 18, 1942) is an American film critic and Screenwriter. [32]

Influence

The fact that the United States Library of Congress has declared Duck Soup "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" is one indication of the film's influence. The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress [9]

Among the films that Duck Soup has inspired are Woody Allen's Bananas. Bananas is a 1971 Comedy film written by Mickey Rose and Woody Allen, Directed by Allen and starring him and

Availability

Universal Home Video released Duck Soup on DVD, unrestored but uncut, as part of a six-disc box set The Marx Brothers: Silver Screen Collection, which includes also the Brothers' other Paramount films, The Cocoanuts, Animal Crackers, Monkey Business, and Horse Feathers. Universal Studios Home Entertainment (formerly Universal Studios Home Video or MCA/Universal Home Video) is a Home video company founded in 1980 The Cocoanuts ( 1929) was the first feature-length Marx Brothers film produced by Paramount Pictures. Animal Crackers is a 1930 Comedy film, in which mayhem and zaniness ensue when a valuable painting goes missing during a party in honor of famed African explorer Captain Monkey Business ( is the third of the Marx Brothers ' movies and the first not to be an adaptation of one of their Broadway shows Horse Feathers ( 1932) was the fourth Marx Brothers Film. It stars the four Marx Brothers Groucho, Chico, Harpo Reviewing the set, film critic Mark Bourne writes:

shortly before this DVD set hit the streets, a pre-release report by nationally syndicated entertainment columnist Marilyn Beck stated that "racially-offensive material" would be edited from this edition of Duck Soup. Film review redirects here for the similar sounding Film revue please visit Revue#Film revues. Specifically, material "that has been deplored and debated in the 'We're Going to War' production number. " Beck didn't say what the exact cut was, or who's doing all that deploring and debating, though presumably she meant the "All God's Chillun Got Guns" section. The possibility of new contextually obtuse editing is bad enough. What made her column even more galling was the satisfied tone in her statement that such a "well-made edit makes the film a pure zany joy without an ugly blot in it to spoil the fun. "It's a pleasure to report that Marilyn Beck is full of it. No such edits exist in this edition. Another potentially sensitive moment in the film — Groucho's punchline, "and that's why darkies were born," a dated reference to a popular song from the '30s — is also still intact. [5]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Zeppo retired from acting altogether after Duck Soup, becoming an agent. This is a list of United States Comedy films. It is separated into two categories Short films and Feature films Any film over 40 minutes See Louvish.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Louvish
  3. ^ Duck Soup at the Internet Movie Database
  4. ^ a b c Notes for Duck Soup - TCM.com
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bourne, Mark (2004). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Review: "The Marx Brothers: Silver Screen Collection". The DVD Journal. Retrieved on 2008-02-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable
  6. ^ One result of the relative lack of success of Duck Soup was that when the Brothers moved to MGM and A Night at the Opera was in preparation, studio head Irving Thalberg insisted that they return to their previous practice of trying out their new material in front of live audiences on the vaudeville circuit. A Night at the Opera is a 1935 Comedy film starring Groucho Marx, Chico Marx, Harpo Marx, Kitty Carlisle, Irving Grant Thalberg ( May 30, 1899 – September 14, 1936) was an Academy Award -winning American Film producer
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Dirks, Tim. Duck Soup review. filmsite. org. Retrieved on 2007-12-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
  8. ^ a b c d e f Griffin, Danel. Duck Soup review. "Film as Art". University of Alaska Southeast. The University of Alaska Southeast ( UAS) is a regional university in the University of Alaska System. Retrieved on 2007-12-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
  9. ^ a b c List of National Film Registry (1988-2003).
  10. ^ I Love Lucy: "Lucy and Harpo Marx" at the Internet Movie Database.
  11. ^ a b James Steffen "Seven Years Bad Luck" (TCM article)
  12. ^ Doherty, p. 194
  13. ^ Transcript of Duck Soup
  14. ^ Canemaker, John. John Canemaker (born 1943 is an Academy Award -winning independent animator animation historian author teacher and lecturer The Boys from Termite Terrace. Warner Bros Cartoons Inc was the Animation division of Warner Bros A Camera Three Documentary, 1975. Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt in one fashion or another to " Document " reality Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Warner Bros. cartoon director Chuck Jones admitted during this interview that he and his associates "borrowed" Bugs Bunny's phrase, "Of course you know, this means war!", from Groucho Marx. Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and The word cartoon has various meanings based on several very different forms of Visual art and Illustration. An animation director is the director in charge of all aspects of the animation process during the production of an animated film or animated segment for a live-action film Charles Martin "Chuck" Jones ( September 21, 1912 &ndash February 22, 2002) was an American Animator, Clyde Rabbit (uncleMrs Bugs Bunny (wifePapa Bunny (fatherMama Bunny (motherRugs Bunny Jones, a fan of the Marx Brothers, laughed, "We would steal from almost any source!"
  15. ^ Harpo often doffed his hat on-screen, but Chico very rarely removed his Tyrolean hat. The Tyrolean hat, named after the region of Tyrol, is associated with the Austrian Alps. For a few seconds on-screen, Chico's head is uncovered, revealing a wavy wig. Chico had already started going bald when the brothers appeared in their first Broadway production, I'll Say She Is, in 1924. I'll Say She Is is a stage Revue written by brothers Will B Johnstone (book and Tom Johnstone (music and starring the Marx Brothers Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. All of the Brothers' natural receding-hairline patterns were similar, but Harpo and Chico covered theirs with wigs.
  16. ^ a b c d e The different scripts for Duck Soup – Marxology.com
  17. ^ a b c d e f g "The Making of Duck Soup" - Marxology.com
  18. ^ a b Mitchell, Glenn (1996). Glenn Mitchell ( September 28, 1950 &ndash November 20, 2005) was a Dallas Texas Radio personality Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) The Mark Brothers Encyclopedia. London, England: BT. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Batsford Ltd.  
  19. ^ "Duck soup" at the Wiktionary.
  20. ^ Adamson, Joe (1973). Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Groucho, Harpo, Chico and Sometimes Zeppo: A Celebration of the Marx Brothers. New York: Simon and Schuster. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous
  21. ^ TCM Music
  22. ^ Maltin, pp. 135-136
  23. ^ "Present at the Creation" - A National Public Radio story about the failure of Duck Soup and the success of the film that followed
  24. ^ Null, Christopher. Review of Duck Soup. filmcritic. com. Retrieved on 2007-12-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
  25. ^ Nusair, David. "Five Marx Brothers Comedies". reelfilmreviews. com. Retrieved on 2007-12-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
  26. ^ Danel Griffin elaborates on this quote from Groucho at his website:

    I've always been on the fence about this one. In my write-up, of course, I argue that even if the Marxes didn't intend any deeper significance, one still exists that its longevity has created. And of course, it's impossible to tell when Groucho is being sarcastic and when he isn't. But that he communicated with T. S. Eliot, Antonin Artaud, Dalí, etc. Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26 1888 – January 4 1965 was a poet Dramatist, and Literary critic. Antoine Marie Joseph Artaud, better known as Antonin Artaud ( September 4, 1896, in Marseille – March 4, 1948 in Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist , all who praised the Brothers' work, means that he was at least aware of the various readings of the film, and he engaged them on some level. I suspect that his outspoken opinion of Duck Soup simply changed over time. While the Brothers were still active, they were infamously embarrassed by the Paramount films—hard to believe it, but there was a time when the Thalberg collaborations were actually considered better. Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture production and Distribution company, based in Hollywood California. Perhaps the 'four Jews trying to get a laugh' comment was a dismissive one he made towards that era in general. Towards the end of his lifetime, critics reexamined the Paramounts and embraced them, and perhaps this gave Groucho incentive to finally admit that the film indeed was an intentional, biting satire. But who knows? Part of the charm of the Marx Brothers is that it’s impossible to know where they’re channeling.

  27. ^ Kanfer
  28. ^ The New Pictures. Time Magazine. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Time Inc. (1933-11-20). Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Retrieved on 2007-12-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
  29. ^ Groucho would later use a similar idea in his letters to Warner Brothers defending the title of A Night in Casablanca. Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and A Night in Casablanca ( 1946) was the twelfth Marx Brothers ' movie. Read the Night in Casablanca controversy and myth. snopes.com
  30. ^ "Twentieth-Century American Sublime" - Bloom’s introduction to Modern Critical Interpretations: Thomas Pynchon (1987).
  31. ^ Duck Soup. Rotten Tomatoes. Rotten Tomatoes is a Website devoted to reviews information and news of Movies. Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
  32. ^ Ebert, Roger (July 9, 2000). Roger Joseph Ebert (iːbɝt born June 18, 1942) is an American film critic and Screenwriter. Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Review of Duck Soup. Chicago Sun-Times. The Chicago Sun-Times is an American daily Newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. Rogerebert. com. Retrieved on 2007-12-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St

References

External links


Turner Classic Movies ( TCM) is a cable television channel featuring commercial -free classic movies mostly from the Turner Entertainment and Warner Rotten Tomatoes is a Website devoted to reviews information and news of Movies. Allmovie (previously All Movie Guide) is a commercial database of information about Movie stars movies and television shows. Filmsiteorg is a Website operated by Tim Dirks since 1996. It contains about 300 in-depth reviews of what Dirks judges to be the "greatest films" The University of Illinois at Chicago, or UIC, is a state-funded public research university located in Chicago.
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