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Arms of Westphalia.
Arms of Westphalia.

The Duchy of Westphalia was a historic territory in the greater region of Westphalia, located in the east of modern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Westphalia (Westfalen) is a region in Germany, centred on the cities of Bielefeld, Bochum, Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, Münster North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen usually shortened to NRW, official short form NW is the westernmost and - in terms of population and economic output - the Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Originally, Westphalia formed with Angria and Eastphalia one of the three main regions of Saxony. For the sunken atoll in India see Angria Bank. Angria is also the name of a Paracosm (fictional world created and written about by English novelist Eastphalia (Ostfalen Eastphalian: Oostfalen) is a historical region in northern Germany, encompassing eastern Lower Saxony and western The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany.

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Creation of the Duchy of Westphalia (1102-1180)

Frederick I, the Archbishop of Cologne, had acquired half of the County of Arnsberg in 1102. The Electorate of Cologne (Kurfürstentum Köln or Kurköln) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire and existed from the 10th to the early 19th The other counties of the region could not resist the encroachment of the Archbishopric, and soon after the counties of Werl, Reuthen and Volmarstein followed. Werl is a town located in the district of Soest in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The former count of Arnsberg created a new County known as Werl-Arnsberg, and successfully kept it independent of the Archbishops. When Henry the Lion of Saxony was defeated in 1180, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa promoted Philip I of Heinsberg, and officially gave to him these territories and the south of the former Duchy of Saxony as the Duchy of Westphalia. Henry the Lion ( German: Heinrich der Löwe; 1129 &ndash 6 August 1195) was a member of the Guelph dynasty and Duke of Saxony The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned

Expansion of the Duchy (1180-1445)

The Archbishop of Cologne, Engelbert of Berg began a campaign to force the nobility in Westphalia into submission and to extract from them the stewardship of the various scattered church lands. Count Engelbert II of Berg, also known as Saint Engelbert, Engelbert of Cologne, Engelbert I Archbishop of Cologne or Engelbert I of Berg Archbishop Engelbert managed to connect the lands of the Duchy by annexing the territory from Hellweg to Diemel, and secured the south of the Sauerland at Attendorn in 1222. the Middle Ages the Hellweg was an ancient east-west route through Germany, from the Rhine east to the mountains of the Teutoburger Wald, reaching The Diemel is a River in Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, left tributary of the Weser. The Sauerland is a rural hilly area spreading across most of the south-eastern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, in parts heavily Forested and apart from the major Attendorn is a German town in the Olpe district in North Rhine-Westphalia. Further controversy of its expansion eventually leads to Engelbert's death at the hands of Frederick I of Isenberg in 1225. Count Frederick of Isenberg (Friedrich von Isenberg (1193 &ndash 15 November 1226 was a German noble the younger son of Count Arnold of Altena In 1260 by an agreement with the Dukes of Brunswick the Weser River became the official border of their spheres of influence. Brunswick-Lüneburg (Braunschweig-Lüneburg also Brunswick-Lunenburg was a historical ducal state during the period from the Late Middle Ages through the The Weser (ˈveːzɐ is a River in north-western Germany. Formed at Hann In 1277 the Archbishops managed to defeat a large confederation of Westphalian and Lower Rhenish opponents, but further action in 1288 forced the Archbishops to abandon intentions on much of the greater territory of Westphalia. The annexation of Werl-Arnsberg in 1368 united the territories of the north and south of the Sauerland.

The Archbishop Frederick von Saarwerden began a hopeless campaign to maintain Colognian rights in Marck, and in 1392 was forced to abandon them. Marck may refer to Erard de la Marck, prince-bishop of Liège John T His successor, Dietrich II of Moers witnessed the last attempts by Cologne to gain rulership in Westphalia by attempting to break the powerful positions of Cleves and Marck. Cleves redirects here for the Duchy of Cleves and the conjoined states of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, see those articles Marck may refer to Erard de la Marck, prince-bishop of Liège John T The financial burden placed upon the knights and cities of the Duchy of Westphalia led them into union in 1437. Cologne made peace with Cleves in 1441: this led Soest, the richest town of the duchy, to refuse recognising Colognian supremacy in 1444 in the Soester Feud, that lasted until 1449. Soest ( pronounced) is a City in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Soest had become a part of the Duchy of Cleves. The Duchy of Cleves (Herzogtum Kleve was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in present Germany (part of North Rhine-Westphalia) and the Netherlands Thereafter the town of Arnsberg became the administrative capital of the duchy. Arnsberg is a town in the Hochsauerland district in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Economically the loss of Soest had weakened the duchy. Especially as the surroundings of the town were very fertile and the grain was needed for the mountainous regions in the South. Peace with Marck was made in 1445 which witnessed territorial concessions from both sides.

Westphalia until the end of the Empire (1445-1806)

After the Soester Feud, the city of Soest remained part of the Duchy of Cleves. Starting from 1463, the league of knights and cities in Westphalia began a long and bitter struggle against the Archbishops. During the reign of Archbishop Herman V of Wied (1515-1546), the Reformation arrived in Westphalia. Hermann of Wied ( January 14, 1477 - August 15, 1552) was elector and Archbishop of Cologne. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Eventually the Reformation was suppressed, but during the reign of Archbishop Gebhard II of Truchsess Waldburg (1577-1583) the Reformation returned and he was forced to attend to Westphalia in 1582 where several knights and cities had adopted the new doctrine. Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg ( November 10, 1547 – May 31, 1601) was the elector and Archbishop of Cologne. The newly elected Archbishop Ernest of Bavaria (1583-1612) and his brother Ferdinand of Bavaria managed to regain the Duchy for the Archbishopric at the beginning of the Cologne War in 1583, and Protestantism survived only on the border region of Waldeck and Hesse. Ernest of Bavaria ( December 17 1554 - February 17 1612) was Prince-elector Archbishop of the Archbishopric of Cologne Ferdinand of Bavaria ( October 6 1577 - September 13 1650) was Prince-elector Archbishop of the Archbishopric of Cologne Hesse (Hessen is a state of Germany with an area The Duchy of Westphalia was again confirmed the hereditary territory of the Archbishops in 1590.

Like most other territories of Germany, Westphalia suffered during the Thirty Years' War. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. In 1794 the Archbishops relocated to Westphalia after the French had annexed the territories west of the Rhine River. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge In the secularisation of 1803 the Duchy of Westphalia became part of Hesse-Darmstadt. The German Mediatisation was the series of mediatisations and secularisations that occurred in Germany in 1795 &ndash 1814, during The Grand Duchy of Hesse (Großherzogtum Hessen was a former state that existed in modern-day Germany.

The Duchy after the Empire (1806-1815)

In 1807 the newly created Kingdom of Westphalia was created although it did not include the Duchy and had its' capital in Hesse at Cassel. The Kingdom of Westphalia was a historical state that existed from 1807 - 1813 in parts of present-day Germany. The Congress of Vienna awarded the Duchy of Westphalia to Prussia in exchange for important lands west of the Rhine, and the Duchy was incorporated into the Province of Westphalia in 1815. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state The Province of Westphalia (Provinz Westfalen was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia from 1815-1946

See also

Sources

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