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The Duchy of Livonia (Latin: Ducatus Ultradunensis; Latvian: Pārdaugavas hercogiste) was a territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania — and later the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth — that existed from 1561 to 1621. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Latvian language (latviešu valoda is the official state language of Latvia. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic
Livonia had been part of the Grand Duchy from 1561, since the Livonian Brothers of the Sword were secularized in Union of Wilno and the Livonian Confederation dissolved in the Livonian Wars. Livonia (Līvõmō Latvian and Livonija Estonian: Liivimaa; Finnish: Liivinmaa; German and Swedish: Livland Bishop Albert of Riga founded the Military order of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword (Fratres militiæ Christi Livoniae Schwertbrüderorden in 1202 Secularization or secularisation generally refers to the process of transformation by which a Society migrates from close identification with religious institutions Union of Vilnius/Wilno redirects here For the 1499 treaty see Union of Kraków and Vilna. The Livonian Confederation was established in 1418 covering the territories of present day Estonia and Latvia. The Livonian War of 1558–1582 was a lengthy military conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and variable coalition of Denmark–Norway, Grand Duchy of Part of Livonia, formed the Duchy of Courland and Semigalia, while the south-west part of today's Estonia and north-east part of today's Latvia, covering what is now Vidzeme and Latgale, were ceded to Lithuania. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (Ducatus Curlandiæ et Semigalliæ Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii,Herzogtum Kurland und Semgallen Kurzemes un Zemgales hercogiste is the name of Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Vidzeme is one of the cultural and historical Regions of Latvia. Latgale or Latgalia (Latgale Latgale language: Latgolā) is one of the four cultural regions of Latvia recognised in the Constitution Gotthard Kettler was the first ruler of the territory. Gotthard von Kettler (also Ketteler; 1517 &ndash 17 May 1587) was the last Master of the Livonian Order and the first Duke of Courland
In 1566, it was declared as the Duchy of Livonia according to the Treaty of Union between the landowners of Livonia and authorities of Lithuania; Jan Hieronimowicz Chodkiewicz became the first Governor of the Duchy (1566–78). Biography He was one of the most famous Lithuanian magnates of the 16th century It was a province of Grand Duchy of Lithuania until 1569. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje After the Union of Lublin in 1569, it became a joint domain of the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy. The Union of Lublin (Liublino unija Belarusian: Лю́блінская ву́нія Polish: Unia In International law, a condominium (plural either condominia, as in Latin or condominiums is a political territory (state or border area in or over which two or
Part of the Duchy was conquered by Swedes during the Polish–Swedish Wars, and their gains were recognized in the Treaty of Altmark in 1629. Sweden was between 1611 and 1718 one of the Great powers of Europe The six-year Truce of Altmark (or Treaty of Stary Targ) was signed on September 25 or 26 1629 at the Altmarkt ( Stary Targ) near Danzig The Commonwealth retained eastern parts of the Duchy, known as Inflanty, till the first Partition of Poland in 1772, when it was annexed by Catherine the Great's Russian Empire. The First Partition of Poland or First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in 1772 as the first of three partitions that ended the existence Year 1772 ( MDCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Catherine II, called Catherine the Great (Екатерина II Великая Yekaterina II Velikaya;) reigned as Empress of Russia for 34 years The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya the title "Grand Duke of Livonia" was used by later Russian Tsars. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation.
Administrative divisions
- Dorpat Voivodeship (województwo dorpackie, Dorpat) from 1598 to the 1620s
- Parnawa Voivodeship (województwo parnawskie, Parnawa) from 1598 to the 1620s
- Wenden Voivodeship (województwo wendeńskie, Wenden) from 1598 to the 1620s
- Livonian Voivodeship (województwo inflanckie, Dyneburg) from the 1620s
External links
The Dorpat Voivodeship (Województwo dorpackie or województwo derpskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Duchy of Livonia, Tartu is the second largest City of Estonia. In contrast to Estonia's political and financial capital Tallinn, Tartu is often considered the intellectual The Parnawa Voivodeship (Województwo parnawskie was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Duchy of Livonia, part of the Polish-Lithuanian Pärnu (Pernau Пярну formerly Пернов Parnawa is a City in southwestern Estonia on the coast of Pärnu Bay an inlet of the Gulf of Riga Wenden Voivodeship (Województwo wendeńskie was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Duchy of Livonia, part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Cēsis ( is a Town in Latvia located in the northern part of the Vidzeme central upland Daugavpils (daugavpils) is the second largest City in Latvia.Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic