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Dubrovnik
The walled city of Dubrovnik
The walled city of Dubrovnik
Coat of arms of Dubrovnik
Coat of arms
Nickname: Pearl of the Adriatic
1995 map of Dubrovnik
1995 map of Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik (Croatia)
Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik
The location of Dubrovnik within Croatia
Coordinates: 42°38′25″N 18°06′30″E / 42.64028, 18.10833
Country Croatia
County Dubrovnik-Neretva county
Government
 - Mayor Dubravka Šuica (HDZ)
Area
 - Total 21. A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Dubrovnik-Neretva county - Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija is the southernmost Croatian and Dalmatian county Dubravka Šuica is the mayor of Dubrovnik, Croatia. She is currently serving her second term and is the first female mayor in Dubrovnik's history The Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica HDZ is the main Center-right Political party in Croatia. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 35 km² (8. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 2 sq mi)
Population (2001)
 - Total 43,770
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 - Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 20000
Area code(s) 020
Licence plate DU
Stradun, Dubrovnik's main street
Stradun, Dubrovnik's main street
Rooftops in Dubrovnik's Old City, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Rooftops in Dubrovnik's Old City, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time Daylight saving time ( DST Central European Summer Time ( CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks The standard License plates in Croatia consist of a two-letter city code which is separated by Coat of Arms of Croatia from three or four numbers and one or two United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex
Dubrovnik bridge of Franjo Tuđman and the Port of Gruž
Dubrovnik bridge of Franjo Tuđman and the Port of Gruž
Onofrio's Fountain
Onofrio's Fountain
Rector's Palace
Rector's Palace
Forteresse de Dubrovnik
Forteresse de Dubrovnik
For the Yugoslav destroyer, see Dubrovnik (ship). Franjo Tuđman ( May 14, 1922 - December 10, 1999. Tuđman was elected to the position of President of Croatia by the Parliament Onuphrius ( Greek: Ονούφριος from Egyptian: Wnn-nfr meaning "he-who-is-continuingly-good" venerated as Saint Onuphrius Design The ship was built by Yarrow Shipbuilders in Glasgow and was the largest destroyer yet built For the meteorite of 1951, see meteorite falls. Meteorite falls are those Meteorites that were witnessed by people or automated devices as they moved through the atmosphere or hit the Earth and were subsequently collected

Dubrovnik (IPA: [ˈdǔ.bro̞ːʋ.nik], Dalmatian and Italian Ragusa (official name until 1909), Latin Ragusium, also Rhausium, Rhaugia) is a historic city on the Adriatic Sea coast in the extreme south of Croatia, positioned at the terminal end of the Isthmus of Dubrovnik. Dalmatian is an extinct Romance language formerly spoken in the Dalmatia region of Croatia, and as far south as Kotor in Montenegro Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between The Isthmus of Dubrovnik is the narrow rocky Landbridge connecting Mainland Croatia to the important Seaport and medieval power of It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations on the Adriatic, a seaport and the centre of Dubrovnik-Neretva county. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo Dubrovnik-Neretva county - Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija is the southernmost Croatian and Dalmatian county Its population was 43,770 in 2001[1] down from 49,728 in 1991. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. [2] In the 2001 census, 88. 39% of its citizens declared themselves as Croats. Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries

Since 1979, the historic centre of Dubrovnik has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex

The prosperity of the city of Dubrovnik has always been based on maritime trade. In the Middle Ages, as the Republic of Ragusa, it became the only eastern Adriatic city-state to rival Venice. The Republic of A city-state is a Region controlled exclusively by a City, usually having Sovereignty. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Supported by its wealth and skilled diplomacy, the city achieved a remarkable level of development, particularly during the 15th and 16th centuries. Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states Ragusa was one of the centres of the development of primarily the Croatian language and literature, home to many notable poets, playwrights, painters, mathematicians, physicists and other scholars. Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Medieval period (ca 800 Višeslavs baptismal font (ca11th cent Kartular of Supetar (ca A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning Scholarly method &mdash or as it is more commonly called scholarship &mdash is the body of principles and practices used by scholars to make their claims about the world as

Contents

Name

In Croatian and all other Slavic languages, the city is known as Dubrovnik; in Dalmatian Romanic, Italian, Latin and formerly in English as Ragusa (earlier Ragusium, Rhausium, Rhaugia; Greek: Ραυγια, Raiyia or Ραγουσα, Ragousa). Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages Dalmatian is an extinct Romance language formerly spoken in the Dalmatia region of Croatia, and as far south as Kotor in Montenegro Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly However, today more and more Italian sources use name Dubrovnik instead of Ragusa. [1][2][3]

The Slavic toponym Dubrovnik comes from the name of a Slavic tribe, the Dubrons,. which had gained a foothold around the oak forest (dubrava meaning "oak forest") in the hills north of the walled city of Ragusa by the end of the 11th century.

Pressured by hostile tribes from the interior, the Dubrons asked the Republic to grant them refuge inside the walls and they obtained the right of asylum and the residence in a marginal quarter of the city. Among themselves, the refugees named the quarter after their native-born village: Dubrovnik.

The current name was officially adopted in 1909, when the city was under Austro-Hungarian rule.

History

From the foundation to the end of the Republic

Main article: Republic of Ragusa
Republic of Ragusa before 1808
Republic of Ragusa before 1808

Ragusa (Raugia) was founded in the 7th century on a rocky island named Laus, which provided shelter for Latin refugees from the nearby city of Epidaurus, today's Cavtat also Ragusavecchia. The Republic of Cavtat ( Italian: Ragusavecchia, Greek: Επιδαυρος Epidauros) is a town in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia Cavtat ( Italian: Ragusavecchia, Greek: Επιδαυρος Epidauros) is a town in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia Some time later a settlement of Slavic people grew at the foot of the forested Srđ hill. This settlement gives to the city its Slavic name "Dubrovnik".

The strip of wetland between Ragusa and Dubrava was reclaimed in the 12th century, unifying the city around the newly-made plaza (today Placa or Stradun). Land reclamation is either of two distinct practices One involves creating new land from sea- or riverbeds the other refers to restoring an area to a more natural state (such as after The plaza was paved in 1468 and reconstructed after the earthquake of 1667. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer The city was fortified and two harbours were built on each side of the isthmus. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for A harbor or harbour (see spelling differences) or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the Weather or are stored An isthmus is a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas

From its establishment in the 7th century, the town was under the protection of the Byzantine Empire. The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect After the Crusades, Ragusa/Dubrovnik came under the sovereignty of Venice (1205–1358), and by the Peace Treaty of Zadar in 1358, it became part of the Hungaro-Croatian reign. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the The Treaty of Zadar, also known as the Treaty of Zara, was a Peace treaty signed in Zadar, Dalmatia on Feb 18 1358 by which

Between the 14th century and 1808 Ragusa ruled itself as a free state. Free state is a term occasionally used in the official titles of some states The Republic had its peak in the 15th and 16th centuries, when its thalassocracy rivaled that of the Republic of Venice and other Italian maritime republics. The term thalassocracy (from the θάλασσα meaning sea and κρατείν meaning "to rule" giving θαλασσοκρατία "rule of the sea" The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica

The Republic of Ragusa received its own Statutes as early as 1272, statutes which, among other things, codified Roman practice and local customs. The Statutes included prescriptions for town planning and the regulation of quarantine (for hygienic reasons). The Republic was very inventive regarding laws and institutions that were developed very early:

The city was ruled by aristocracy that formed two city councils. Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug is the Health profession that links the Health sciences with the chemical sciences Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations As usual for the time, they maintained a strict system of social classes. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. The republic abolished the slave trade early in the 15th century and valued liberty highly. The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history The city successfully balanced its sovereignty between the interests of Venice and the Ottoman Empire for centuries. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish

The economic wealth of the Republic was partially the result of the land it developed, but especially of the seafaring trade it did. With the help of skilled diplomacy, Ragusa's merchants traveled lands freely, and on the sea the city had a huge fleet of merchant ships (argosy) that traveled all over the world. From these travels they founded some settlements, from India to America, and brought parts of their culture and vegetation home with them. One of the keys to success was not conquering, but trading and sailing under a white flag with the word freedom (Latin: Libertas) prominently featured on it. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. That flag was adopted when slave trading was abolished in 1418.

Many Conversos (Marranos) — Jews from Spain and Portugal — were attracted to the city. Marranos or Secret Jews were Sephardic Jews (Jews resident in the Iberian peninsula) who were forced to adopt Christianity or Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. In May, 1544, a ship landed there filled exclusively with Portuguese refugees, as Balthasar de Faria reported to King John. During this time there worked in the city one of the most famous cannon and bell founders of his time: Ivan Rabljanin (Magister Johannes Baptista Arbensis de la Tolle). Ivan Krstitelj Rabljanin (Johannes Baptista Arbensis de la Tolle (born 1470 died 1540 was a famous cannon and bell founder in bronze born in Rab, most of his works are in

The Republic gradually declined after a crisis of Mediterranean shipping — and especially a catastrophic earthquake in 1667 that killed over 5000 citizens, including the Rector, leveling most of the public buildings — ruined the well-being of the Republic. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer In 1699 the Republic sold two patches of its territory to the Ottomans in order to avoid terrestrial borderline, with advancing Venetian forces.

In 1806 the city surrendered to French forces, as that was the only way to cut a month's long siege by the Russian-Montenegrin fleets (during which 3000 cannonballs fell on the city). At first Napoleon demanded only free passage for his troops, promising not to occupy the territory and stressing that the French were friends of the Ragusans. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Later, however, French forces blockaded the harbours, forcing the government to give in and let French troops enter the city. On this day, all flags and coats of arms above the city walls were painted black as a sign of grief. In 1808, Marshal Marmont abolished the republic and integrated its territory into the Illyrian provinces. Year 1808 ( MDCCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont, 1st Duc de Ragusa ( 20 July 1774 &ndash 22 March 1852) was a French The Illyrian Provinces (Provinces illyriennes Ilirske province Ilirske pokrajne Province Illiriche were lands on the north and east coasts of the Adriatic Sea which were

Austrian rule

When the Habsburg Empire gained these provinces after the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the new imperial authorities installed a bureaucratic administration, which retained the essential framework of the Italian-speaking system. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. It introduced a series of modifications intended to centralize, albeit slowly, the bureaucratic, tax, religious, educational, and trade structures. Unfortunately for the local residents, these centralization strategies, which were intended to stimulate the economy, largely failed. And once the personal, political and economic trauma of the Napoleonic Wars had been overcome, new movements began to form in the region, calling for a political reorganization of the Adriatic along national lines.

The combination of these two forces—a flawed Habsburg administrative system and new national movements claiming ethnicity as the founding block towards a community—created a particularly perplexing problem; for Dalmatia was a province ruled by the German-speaking, centralizing Habsburg monarchy, with Italian-speaking elites that dominated a general population consisting of a Croatian, Catholic Slav majority and strong Serb Orthodox minority. Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor Though always an unreliable estimate, census takers in 1846 counted 16,000 Italians, 320,000 Croatians and 80,000 Serbs. The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia,

In 1815 the former Ragusan Government, i. e. its noble assembly, met for the last time in the ljetnikovac in Mokošica. Once again heavy efforts were undertaken to reestablish the Republic however this time it was all in vain. After fall of the Republic most of the aristocracy died out or emigrated overseas. Others were recognized by Austrian Empire.

In 1848, Croatian Assembly (Sabor) published People's Requests in which they requested among other things abolition of serfdom and the unification of Dalmatia with rest of Croatian lands (primarily with Austro-Hungarian Kingdom of Croatia). Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Dubrovnik municipality was the most outspoken of all Dalmatian communes in its support for unification with Croatia. A letter was sent to Zagreb with pledges to work on this idea. Zagreb (ˈzɑːgrɛb is the Capital and the largest city of Croatia. In 1849, Dubrovnik continued to lead Dalmatian cities in the struggle for unification. Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A large-scale campaign was launched in the local paper L'Avvenire (The Future) based on a clearly formulated programme: the federal system for Habsburg territories, inclusion of Dalmatia into united Croatia and Slavic brotherhood.

In the same year, first issue of the Dubrovnik almanac appeared, Flower of the National Literature (Dubrovnik, cvijet narodnog knjizevstva), in which Petar Preradović published his noted poem "To Dubrovnik". This and other literary and journalistic texts, which continued to be published, contributed to awakening of national consciousness reflected in efforts to introduce Croatian language into schools and offices, and to promote Croatian books. The Emperor Franz Joseph brought the so-called Imposed Constitution which prohibited unification of Dalmatia and Croatia and also any further political activity with this end in view. Franz Joseph I Karl (- German, in English Francis Joseph I Charles, see the name in other languages) (18 August 1830 &ndash 21 November The political struggle of Dubrovnik to be united with Croatia, which was intense throughout 1848 and 1849, did not succeed at that time. Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

In 1861 the Dalmatian Assembly met for the first time, with representatives from Ragusa. Representatives of Cattaro (now Kotor) came to join the struggle for unification with Croatia. Kotor ( Cyrillic script: Котор Acruvium Greek Askrèvion, Ασκρηβιον; Italian Cattaro is a coastal town in Montenegro The citizens of Ragusa gave them a festive welcome, flying Croatian flags from ramparts, and exhibiting slogan: Ragusa with Cattaro. The people of Cattaro elected a delegation to go to Vienna; Ragusa nominated Niko Pucić (National Party). Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Niko Pucić de Zagorien (also Nicolaus Pozza) ( February 9 1820 - March 13 1883) was a Croat politician from National Party or Nationalist Party may refer to Active parties Former parties Niko Pucić went to Vienna to demand not only the unification of Dalmatia with Croatia, but also the unification of all Croatian territories under one common Assembly.

Austrian rule and Austro-Hungarian rule which followed lasted for more than a century and were typified by the motto of the world powers of that time: Divide et impera (Divide and rule). Austrian policy of denationalizing the Dalmatian coasts and favoring the immigrant Italian minority left its mark in the political division of the population as best expressed in the political parties: the Croatian People's Party and the Autonomous Party (Conte Francesco Borelli (*1810 +1884) said: we are slavs for nationality but italian for culture (the dalmatian were born to the sea (adriatic sea). The Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats (Hrvatska narodna stranka – Liberalni Demokrati HNS is a liberal party in Croatia. . . . the autonomist want a multicultural region, with respect for the ancient italian roots and the slavs tradition, about the Dalmatia destiny, they deny the unification with Croatia, because Dalmatia had different roots and multicultural traditions: croatian catholics, serbian orthodox, serbian-croat muslims, italian dalmatian, the people were bilingual, spoken slavonian (dialect modern serbo-croat) and Italian (istrian, dalmatian-veneto dialect), etc. Not to be confused with Slovenia, a nearby country Slavonia ( Croatian, Serbian: Slavonija, Cyrillic script Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. ).

This political division also had its roots in class, as the greater part of the autonomous party, which wanted Dalmatian autonomy withinin frame of Austria and was against joining the other parts of Croatia, as wanted by Croatian People's Party, belonged to the richer strata of officials and administrators. The Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats (Hrvatska narodna stranka – Liberalni Demokrati HNS is a liberal party in Croatia.

In 1889, Serbian political circle in Dubrovnik supported Baron Francesco Ghetaldi-Gondola, candidate of Autonomous Party, in 1890 election to Dalmatian Diet. [3] Following year during the local government election, Autonomous Party with Serbian Party won municipal election in Dubrovnik. Francesco Ghetaldi-Gondola was founded the Societa Philately in 4 December 1890. Philately is the study and collecting of revenue and postage stamps

In 1893, the minister of the city, Baron Francesco Ghetaldi-Gondola, opened the monument for Ivan Gundulić in Piazza Gundulić (Gondola). The unveiling of the Gundulić monument in Dubrovnik on May 20, 1893, was a symbolical

1921–1991

With fall of Austria-Hungary in 1918, the city was incorporated into the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia). The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija City name was officially changed from Ragusa to Dubrovnik.

In World War II, Dubrovnik became part of Independent State of Croatia, even if occupied by an Italian army first, and by a German army after September 1943. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH was a Puppet state of the Axis powers. In October 1944 Tito's partisans entered Dubrovnik, that became consequently part of Communist Yugoslavia. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Soon after their arrival into the city, Partisans sentenced approximately 78 citizens to death without trial, including a Catholic priest. [4]

Breakdown of Yugoslavia

Main article: Siege of Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik Shelling (black dots) 1991 to 1992.
Dubrovnik Shelling (black dots) 1991 to 1992. Siege of Dubrovnik ( Croatian: Opsada Dubrovnika) is a term marking the battle and siege of the city of Dubrovnik and the surrounding area in

In 1991 Croatia and Slovenia, which at that time were republics within Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, declared their independence. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: At that event, Socialist Republic of Croatia was renamed Republic of Croatia. Socialist Republic of Croatia ( Croato-Serbian and Croatian: Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska) was a Socialist state that was a Constituent Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between

Despite demilitarization of the old town in early 1970s in an attempt to prevent it from ever becoming a casualty of war, following Croatia's independence in 1991, Serbian-Montenegrin remains of Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) attacked the city. Demilitarisation or demilitarization is the reduction of a nation's army weapons or military vehicles to an agreed minimum This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Yugoslav People's Army (JNA YPA ( Serbo-Croatian, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian: Jugoslavenska Narodna Armija or Jugoslovenska The regime in Montenegro led by Momir Bulatovic which was installed and loyal to the Serbian government led by Slobodan Milosevic declared that Dubrovnik would not be permitted to remain in Croatia because they claimed that it was historically part of Montenegro. Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Momir Bulatović ( Serbian Cyrillic: Момир Булатовић (born September 21, 1956 in Belgrade, Serbia, FPR Yugoslavia [4] This was in spite of the large Croat majority in the city and that very few Montenegrins resided there, though Serbs accounted for six percent of the population. [5] Many consider the claims by the Bulatovic government, as being part of Serbian President Milosevic's plan to deliver his nationalist supporters the Greater Serbia they desired as Yugoslavia collapsed. The term Greater Serbia or Great Serbia ( Serbian: Велика Србија Velika Srbija) applies to the key current within Serbian [6]

On October 1, 1991 Dubrovnik was attacked by JNA with a siege of Dubrovnik that lasted for seven months. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Yugoslav People's Army (JNA YPA ( Serbo-Croatian, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian: Jugoslavenska Narodna Armija or Jugoslovenska Siege of Dubrovnik ( Croatian: Opsada Dubrovnika) is a term marking the battle and siege of the city of Dubrovnik and the surrounding area in Heaviest artillery attack happened on December 6 with 19 people killed and 60 wounded. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Total casualties in the conflict according to Croatian Red Cross were 114 killed civilians, among them celebrated poet Milan Milisić. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated Milan Milišić ( July 6[[ 941]] – October 5 1991) was a Yugoslavian poet and Playwright. In May 1992 Croatian Army liberated Dubrovnik and its surroundings, but danger of JNA sudden attacks lasted for another three years.

Following the end of the war, damage caused by shelling of the Old Town was repaired. Adhering to UNESCO guidelines, repairs were performed in the original style. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 As of 2005, most damage had been repaired. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The inflicted damage can be seen on a chart near the city gate, showing all artillery hits during the siege. ICTY indictments were issued for JNA generals and officers involved in the bombing. The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991

The final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts says:

Due to the ideal observation capacity that the JNA enjoyed through its command of the high ground, the air, and the sea, it seems clear that (at best) the JNA was indifferent to the civilian casualties it caused or (at worst) it deliberately and systematically targeted civilians and civilian objects throughout this period.

General Pavle Strugar, who was coordinating the attack on the city, was sentenced to an eight year prison term by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia for his role in the attack of the city. Pavle Strugar ( Serbian Cyrillic: Павле Стругар (born July 13, 1933 in Peć, Kingdom of Yugoslavia) is a former Montenegrin The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991

The 1996 Croatia USAF CT-43 crash killed everyone on a United States Air Force jet with VIP passengers. On April 3, 1996, a US Air Force CT-43 crashed in Croatia while on an official trade mission A Very Important Person, or VIP is a person who is accorded special privileges due to his or her status or importance

Video of the attack on Dubrovnik

Today

Old City of Dubrovnik*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
The Old Harbour at Dubrovnik
State Party Flag of Croatia Croatia
Type Cultural
Criteria i, iii, iv
Reference 95
Region† Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription 1979  (3rd Session)
Extensions 1994
Endangered 1991-1998
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
† Region as classified by UNESCO.

The annual Dubrovnik Summer Festival is a cultural event when keys of the city are given to artists who entertain Dubrovnik's population and their guests for entire month with live plays, concerts, and games. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex As of 2008 there are a total of 878 World Heritage Sites located in 145 "State Parties" Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. Asia Minor, Cyprus, all of the Aegean Islands, the Canaries A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex These are thirty sites which the UNESCO World Heritage Committee has decided to include on a list of World Heritage Sites in danger; this list also shows the year

Ivan Gundulić (Giovanni Gondola), a 17th century Croatian writer, predicted the downfall of the great Turkish Empire in his great poem Osman. Ivan (Dživo Franov Gundulić ( Italian: Giovanni Francesco Gondola; January 9, 1589 &ndash December 8, 1638) is the most He wrote these immortal verses that are performed on every opening of the world famous Dubrovnik Summer Festival:

O, beautiful liberty, dear and sweet,

Thou heavenly gift where riches all meet,

Actual source of our glory of these hours,

The sole adornment of this grove of ours,

All silver, all gold, and our lives so dear,

Cannot recompense thy beauty so clear.

With these verses Dubrovnik major invites actors and poems to enter through main gates inside city stone walls. As a young actor Goran Višnjić played Hamlet at the Dubrovnik Summer Festival. Goran Visnjic ( Croatian: Goran Višnjić, pronounced /'ʋiʃ Hamlet is a Tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601 He was noticed and approved by the public at the very start of his career. The Dubrovnik Summer Festival has been awarded its first Gold International Trophy for Quality (2007) by the Editorial Office in collaboration with the Trade Leaders Club.

February 3 is the feast of Sveti Vlaho (Saint Blaise), who is the city's patron saint. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Saint Blaise ( Greek: Άγιος Βλάσιος Agios Vlasios; Armenian: Սուրբ Բարսեղ was a physician and Bishop Every year the city of Dubrovnik celebrates the holiday with Mass, parades, and festivities that last for several days. [5]

Dubrovnik and its surroundings with numerous islands have a lot to offer in touristic activities for younger generations. Also popular are climbing on steep hills, hiking through the Mediterranean nature, and swimming in the clean, transparent sea.

New historical discoveries say that the usual misconception of Dubrovnik coming to be as joining of Laus island and Slav settlement of Dubrovnik is disputed by the fact that there was no island of Laus, only a peninsula, and it seems that there was a port on its location dating back to ancient history (thought to be the lost port of Heraclea).

Heritage

The patron saint of the city is Sveti Vlaho (Saint Blaise), whose statues are seen around the city. The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members Saint Blaise ( Greek: Άγιος Βλάσιος Agios Vlasios; Armenian: Սուրբ Բարսեղ was a physician and Bishop He has an importance similar to that of St. Mark the Evangelist to Venice. "Saint Mark" redirects here For other uses see Saint Mark (disambiguation. The city's cathedral is named after Saint Blaise. The city boasts of many old buildings, such as the Arboretum Trsteno, the oldest arboretum in the world, dating back to before 1492. Trsteno ( Cannosa in Italian, Canait in Dalmatic) is a village northwest of Dubrovnik in southern Croatia, population 237 An arboretum is a collection of trees Related collections include a fruticetum (from the Latin frutex, meaning shrub and a viticetum a collection of vines Also, the third oldest European pharmacy is located in the city, which dates back to 1317 (and is the only one still in operation today). Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug is the Health profession that links the Health sciences with the chemical sciences It is located at Little Brothers church in Dubrovnik. [6]

In history, many Conversos (Marranos) were attracted to Dubrovnik, formerly a considerable seaport. Marranos or Secret Jews were Sephardic Jews (Jews resident in the Iberian peninsula) who were forced to adopt Christianity or In May, 1544, a ship landed there filled exclusively with Portuguese refugees, as Balthasar de Faria reported to King John. Another admirer of Dubrovnik, George Bernard Shaw, visited the city in 1929 and said: "If you want to see heaven on earth, come to Dubrovnik. George Bernard Shaw ( (26 July 1856 &ndash 2 November 1950 was an Irish Playwright. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. " This sentence is commonly used by tourist guides to describe the city.

In the bay of Dubrovnik is the 72-hectare wooded island of Lokrum, where according to legend, Richard the Lionheart was cast ashore after being shipwrecked in 1192. Explanation The hectare is commonly used in most countries around the world especially in domains concerned with land planning and management such as Agriculture, Lokrum or Lacroma is an Island in the Adriatic Sea, a short boat ride from Dubrovnik, Croatia. Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death A shipwreck can refer to a wrecked ship or to the event that caused the wreck such as the striking of something that causes the ship to sink the stranding of the ship on rocks The island includes a fortress, botanical garden, monastery and naturist beach. This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism.

Dubrovnik has also been mentioned in popular film and theater. In the film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea with Michael Caine, one of the characters said to have been dreaming of fairy from Dubrovnik (motive known from local legends and literature). 20000 Leagues Under the Sea is a 1997 TV movie produced by Village Roadshow Pictures, based on the novel by Jules Verne. A fairy (also fay, fey, fae, faerie; collectively wee folk, good folk, people of peace, fair In the film Rosemary's Baby, Roman Castevet, the leader of the witch coven, is falsely said to be in Dubrovnik, leading Rosemary to exclaim on his presence, "You're in Dubrovnik, I can't hear you. Rosemary's Baby is a 1968 American horror / thriller Film written and directed by Roman Polanski. Coven or covan was originally a late medieval Scots word (c1500 meaning a gathering of any kind according to the Oxford English Dictionary " The 12th season of The Amazing Race, the remaining contestants went to the city of Dubrovnik. The Amazing Race, sometimes referred to as TAR, is a Reality television Game show in which teams of two people (with one exception

Important monuments

Few of Dubrovnik's Renaissance buildings survived the earthquake of 1667 but fortunately enough remain to give an idea of the city's architectural heritage. The finest Renaissance highlight is the Sponza Palace which dates from the 16th century and is currently used to house the National Archives. The Rectors Palace is a Gothic-Renaissance structure that displays finely-carved capitals and an ornate staircase. It now houses a museum. The St Saviour Church is another fine remnant of the Renaissance period, next to the much-visited Franciscan Monastery. Over the entrance is a sculpture of the Pieta that dates from the late-Gothic period but the best part of the monastery is the Cloister with a colonnade of octagonal columns.

Dubrovnik's most beloved church is St Blaise's church, built in the 18th century in honor of Dubrovnik's patron saint. Dubrovnik's baroque Cathedral was built in the 18th century and houses an impressive Treasury with relics of Saint Blaise. The city's Dominican Monastery resembles a fortress on the outside but the interior contains an art museum and a Gothic-Romanesque church.

A striking feature of Dubrovnik is its walls that run 2km around the city. The walls run from four to six metres thick on the landward side but are much thinner on the seaward side. The system of turrets and towers were intended to protect the vulnerable city but now make one of the most picturesque sights in the Adriatic. [7]

Transport

Dubrovnik has an international airport of its own. Dubrovnik Airport, also referred to as Čilipi Airport, is the international airport of Dubrovnik, Croatia. The airport is located approximately 20km (12. 5 mi) from Dubrovnik city center, near Čilipi. Buses connect the airport with the Dubrovnik bus station. In addition, a network of modern, local buses connects all Dubrovnik neighborhoods running frequently from dawn to midnight.

Education

Dubrovnik has a number of educational institutions. These include the University of Dubrovnik, a Nautical College, a Tourist College, a University Centre for Postgraduate Studies of the University of Zagreb, American College of Management and Technology, and an Institute of History of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The University of Dubrovnik ( Croatian Sveučilište u Dubrovniku, Latin Universitas Studiorum Ragusina) is a university located in The University of Zagreb (Sveučilište u Zagrebu Universitas Studiorum Zagrabiensis is the oldest Croatian University in continuous operation and also the oldest The American College of Management and Technology is a college of the Rochester Institute of Technology located in Dubrovnik, Croatia. The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Academia Scientiarum et Artium Croatica Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti abbrev

Climate

The climate along the Dubrovnik Region is a typical Mediterranean one, with mild, rainy winters and hot and dry summers. Winter is one of the four Seasons of Temperate zones Calculated astronomically, it begins on the Solstice and ends on the Equinox Summer is one of the four Temperate Seasons Summer marks the warmest time of year with the longest days However, it is perhaps distinct from other Mediterranean climates because of the unusual winds and frequency of thunderstorms. The Bora wind blows uncomfortably cold gusts down the Adriatic coast between October and April, and thundery conditions are common all the year round, even in summer, when they interrupt the warm, sunny days. The air temperatures can slightly vary, depending on the area or region. Typically, in July and August daytime maximum temperatures reach 29°C, and at night drop to around 21°C. More comfortable, perhaps, is the climate in Spring and Autumn when maximum temperatures are typically between 20°C and 28°C. During winter the coldest temperatures are recorded in the northern Adriatic with temperatures dropping sometimes below zero, while the southern regions of the Adriatic coast generally remain above zero, although this can change when the Bora wind blows.

16. 4°C (61. 5°F)
  • average of coldest period = January
9 °C (48. 2 °F)
  • average of warmest period = August
24. 9 °C (76. 8 °F)
17. 9 °C - 23. 8 °C (64. 2 °F - 74. 8 °F)
1,020. Salinity is the Saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of Water. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 8 mm
109. 2
2629 h
7. 2 h

Notable people from Dubrovnik

Sister cities

Images

Panorama

Panorama view on the Old Town of Dubrovnik
Panorama view on the Old Town of Dubrovnik

Gallery

Walls of Dubrovnik

Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (Velika Gospa)

Massive walls

Lovrijenac Tower

Onofrio's Fountain and the Church of Saint Saviour

The Orlando statue, symbol of a free city

Church of St. Fort Lovrijenac, also known as Dubrovnik's Gibraltar, is a fortress and theater located outside the western wall of the city of Dubrovnik in Croatia Onuphrius ( Greek: Ονούφριος from Egyptian: Wnn-nfr meaning "he-who-is-continuingly-good" venerated as Saint Onuphrius Roland ( Italian: Orlando or Rolando, Frankish: Hruodland, Dutch: Roeland, Spanish: Roldán Blasius by night

Dubrovnik as seen from its wall

See also

References

  1. ^ City of Dubrovnik. Atlantska Plovidba dd or Atlantska Plovidba is an Croatian shipping company. Dubrovnik. hr. Accessed on July 2, 2007
  2. ^ Dubrovnik. History. com Encyclopedia. Accessed on July 2, 2007
  3. ^ http://books.google.cl/books?lr=&id=GOVJAAAAMAAJ&dq=dubrovnik+gondola&q=gondola&pgis=1
  4. ^ Nakon ulaska partizana u Dubrovnik u listopadu 1944.: Partizani pogubili hrvatske antifašiste | Izdvojeno | Glas Koncila
  5. ^ Dubrovnik news
  6. ^ Dubrovnik Online, monuments in Dubrovnik
  7. ^ Croatia Traveller, Dubrovnik

Further reading

External links

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Dictionary

Dubrovnik

-proper noun

  1. A city and port in southern Croatia on the Adriatic Sea.
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