E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
Type	Public (NYSE: DD (common stock), NYSE: DDPRA, NYSE: DDPRB (preferred stock))
Founded	1802
Headquarters	Wilmington, Delaware, USA
Key people	Charles O. Holliday Jr., Chairman & CEO Jeffrey L. A public company usually refers to a company that is permitted to offer its registered securities ( Stock, bonds, etc The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. A voting share (also called common stock or ordinary share) is a share of Stock giving the Stockholder the right to vote on matters The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. Preferred stock, also called preferred shares or preference shares, is typically a higher ranking stock than Voting shares, and its terms are negotiated Wilmington is the largest city in the state of Delaware, United States and is located at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Charles O Holliday Jr (Chad is the President, Chairman and CEO of E Keefer, CFO Richard R. Goodmanson, Exec. VP & COO Thomas M. Connelly, CTO
Industry	Chemicals - Plastics & Rubber
Products	Neoprene, Nylon resins, Teflon, Delrin, Mylar, Kevlar, Nomex, Zemdrain, Corian and Tyvek
Revenue	▲$28. Thomas M Connelly Jr, born in Toledo Ohio in June 1952 is currently an Executive Vice President the Chief Innovation Officer and a member of the Office of the Chief Executive For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products In Marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a Market that might satisfy a want or need Neoprene or polychloroprene is a family of synthetic Rubbers that are produced by Polymerization of Chloroprene. Overview Nylon is a Thermoplastic silky material first used commercially in a nylon- Bristled Toothbrush (1938 followed more famously by In Chemistry, poly(tetrafluoroethene or poly(tetrafluoroethylene ( PTFE) is a synthetic Fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications Polyoxymethylene (POM in the USA also commonly known under DuPont 's brand name Delrin, is an Engineering plastic, a Polymer with the chemical Biaxially-oriented Polyethylene terephthalate (boPET Polyester film is used for its high Tensile strength, Chemical and dimensional Stability Kevlar is the registered Trademark for a light strong para-aramid Synthetic fiber, related to other Aramids such as Nomex and Nomex (styled NOMEX) is a registered Trademark for flame resistant meta- Aramid material developed in the early 1960s by DuPont and first marketed Corian is the registered Trademark of one of many building materials collectively known as solid surface and is composed of acrylic Polymer and Tyvek (TIE-veck is a Brand of flashspun High-density polyethylene Fibers a synthetic Material; the name is a Registered In business revenue or revenues is Income that a company receives from its normal business activities usually from the sale of goods and services 982 Billion USD (2006)
Net income	▲$3. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Net income is equal to the Income that a firm has after subtracting costs and Expenses from the total Revenue. 148 Billion USD (2006)
Employees	60,000 (2005)
Website	www.dupont.com

E. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (NYSE: DDPRA, NYSE: DDPRB, NYSE: DD) is an American chemical company that was founded in July 1802 as a gunpowder mill by Eleuthère Irénée du Pont. The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals Gunpowder is a an explosive mixture of Sulfur, Charcoal and Potassium nitrate (also known as saltpetre/saltpeter that burns rapidly producing volumes Éleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours ( June 24, 1771 &ndash October 31, 1834) known as Irénée du Pont, or E DuPont is currently the world's second largest chemical company (behind BASF) in terms of market capitalization and fourth (behind BASF, Dow Chemical and Ineos) in revenue. BASF SE () is a German chemical company and the largest chemical company in the world Market capitalization/capitalisation (aka market cap, mkt cap or capitalized/capitalised value) is a measurement of Corporate or Economic BASF SE () is a German chemical company and the largest chemical company in the world The Dow Chemical Company () is an American Multinational corporation headquartered in Midland Michigan. Ineos is a privately owned UK chemicals company By revenue it is the third largest chemicals firm in the world (after BASF and Dow Chemical) and the biggest Its stock price is also a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The Dow Jones Industrial Average ( also called the DJIA, Dow 30, INDP, or informally the Dow Jones or The Dow) is one of several

In the twentieth century, DuPont led the polymer revolution by developing many highly successful materials such as Vespel, neoprene, nylon, Corian, Teflon, Mylar, Kevlar, Zemdrain, M5 fiber, Nomex, Tyvek and Lycra. A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds Vespel is the trademark of a durable high-performance Polyimide -based Polymer (or Plastic) manufactured by DuPont. Neoprene or polychloroprene is a family of synthetic Rubbers that are produced by Polymerization of Chloroprene. Overview Nylon is a Thermoplastic silky material first used commercially in a nylon- Bristled Toothbrush (1938 followed more famously by Corian is the registered Trademark of one of many building materials collectively known as solid surface and is composed of acrylic Polymer and In Chemistry, poly(tetrafluoroethene or poly(tetrafluoroethylene ( PTFE) is a synthetic Fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications Biaxially-oriented Polyethylene terephthalate (boPET Polyester film is used for its high Tensile strength, Chemical and dimensional Stability Kevlar is the registered Trademark for a light strong para-aramid Synthetic fiber, related to other Aramids such as Nomex and Nomex (styled NOMEX) is a registered Trademark for flame resistant meta- Aramid material developed in the early 1960s by DuPont and first marketed Tyvek (TIE-veck is a Brand of flashspun High-density polyethylene Fibers a synthetic Material; the name is a Registered Spandex or elastane is a Synthetic fiber known for its exceptional elasticity. DuPont has also been significantly involved in the refrigerant industry, developing and producing the Freon (CFCs) series and later, more environmentally friendly refrigerants. A refrigerant is a compound used in a heat cycle that undergoes a Phase change from a Gas to a Liquid and back The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane In the paint and pigment industry, it has created synthetic pigments and paints, such as ChromaFlair. ChromaFlair is the Registered trademark for a Pigment created by JDS Uniphase Flex Products Group in Santa Rosa California

DuPont is often successful in popularizing the brands of its material products such that their trademark names become more commonly used than the generic or chemical word(s) for the material itself. A trademark or trade mark, represented by the symbols ™ and ®, or mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual A genericized trademark (also known as a generic trademark or proprietary eponym) is a Trademark or Brand name that has become the colloquial One example is “neoprene”, which was intended originally to be a trademark but quickly came into common usage.

Contents 1 History 1.1 1802 1.2 1902 to 1912 1.3 1914 1.4 1920 1.5 World War II 1.6 1950 to 1970 1.7 1981 to 1995 1.8 1999 2 Current activities 3 NASCAR sponsorship 4 Corporate governance 4.1 Current board of directors 5 Environmental record 6 Positive recognition 7 Controversies 7.1 Hemp 7.2 Price fixing 7.3 Behind the Nylon Curtain 7.4 Chlorofluorocarbons 8 Further reading 9 See also 10 External links 11 References and notes

History

1802

DuPont was founded in 1802 by Eleuthère Irénée du Pont, using capital raised in France and gunpowder machinery imported from France. Éleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours ( June 24, 1771 &ndash October 31, 1834) known as Irénée du Pont, or E This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The company was started at the Eleutherian Mills, on the Brandywine Creek, near Wilmington, Delaware, USA two years after he and his family left France to escape the French Revolution. From 1802 to 1921 Eleutherian Mills was a gunpowder mill site used for the manufacture of explosives by the Du Pont family business Brandywine Creek may refer to several places in the United States mostly streams Streams British Columbia Wilmington is the largest city in the state of Delaware, United States and is located at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an It began as a manufacturer of gunpowder, as du Pont had noticed that the industry in North America was lagging behind Europe and saw a market for it. The company grew quickly, and by the mid nineteenth century had become the largest supplier of gunpowder to the United States military, supplying as much as half of the powder used by the Union Army during the American Civil War. The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States The Union Army was the army that fought for the Union during the American Civil War. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South (The Eleutherian Mills site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966 and is now a museum covering this history that may be visited today. From 1802 to 1921 Eleutherian Mills was a gunpowder mill site used for the manufacture of explosives by the Du Pont family business A National Historic Landmark (NHL is a Building, site, Structure, Object, or District, that is officially recognized by the )

1902 to 1912

DuPont continued to expand, moving into the production of dynamite and smokeless powder. Dynamite is an explosive based on the explosive potential of Nitroglycerin, initially using Diatomaceous earth (kieselgur US Spelling kieselguhr Smokeless powder is the name given to a number of Propellants used in Firearms and Artillery which produce negligible smoke when fired unlike the older In 1902, DuPont's president, Eugene du Pont, died, and the surviving partners sold the company to three great-grandsons of the original founder. Eugene du Pont (1840-1902 was the first head of modern day DuPont. The company subsequently purchased several smaller chemical companies, and in 1912 these actions gave rise to government scrutiny under the Sherman Antitrust Act. The Sherman Antitrust Act ( Sherman Act, July 2, 1890, ch 647,) was the first United States Federal statute to limit Cartels and The courts declared that the company's dominance of the explosives business constituted a monopoly and ordered divestment. In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient In Finance and Economics, divestment or divestiture is the reduction of some kind of Asset for either financial goals or ethical objectives The court ruling resulted in the creation of the Hercules Powder Company (now Hercules Inc.) and the Atlas Powder Company (now AstraZeneca). Hercules Inc ( is an S&P 500 chemical company in Wilmington DE that was created in 1912 as Hercules Powder Company from DuPont as a result of government AstraZeneca PLC (,) is a large Anglo-Swedish Pharmaceutical company formed on 6 April 1999 by the remerger of Swedish Astra AB ^[1]

DuPont also established two of the first industrial laboratories in the United States, where they began work on cellulose chemistry, lacquers and other non-explosive products. Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 In a general sense lacquer is a clear or coloured Varnish, that dries by solvent evaporation and often a curing process as well that produces a hard durable finish in any DuPont's Central Research Department was established at the Experimental Station, across the Brandywine River from the original powder mills. In 1957 the research organization of Chemicals Department of E

1914

In 1914, Pierre S. du Pont, invested in the fledgling automobile industry, buying stock of General Motors (GM). Pierre Samuel du Pont (1870-1954 was president of the DuPont company from 1915 to 1919 and served on its Board of Directors until 1940 General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States. The following year he was invited to sit on GM's board of directors and would eventually be appointed the company's chairman. The DuPont company would assist the struggling automobile company further with a $25 million purchase of GM stock. In 1920, Pierre S. du Pont was elected president of General Motors. Under du Pont's guidance, GM became the number one automobile company in the world. However, in 1957, because of DuPont's influence within GM, further action under the Clayton Antitrust Act forced DuPont to divest itself of its shares of General Motors. The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 ( October 15[[ 914]] ch 323, codified at,) was enacted in the United States to add further substance to the U

1920

In the 1920s DuPont continued its emphasis on materials science, hiring Wallace Carothers to work on polymers in 1928. Materials Science or Materials Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of Science and Wallace Hume Carothers ( April 27, 1896 &ndash April 29, 1937) was an American chemist inventor and the leader of Organic chemistry A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds Carothers discovered neoprene, the first synthetic rubber, the first polyester superpolymer and in 1935, nylon. Neoprene or polychloroprene is a family of synthetic Rubbers that are produced by Polymerization of Chloroprene. Elastomer Synthetic rubber is any type of artificially made Polymer material which acts as an Elastomer. Polyester is a category of Polymers which contain the Ester Functional group in their main chain Overview Nylon is a Thermoplastic silky material first used commercially in a nylon- Bristled Toothbrush (1938 followed more famously by Discovery of Lucite and Teflon followed a few years later. Poly(methyl methacrylate ( PMMA) or poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate is a Thermoplastic and transparent Plastic. In Chemistry, poly(tetrafluoroethene or poly(tetrafluoroethylene ( PTFE) is a synthetic Fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications 1935 was also the year that DuPont first introduced the chemical phenothiazine as an insecticide. Phenothiazine is the Organic compound with the formula S(C6H42NH

World War II

It is claimed by some that, according to documents found at Auschwitz, the DuPont chemical manufacturer clearly made and delivered Zyklon B and that, along with two German firms, Tesch/Stabenow and Degesch, they produced Zyklon B gas after they acquired the patent from Farben. "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany Zyklon B (tsykloːn ˈbeː also spelled Cyclon B or Auschwitz's own website, however, has only this to say on the subject of Zyklon-B production: "The Zyklon used at Auschwitz concentration camp was produced by a firm called Degesch (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung mbH), with headquarters in Frankfurt am Main and forming a part of IG Farbenindustrie. "^[2] Used in Germany during the war and before as a pesticidal fumigant, there seems to be no reason why the Nazis would have found it necessary to obtain the chemical from the U. S. , even if a plausible explanation could be found for their having been able to do so after their declaration of war against the same nation. Finally, given the camp's location and in whose territory it lay throughout the Cold War, one can imagine that much would have been made of such "evidence" of complicity by an American firm in the Holocaust.

Throughout this period, the company continued to be a major producer of war supplies in both World War I and World War II, and played a major role in the Manhattan Project in 1943, designing, building and operating the Hanford plutonium producing plant and the Savannah River Plant in South Carolina. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb The Hanford Site is a decommissioned nuclear production complex on the Columbia River in south-central Washington operated by the United States government The Savannah River Site (SRS is a nuclear materials processing center in the United States state of South Carolina, located on land in Aiken Allendale and Barwnell South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America.

1950 to 1970

After the war, DuPont continued its emphasis on new materials, developing Mylar, Dacron, Orlon and Lycra in the 1950s, and Tyvek, Nomex, Qiana, Corfam and Corian in the 1960s. Biaxially-oriented Polyethylene terephthalate (boPET Polyester film is used for its high Tensile strength, Chemical and dimensional Stability Uses PET can be semi-rigid to rigid depending on its thickness and is very lightweight Acrylic fibers are Synthetic fibers made from a polymer ( Polyacrylonitrile) with an average molecular weight of ~100000 Spandex or elastane is a Synthetic fiber known for its exceptional elasticity. Tyvek (TIE-veck is a Brand of flashspun High-density polyethylene Fibers a synthetic Material; the name is a Registered Nomex (styled NOMEX) is a registered Trademark for flame resistant meta- Aramid material developed in the early 1960s by DuPont and first marketed Qiana is a silky Nylon fiber first developed by DuPont in 1968. Corfam was the first Poromeric imitation leather, invented by Kenny Rowe of Fairfield Iowa and introduced by DuPont in 1963 at the Chicago Shoe Show. Corian is the registered Trademark of one of many building materials collectively known as solid surface and is composed of acrylic Polymer and DuPont materials were critical to the success of the Apollo Space program.

DuPont has been the key company behind the development of modern body armour. A ballistic vest is an item of protective clothing that absorbs the impact from gun-fired Projectiles and shrapnel fragments from explosion In World War II DuPont's ballistic nylon was used by the RAF to make Flak jackets. A flak jacket or flak vest is a form of Protective clothing designed to provide protection from Shrapnel and other indirect low velocity projectiles With the development of Kevlar in the 1960s, DuPont began tests to see if it could resist a lead bullet. Kevlar is the registered Trademark for a light strong para-aramid Synthetic fiber, related to other Aramids such as Nomex and This research would ultimately lead to the bullet resistant vests that are the mainstay of police and military units in the industrialized world.

1981 to 1995

In 1981, DuPont acquired Conoco Inc., a major American oil and gas producing company that gave it a secure source of petroleum feedstocks needed for the manufacturing of many of its fiber and plastics products. Conoco Inc was an American oil company founded in 1875 as the Continental Oil and Transportation Company. The acquisition, which made DuPont one of the top ten U. S. based petroleum and natural gas producers and refiners, came about after a bidding war with the giant distillery, Seagram Company Ltd. which would become DuPont's largest single shareholder with four seats on the board of directors. For the rapper Seagram, see Seagram Miller The Seagram Company Ltd On April 6, 1995, after being approached by Seagram Chief Executive Officer Edgar Bronfman, Jr., DuPont announced a deal whereby the company would buy back all the shares owned by Seagram. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Edgar Miles Bronfman Jr (born May 16, 1955) formerly CEO of Seagram and vice-chairman of Vivendi Universal, has been CEO of Warner Music

1999

In 1999, DuPont sold all of its Conoco shares, the business merging with Phillips Petroleum Company. Phillips Petroleum Company was founded in 1917 by LE Phillips and Frank Phillips, of Bartlesville, Oklahoma. That year, CEO Chad Holliday switched the company's focus towards producing DuPont chemicals from living plants rather than processing them from petroleum. Charles O Holliday Jr (Chad is the President, Chairman and CEO of E Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit

Current activities

DuPont describes itself as a global science company that employs more than 60,000 people worldwide and has a diverse array of product offerings. ^[3] In 2005, the Company ranked 66th in the Fortune 500 on the strength of nearly $28 billion in revenues and $1. 8 billion in profits. ^[4]

DuPont businesses are organized into the following five categories, known as marketing "platforms": Electronic and Communication Technologies, Performance Materials, Coatings and Color Technologies, Safety and Protection, and Agriculture and Nutrition.

In 2004 the company sold its textiles business, which included some of its best-known brands such as Lycra (Spandex), Dacron polyester, Orlon acrylic, Antron nylon and Thermolite, to Koch Industries. Spandex or elastane is a Synthetic fiber known for its exceptional elasticity. Spandex or elastane is a Synthetic fiber known for its exceptional elasticity. Uses PET can be semi-rigid to rigid depending on its thickness and is very lightweight Acrylic fibers are Synthetic fibers made from a polymer ( Polyacrylonitrile) with an average molecular weight of ~100000 Koch Industries Inc (pronounced "koke" is a private corporation based in Wichita, Kansas with subsidiaries involved in manufacturing trading and DuPont also manufactures Surlyn, which is used for the covers of golf balls, and, more recently, the body panels of the Club Car Precedent golf cart.

DuPont's annual R&D budget is $1. 3 billion; its latest project is a research center in Hyderabad, A. P. , India scheduled to open in mid-2008, that will focus on agriculture and nutrition products. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

NASCAR sponsorship

DuPont is widely known for its sponsorship of NASCAR driver Jeff Gordon and his Hendrick Motorsports #24 Chevrolet Impala SS. The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( NASCAR) is the largest sanctioning body of Stock cars in the United States. Jeffery Michael Gordon Hendrick Motorsports is a Stock car racing team that currently competes in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. Chevrolet (ˌʃɛvroʊˈleɪ - French origin (also known as Chevy) is a Brand of Automobile, produced by General Motors (GM The Chevrolet Impala was through 1996 a Full-sized Automobile built by General Motors for their Chevrolet division DuPont has been sponsoring Jeff Gordon since he began in Sprint Cup (then Winston Cup) in 1992. DuPont has said this about their sponsorship:

Our sponsorship of Jeff Gordon helps keep DuPont brands and products in the public eye. Branding is a key component of the DuPont knowledge intensity strategy for achieving sustainable growth. ^[5]

In 2007, DuPont, Jeff Gordon, and Hendrick Motorsports celebrated their 15th season together. Jeffery Michael Gordon Hendrick Motorsports is a Stock car racing team that currently competes in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. It is currently the longest driver/sponsor/owner combination in NASCAR. The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( NASCAR) is the largest sanctioning body of Stock cars in the United States.

Corporate governance

Current board of directors

• Charles O. Holliday - CEO
• Richard H. Brown
• Robert A. Brown
• Bertrand P. Charles O Holliday Jr (Chad is the President, Chairman and CEO of E Richard H Brown was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Electronic Data Systems Corporation from 1999 to 2003 Chief Executive Officer of Cable & Wireless plc This page is about the university president For the mining industry person see Robert A Collomb
• Curtis J. Crawford
• John T. Dillon
• There du Pont
• Marillyn Hewson
• Lois D. Juliber
• Masahisa Naitoh
• Sean O'Keefe
• William K. Reilly

Environmental record

DuPont has a mixed environmental record, receiving praise from some for environmentally friendly practices while at the same time incurring large government fines and stern criticism from environmental researchers. Curtis J Crawford has been a director of DuPont since 1998 Crawford is President and Chief Executive Officer of XCEO, Inc John T Dillon, retired chairman and chief executive officer president and chief operating officer and executive vice president – packaging of International Paper (paper and Lois D Juliber (1949- has been a director of DuPont since 1995 Masahisa Naitoh was a director of DuPont from January 2000 to April 2008 Sean O'Keefe (born January 27, 1956) is a former Administrator of NASA, leading the space agency from December 2001 to February 2005 William K Reilly (born January 26, 1940) is a former administrator of the EPA and has been a director of DuPont since 1993 In 2005, BusinessWeek magazine, in conjunction with the Climate Group, ranked DuPont as the best-practice leader in cutting their carbon gas emissions. BusinessWeek is a business Magazine published by McGraw-Hill. ^[6][7] They pointed out that DuPont reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by more than 65% from the 1990 levels while using 7% less energy and producing 30% more product. However, based on year 2000 data,^[8] researchers at the Political Economy Research Institute of the University of Massachusetts Amherst ranked DuPont as the largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States. The University of Massachusetts Amherst (otherwise known as UMass Amherst, Massachusetts, or UMass) is a research and Land-grant university in Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort ^[9] The study found DuPont's most toxic pollution comprised chloroprene (855,370 lb/yr, 387,989 kg/yr), sulfuric acid (804,501 lb/yr, 364,916 kg/yr), and chlorine (65,088 lb/yr, 29,523 kg/yr) based on Toxics Release Inventory data. Chloroprene is the common name for the Organic compound 2-chloro-13-butadiene, which has the Chemical formula CH2=CCl-CH=CH2 Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI is a publicly available database from the EPA that contains information on Toxic Chemical releases and other waste management The most massive releases came in the form of more than 4 million pounds (1,800 t) of carbonyl sulfide followed by 2 million pounds (900 t) of hydrochloric acid. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. Carbonyl sulfide is the Chemical compound with the formula OCS Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water ^[10]

May 24, 2007, marked the opening of the US$2. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 1 million DuPont Nature Center at Mispillion Harbor Reserve, a wildlife observatory and interpretive center on the Delaware Bay near Milford, Delaware, USA. Milford is a city in Kent and Sussex Counties, Delaware. According to 2006 Census Bureau estimates the population of the city is 7201 DuPont contributed both financial and technological support to create the center, as part of its "Clear into the Future" initiative to enhance the beauty and integrity of the Delaware Estuary. The facility will be state-owned and operated by the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC). ^[11][12]

DuPont is a founding member of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development with DuPont CEO Charles O. Holliday being Chairman of the WBCSD from 2000-2001. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD is a CEO-led global association of some 200 international companies dealing exclusively with business and Sustainable Charles O Holliday Jr (Chad is the President, Chairman and CEO of E

Positive recognition

Pont was four times awarded the National Medal of Technology, first in 1990, for its invention of "high-performance man-made polymers such as nylon, neoprene rubber, "Teflon" fluorocarbon resin, and a wide spectrum of new fibers, films, and engineering plastics"; the second for 2002 "for policy and technology leadership in the phaseout and replacement of chlorofluorocarbons". The National Medal of Technology and Innovation (formerly known as the National Medal of Technology) is an honor granted by the President of the United States to American Overview Nylon is a Thermoplastic silky material first used commercially in a nylon- Bristled Toothbrush (1938 followed more famously by Neoprene or polychloroprene is a family of synthetic Rubbers that are produced by Polymerization of Chloroprene. In Chemistry, poly(tetrafluoroethene or poly(tetrafluoroethylene ( PTFE) is a synthetic Fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane Additionally, DuPont scientist George Levitt was honored with the medal in 1993 for the development of sulfonylureas — environmentally friendly herbicides for every major food crop in the world. The National Medal of Technology and Innovation (formerly known as the National Medal of Technology) is an honor granted by the President of the United States to American In 1996, DuPont scientist Stephanie Kwolek was recognized for the discovery and development of Kevlar. Stephanie Kwolek (born July 31, 1923) is an American Chemist who discovered poly-paraphenylene terephtalamide&mdashbetter known as Kevlar Kevlar is the registered Trademark for a light strong para-aramid Synthetic fiber, related to other Aramids such as Nomex and

Controversies

Hemp

It is often asserted in pro-cannabis publications that DuPont actively supported the criminalization of the production of hemp in the US in 1937 through private and government intermediates, and alleged that this was done to eliminate hemp as a source of fiber—one of DuPont's biggest markets at the time. This article is about the cultivation and uses of industrial hemp not its psychoactive cousin Cannabis (drug. Fiber or fibre is a class of Materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces similar to lengths of thread. Hemp paper threatened DuPont's monopoly on the necessary chemicals for paper from trees, and Nylon, a synthetic fiber, was patented the same year that hemp was made illegal. The company denies these allegations. ^[13][14]

Price fixing

In 1941, an investigation of Standard Oil Co. Standard Oil was a predominant American integrated oil producing transporting refining and marketing company and IG Farben brought evidence concerning complex price and marketing agreements between DuPont, U. IG Farben (short for Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG, "syndicate of dyestuff corporations" and also called I S. Industrial Alcohol Company, and their subsidiary Cuba Distilling Company. The investigation was eventually dropped, like dozens of others in many different kinds of industries, because of the need to enlist industry support in the war effort. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including ^[15]

Behind the Nylon Curtain

In 1974, Gerard Colby Zilg, wrote Du Pont: Behind the Nylon Curtain, a critical account of the role of the DuPont family in American social, political and economic history. Gerard Colby (earlier known as Gerard Colby Zilg) is president of the US National Writers Union where he previously held various chair positions The book was nominated for a National Book Award in 1974. The National Book Awards are among the most eminent literary prizes in the United States.

A du Pont family member obtained an advance copy of the manuscript and was “predictably outraged”. A DuPont official contacted The Fortune Book Club and stated that the book was “scurrilous” and “actionable” but produced no evidence to counter the charges. The Fortune Book Club (a subsidiary of the Book of the Month Club) reversed its decision to distribute Zilg's book. The editor-in-chief of the Book of the Month Club declared that the book was “malicious” and had an “objectionable tone”. Prentice-Hall removed several inaccurate passages from the page proofs of the book, and cut the first printing from 15,000 to 10,000 copies, stating that 5,000 copies no longer were needed for the book club distribution. The proposed advertising budget was reduced from $15,000 to $5,000.

Zilg sued Prentice-Hall (Zilg v. Prentice-Hall), accusing it of reneging on a contract to promote sales.

The Federal District Court ruled that Prentice Hall had "privished" the book (the company conducting an inadequate merchandising effort after concluding that the book did not meet its expectations as to quality or marketability) and breached its obligation to Zilg to use its best efforts in promoting the book because the publisher had no valid business reason for reducing the first printing or the advertising budget. Prentice Hall is a leading educational publisher It is an Imprint of Pearson Education Inc The court also ruled that the DuPont Company had a constitutionally protected interest in discussing its good faith opinion of the merits of Zilg's work with the book clubs and the publisher, and found that the company had not engaged in threats of economic coercion or baseless litigation.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit overturned the damages award in September of 1983. The court stated that, while DuPont's actions “surely” resulted in the book club's decision not to distribute Zilg's work and also resulted in a change in Prentice-Hall's previously supportive attitude toward the book, DuPont's conduct was not actionable. The court further stated that the contract did not contain an explicit “best efforts” or “promote fully” promise, much less an agreement to make certain specific promotional efforts. Printing and advertising decisions were within Prentice-Hall's discretion.

Zilg lost a Supreme Court appeal in April 1984. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary.

In 1984 Lyle Stuart re-released an extended version, Du Pont Dynasty: Behind the Nylon Curtain. Lyle Stuart ( August 11 1922 &ndash June 24, 2006) was an American independent publisher of controversial books ^[16]

Chlorofluorocarbons

Along with General Motors, DuPont was the inventor of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), and the largest producer of these ozone-depleting chemicals (used primarily in aerosol sprays and refrigerants) in the world, with a 25% market share in the late 1980s. General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States. The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane OZONE is an object oriented Operating system written in the C programming language. Aerosol spray is a type of dispensing system which creates an aerosol mist of liquid particles A refrigerant is a compound used in a heat cycle that undergoes a Phase change from a Gas to a Liquid and back

In 1974, responding to public concern about the safety of CFCs,^[17] DuPont promised through newspaper advertisements and congressional testimony to stop production of CFCs should they be proved to be harmful to the ozone layer. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses On 4 March 1988, U.S. Senators Max Baucus (D-Mont.), David Durenberger (R-Minn.), and Robert T. Stafford (R-Vt.) officially wrote to DuPont, in their capacity as the leadership of the Congressional subcommittee on hazardous wastes and toxic substances, asking the company to keep its promise to completely stop CFC production (and to do so for most CFC types within one year) in light of the 1987 international Montreal Protocol for the global reduction of CFCs (signed for the United States by President Ronald Reagan). The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Max Sieben Baucus (born December 11, 1941) is the senior United States Senator from Montana and is a member of the Democratic Party The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern David Ferdinand Durenberger (born August 19, 1934) is an American politician and a former Republican member of the U Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Robert Theodore Stafford ( August 8, 1913 – December 23, 2006) was an American Politician from Vermont. Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. For other similarly-named agreements see Montreal Convention (disambiguation. The Senators argued that “DuPont has a unique and special obligation” as the original developer of CFCs and the author of previous public assurances made by the company regarding the safety of CFCs. DuPont's response was that the senatorial demand was more drastic than the scientific evidence warranted, and that alternative chemicals were only in their infancy.

In a dramatic turnaround on 24 March 1988, DuPont announced that it would begin leaving the CFC business entirely after a 15 March NASA announcement that CFCs were not only creating a hole in the ozone layer above Antarctica but also thinning the layer elsewhere in the world. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program

Lewis du Pont Smith, in an April 27, 1994, open letter to shareholders on DuPont’s CFC Policy, warns that DuPont Corporation will be destroyed when a consumer backlash demands a Congressional investigation “regarding the science behind the ozone depletion fraud and the economic forces that pushed for the CFC ban”, which he called “the most massive consumer fraud of this century”, warning that “The cost to consumers of the ban on CFCs will exceed $5 trillion: the consequences on human health will be devastating. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) ” Eight years before, Lewis du Pont Smith had been declared mentally incompetent to handle his affairs after he gave hundreds of thousands of dollars to Lyndon LaRouche. Views of Lyndon LaRouche Lyndon Hermyle LaRouche Jr (born September 8 1922 in Rochester New Hampshire) is an American Political activist and founder of several ^[18][19]

DuPont announced that it would stop selling CFCs with a full page ad in the 27 April 1992 New York Times stating “we will stop selling CFC's as soon as possible, but no later than year end 1995 in the US and other developed countries. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) ”^[20]

In later years, DuPont would maintain that the company had taken the initiative in phasing out CFCs^[21] and in replacing CFCs with a new generation of refrigerant chemicals, such as HCFCs and HFCs. The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane ^[22] In 2003, DuPont was awarded the National Medal of Technology, recognizing the company as the leader in developing CFC replacements. The National Medal of Technology and Innovation (formerly known as the National Medal of Technology) is an honor granted by the President of the United States to American

Further reading

• Arora, Ashish Ralph Landau and Nathan Rosenberg, (eds). (2000). Chemicals and Long-Term Economic Growth: Insights from the Chemical Industry.
• Chandler, Alfred D. (1971). Alfred DuPont Chandler Jr ( September 15 1918 &ndash May 9 2007) was a professor of business history at Harvard Business School, Pierre S. Du Pont and the making of the modern corporation.
• Chandler, Alfred D. (1969). Alfred DuPont Chandler Jr ( September 15 1918 &ndash May 9 2007) was a professor of business history at Harvard Business School, Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise.
• du Pont, B. G. (1920). E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company: A History 1802-1902. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. Houghton Mifflin Company is a leading educational Publisher in the United States. - (Kessinger Publishing Rare Reprint. ISBN 1-4179-1685-0).
• Haynes, Williams (1983). American chemical industry.
• Hounshell, David A. and Smith, John Kenly, JR (1988). David A Hounshell is the David M Roderick Professor of Technology and Social Change in the Department of History Engineering and Public Policy program at Carnegie Mellon University Science and Corporate Strategy: Du Pont R and D, 1902-1980. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 ISBN 0-521-32767-9.
• Kinnane, Adrian (2002). DuPont: From the Banks of the Brandywine to Miracles of Science. Willimington: E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. ISBN 0-8018-7059-3.
• Ndiaye, Pap A. (trans. 2007). Nylon and Bombs: DuPont and the March of Modern America
• Zilg, Gerard Colby "DuPont: Behind the Nylon Curtain" (Prentice-Hall: 1974) 623 pages.

See also

• DuPont and C-8
• Du Pont family
• Hagley Museum and Library
• Longwood Gardens

External links

• Yahoo company profile: E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
• DuPont/MIT Alliance
• Licensed Industrial Applicator Europe

References and notes

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