A driveshaft, driving shaft, propeller shaft, or Cardan shaft is a mechanical device for transferring power from the engine or motor to the point where useful work is applied. The BMW R 51/3 was BMW 's first modern postwar 500 cc Motorcycle. A universal joint, U joint, Cardan joint, Hardy- Spicer joint, or Hooke's joint is a A machine is any device that uses Energy to perform some activity In Physics, power (symbol P) is the rate at which work is performed or energy is transmitted or the amount of energy required or expended for An engine is a mechanical device that produces some form of output from a given input In Physics, mechanical work is the amount of Energy transferred by a Force. Most engines or motors deliver power as torque through rotary motion: this is extracted from the linear motion of pistons in a reciprocating engine; water driving a water wheel; or forced gas or water in a turbine. A torque (τ in Physics, also called a moment (of force is a pseudo- vector that measures the tendency of a force to rotate an object about A piston is a component of Reciprocating engines Pumps and Gas compressors It is located in a cylinder and is made gas-tight by Piston A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is a Heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating Pistons to convert Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. A water wheel is a means of extracting power from the flow (or fall of water otherwise known as Hydropower. A turbine is a rotary Engine that extracts Energy from a Fluid flow From the point of delivery, the components of power transmission form the drive train.
Driveshafts are carriers of torque: they are subject to torsion and shear stress, which represents the difference between the input force and the load. In Solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied Torque. A shear stress, denoted \tau\ ( Tau) is defined as a stress which is applied Parallel or tangential to a face of a material In Physics, a force is whatever can cause an object with Mass to Accelerate. They thus need to be strong enough to bear the stress, without imposing too great an additional inertia by virtue of the weight of the shaft. The vis insita or innate force of matter is a power of resisting by which every body as much as in it lies endeavors to preserve in its present state whether it be of rest or of moving
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Automotive driveshafts
Vehicles
Most automobiles today use rigid driveshafts to deliver power from a transmission to the wheels. A pair of short driveshafts is commonly used to send power from a central differential, transmission, or transaxle to the wheels. This article deals with the concept of a differential in mechanical engineering. A transaxle, in the Automotive field is a component that combines the functionality of the '''trans'''mission, the differential and the drive
In front-engined, rear-drive vehicles, a longer driveshaft is also required to send power the length of the vehicle. Two forms dominate: The torque tube with a single universal joint and the Hotchkiss drive with two or more joints. A torque tube system is an Automobile Driveshaft technology used in cars with a front engine and rear drive A universal joint, U joint, Cardan joint, Hardy- Spicer joint, or Hooke's joint is a The Hotchkiss drive is a system of Power transmission. It was the dominant form of power transmission for front-engine rear-drive cars in the 20th century This system became known as Système Panhard after the automobile company, Panhard et Levassor patented it. Panhard is now a French manufacturer of light tactical and military vehicles
Early automobiles often used chain drive or belt drive mechanisms rather than a driveshaft. Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another A Belt is a looped strip of flexible material used to mechanically link two or more rotating shafts Some used electrical generators and motors to transmit power to the wheels.
In British English, the term "driveshaft" is restricted to a transverse shaft which transmits power to the wheels, especially the front wheels. A driveshaft connecting the gearbox to a rear differential is called a propeller shaft, or prop-shaft. A prop-shaft assembly consists of a propeller shaft, a slip joint and one or more universal joints. A slip joint is a mechanical construction allowing extension and compression in a linear structure A universal joint, U joint, Cardan joint, Hardy- Spicer joint, or Hooke's joint is a Where the engine and axles are separated from each other, as on four-wheel drive and rear-wheel drive vehicles, it is the propeller shaft that serves to transmit the drive force generated by the engine to the axles. Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4x4 ("four by four" is a four-wheeled Vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four Wheels to
A driveshaft connecting a rear differential to a rear wheel may be called a halfshaft. The name derives from the fact that two such shafts are required to form one rear axle.
There are different types of driveshafts in Automotive Industry:
- 1 piece driveshaft
- 2 piece driveshaft
- Slip in Tube driveshaft
The Slip in Tube Driveshaft is the new type which also helps in Crash Energy Management. It can be compressed in case of crash. It is also known as a collapsible driveshaft.
Driveshaft for Research and Development (R&D)
The automotive industry also uses driveshafts at testing plants. The phrase research and development (also R and D or more often R&D) according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, refers At an engine test stand a drive shaft is used to transfer a certain speed / torque from the combustion engine to a dynamometer. An engine test stand is a facility used to develop characterize and test engines The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a For the dynamometer used in railroading see Dynamometer car. A dynamometer or "dyno" for short is a machine used to measure A "shaft guard" is used at a shaft connection to protect against contact with the drive shaft and for detection of a shaft failure. At a transmission test stand a drive shaft connects the prime mover with the transmission.
Motorcycle driveshafts
Driveshafts have been used on motorcycles almost as long as there have been motorcycles. FN ( Fabrique Nationale de Herstal) was a Belgian company established in 1899 to make arms and ammunition and from 1901 to 1967 was also a motorcycle manufacturer The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those BMW Motorrad, a division of BMW, is a German Motorcycle manufacturer A flat-twin is a two cylinder Internal combustion engine with the cylinders arranged on opposite sides of the crankshaft MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records. As an alternative to chain and belt drives, driveshafts offer relatively maintenance-free operation and long life. Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another A Belt is a looped strip of flexible material used to mechanically link two or more rotating shafts A disadvantage of shaft drive on a motorcycle is that gearing is needed to turn the power 90° from the shaft to the rear wheel, losing some power in the process. This is the page for mechanical Gears For other uses see Gear (disambiguation For the gear-like device used to drive a roller chain see Sprocket On the other hand, it is easier to protect the shaft linkages and drive gears from dust, sand and mud.
The best known motorcycle manufacturer to use shaft drive for a long time — since 1923 — is BMW. BMW Motorrad, a division of BMW, is a German Motorcycle manufacturer Among contemporary manufacturers, Moto Guzzi is also well-known for its shaft drive motorcycles. Moto Guzzi (also known as "Guzzi" is an Italian Motorcycle manufacturer that has endured from the industry's infancy to its place today as the oldest European The British company, Triumph and all four Japanese brands, Honda, Suzuki, Kawasaki and Yamaha, have produced shaft drive motorcycles. The Triumph Rocket III is a British Motorcycle made by the Hinckley Triumph factory and has the largest displacement engine of any mass production Honda Motorcycles and scooters by engine size 50cc Honda NB50Aero 50 (NB50 Honda Beat (HondaFC50 CB50 is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Hamamatsu Japan that specializes in manufacturing compact automobiles a full range of Motorcycles All-Terrain ( a Japanese motorized vehicle-producing company (whose HQ is at 2500 Shingai Iwata Shizuoka) is part of the Yamaha Corporation.
The first use of a driveshaft on an off-road motorcycle was in the Tote Gote Nova series. The Tote Gote is an off-road Motorcycle that was produced from 1958 to 1970 It used a straight shaft powering a worm gear which then turned a gear. A worm drive is a gear arrangement in which a worm (which is a gear in the form of a screw) meshes with a worm gear (which is The outer casing was aluminum, and was supported by two rubber bushings. The engine faced forward in the frame.
Motorcycle engines positioned such that the crankshaft is longitudinal and parallel to the frame are often used for shaft driven motorcycles. A flat-twin is a two cylinder Internal combustion engine with the cylinders arranged on opposite sides of the crankshaft The requires only one 90° turn in power transmission, rather than two. Moto Guzzi, BMW, Triumph, and Honda use this engine layout.
Motorcycles with shaft drive are subject to shaft effect where the chassis climbs when power is applied. The shaft effect, also know as elevator effect or shaft jacking, is a phenomenon occurring in shaft-drive Motorcycles While accelerating the rear suspension This is counteracted with systems such as BMW's Paralever, Moto Guzzi's CARC and Kawasaki's Tetralever. BMW Motorrad, a division of BMW, is a German Motorcycle manufacturer Moto Guzzi (also known as "Guzzi" is an Italian Motorcycle manufacturer that has endured from the industry's infancy to its place today as the oldest European The Kawasaki Concours is a 1000 cc or 1400 cc sport touring Motorcycle manufactured since 1985 by Kawasaki.
Marine driveshafts
On a power-driven ship, the driveshaft, or propeller shaft, usually connects the transmission inside the vessel directly to the propeller, passing through a stuffing box or other seal at the point it exits the hull. A propeller is essentially a type of fan which transmits power by converting Rotational motion into Thrust for propulsion of a vehicle such as an A Stuffing box is a type of gland seal. It is used to prevent leakage of fluid such as water or steam between sliding or turning parts of machine elements A hull is the body of a Ship or Boat. It is a central concept in floating vessels as it provides the Buoyancy that keeps the vessel from sinking
As the rotating propeller pushes the vessel forward, the marine driveshaft is also subject to compression, and when going reverse, to tension. Physical compression is the result of the subjection of a material to Compressive stress, resulting in reduction of Volume. In Physics String Tension is the magnitude of the pulling force exerted by a string cable chain or similar object on another object
Cardan shafts are also often used in marine applications between the transmission and either a propeller gearbox or waterjet.
Driveshafts in Bicycles
The driveshaft has served as an alternative to a chain-drive in bicycles for the past century, although never becoming very popular. The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind A shaft-driven bicycle is described as "acatane". A shaft-driven bicycle is a Chainless bicycle that uses a Driveshaft instead of a chain to transmit power from the pedals to the wheel When used on a bicycle, a driveshaft has several advantages and disadvantages:
Advantages
- Drive system is less likely to become jammed or broken, a common problem with chain-driven bicycles
- The use of a gear system creates a smoother and more consistent pedalling motion
- The rider cannot become dirtied from chain grease or injured by the chain from "Chain bite", which occurs when clothing or even a body part catches between the chain and a sprocket
- Lower maintenance than a chain system when the driveshaft is enclosed in a tube, the common convention
- More consistent performance. Dynamic Bicycles claims that a driveshaft bicycle consistently delivers 94% efficiency, whereas a chain-driven bike can deliver anywhere from 75-97% efficiency based on condition.
- Greater clearance: with the absence of a derailleur or other low-hanging machinery, the bicycle has nearly twice the ground clearance
- For bicycle rental companies, a drive-shaft bicycle is less prone to be stolen, since the shaft is non-standard, and both noticable and non-maintainable. Derailleur gears are a variable-ratio transmission system commonly used on Bicycles consisting of a chain, multiple Sprockets and a This type of bicycle is in use in several major cities of Europe, where there have been large municipal funded, public (and automatic) bicycle rental projects.
Disadvantages
- A driveshaft system weighs more than a chain system, usually 1-2 pounds heavier
- At optimum upkeep, a chain delivers greater efficiency
- Many of the advantages claimed by driveshaft's proponents can be achieved on a chain-driven bicycle, such as covering the chain and gears with a metal or plastic cover
- Use of lightweight derailleur gears with a high number of ratios is impossible, although hub gears can be used
- Wheel removal can be complicated in some designs (as it is for some chain-driven bicycles with hub gears). The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass Derailleur gears are a variable-ratio transmission system commonly used on Bicycles consisting of a chain, multiple Sprockets and a
Dictionary
driveshaft
-noun
- A shaft used to transmit rotary motion, as in an automobile from the engine to the transmission.
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