Citizendia

For other uses, see Dravidian (disambiguation).
Dravidian
Total population

approx. 250 million  (2006)

Regions with significant populations
Flag of India India
           Andra Pradesh
           Tamil Nadu
           Karnataka
           Kerala
Flag of Pakistan Pakistan
            Balochistan
Flag of Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
Languages
Dravidian languages
Religions
Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Jainism, Buddhism
Related ethnic groups
Brahui people · Gondi people · Kannadigas · Kodava · Malayalis · Tamils · Telugus · Tuluvas

Dravidian peoples refers to the related populations and ethnicities that natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Balochistan, or Baluchistan, Pashto, ( Balochi, Hazara, Brahui, Sindhi, Urdu: بلوچستان Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 73 languages (including the four literary languages of Tamil, Telugu, Kannada Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The Brahui people or Brohi people ( Brahui / Urdu: بروہی are a distinct ethnic group of about 2 The Gondi (Gōndi are a people in central India. The Gondi or Gond people are spread over the states of Madhya Pradesh, eastern Maharashtra Kannadiga ( Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡಿಗ | masculine|) or Kannadati ( Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡತಿ | feminine|) refers to populations The Kodava (ಕೊಡವ in Kannada script) are an ethnic group of southern India who trace their origins to the region of Kodagu, in Karnataka The Malayali people (also spelled Malayalee; Malayalam: മലയാളി are the inhabitants of Kerala or their descendants Tamil people (also called Tamils or Tamilians) ( are an Ethnic group native to Tamil Nadu, a state in India, and the north-eastern Telugu people refer to the group of peoples who natively speak the Telugu language. The Tuluvas ( Tulu: ತುಳುವ are speakers of the Tulu language. The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 73 languages (including the four literary languages of Tamil, Telugu, Kannada Populations of speakers are found mostly in southern India. South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union Other Dravidian peoples are found in parts of central India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Sri Lankan Tamil people ( or Ceylon Tamils, are an Ethnic group native to the South Asian island state of Sri Lanka who predominantly speak ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and A number of earlier anthropologists held the view that the Dravidian peoples were a distinct race. Various attempts have been made under the British Raj and later times to classify the population of India according to a racial typology. Genetic studies however, conclude otherwise. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is [1][2][3]

Contents

Origins of the word Dravidian

The English word Dravidian was first employed by Robert Caldwell in his book of comparative Dravidian grammar based on the usage of the Sanskrit word drāvida in the work Tantravārttika by Kumārila Bhaṭṭa (Zvelebil 1990:xx). Bishop Robert Caldwell (1814 -1891 was an orientalist who pioneered the study of the Dravidian languages with his work Comparative Grammar of Dravidian Languages Caldwell coined the term "Dravidian" from the Sanskrit drāvida, which was used in a 7th century text to refer to the Tamil language of the south of India. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. The publication of the Dravidian etymological dictionary by T. Burrow and M. B. Emeneau was a landmark event in Dravidian linguistics. Thomas Burrow ( 29 June 1909 - 8 June 1986) was an Indologist and the Boden Professor of Sanskrit at the University Murray Barnson Emeneau ( February 28, 1904 - August 29, 2005) was an Emeritus Professor of Linguistics at the

As for the origin of the Sanskrit word drāviḍa itself there have been various theories proposed. Basically the theories are about the direction of derivation between tamiẓ and drāviḍa. That is to say, while linguists such as Zvelebil assert that the direction is tamiẓ >drāviḍa (ibid. page xxi), others state that the name Dravida also forms the root of the word Tamil (Dravida -> Dramila -> Tamizha or Tamil). Dravidian peoples refers to the peoples that natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent.

There is no definite philological and linguistic basis for asserting unilaterally that the name Dravida also forms the origin of the word Tamil (Dravida -> Dramila -> Tamizha or Tamil). Dravidian peoples refers to the peoples that natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. Zvelebil cites the forms such as dramila (in Daṇḍin's Sanskrit work Avanisundarīkathā) damiḷa (found in Ceylonese chronicle Mahavamsa) and then goes on to say (ibid. page xxi): "The forms damiḷa/damila almost certainly provide a connection of dr(a/ā)viḍa " and ". . . tamiḷ < tamiẓ . . . whereby the further development might have been *tamiẓ > *damiḷ > damiḷa- / damila- and further, with the intrusive, 'hypercorrect' (or perhaps analogical) -r-, into dr(a/ā)viḍa. The -m-/-v- alternation is a common enough phenomenon in Dravidian phonology" (Zvelebil 1990:xxi) Zvelebil in his earlier treatise (Zvelebil 1975: p53) states: "It is obvious that the Sanskrit dr(a/ā)viḍa, Pali damila, damiḷo and Prakrit d(a/ā)viḍa are all etymologically connected with tamiẓ" and further remarks "The r in tamiẓ > dr(a/ā)viḍa is a hypercorrect insertion, cf. an analogical case of DED 1033 Ta. kamuku, Tu. kangu "areca nut": Skt. kramu(ka). ".

Further another eminent Dravidian linguist Bhadriraju Krishnamurti in his book Dravidian Languages (Krishnamurti 2003:p2, footnote 2) states: "Joseph (1989: IJDL 18. Bhadriraju Krishnamurti ( IAST: Bhadrirāju Kṛṣṇamūrti ( June 19, 1928 -) is an eminent Dravidianist and the most respected Indian linguist 2:134-42) gives extensive references to the use of the term draviḍa, dramila first as the name of a people, then of a country. Sinhala inscriptions of BCE [Before Christian Era] cite dameḍa-, damela- denoting Tamil merchants. Early Buddhist and Jaina sources used damiḷa- to refer to a people of in south India (presumably Tamil); damilaraṭṭha- was a southern non-Aryan country; dramiḷa-, dramiḍa, and draviḍa- were used as variants to designate a country in the south (Bṛhatsamhita-, Kādambarī, Daśakumāracarita-, fourth to seventh centuries CE) (1989: 134-8). It appears that damiḷa- was older than draviḍa- which could be its Sanskritization. "

Based on what Krishnamurti states referring to a scholarly paper published in the International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics the Sanskrit word draviḍa itself is later than damiḷa since the dates for the forms with -r- are centuries later than the dates for the forms without -r- (damiḷa, dameḍa-, damela- etc. ). So it is clear that it is difficult to maintain Dravida -> Dramila -> Tamizha or Tamil.

The Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary[4] lists for the Sanskrit word draviḍa a meaning of "collective Name for 5 peoples, viz. the Āndhras, Karṇāṭakas, Gurjaras, Tailaṅgas, and Mahārāṣṭras".

Dravidian languages are spoken by more than 200 million people. They appear to be unrelated to languages of other known families like Indo-European, specifically Indo-Aryan, which is the other common language family on the Asian subcontinent. The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family Some linguistic scholars incorporate the Dravidian languages into a larger Elamo-Dravidian language family, which includes the ancient Elamite language (Haltami) of what is now south-western Iran. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields The Elamo-Dravidian languages are a hypothesised Language family which includes the living Dravidian languages of India, and Pakistan, in addition "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation. Elamite is an Extinct language, which was spoken by the ancient Elamites. Dravidian is one of the primary linguistic groups in the proposed Nostratic language system, linking almost all languages in North Africa, Europe and Western Asia into a common family with its origins in the Fertile Crescent sometime between the last Ice Age and the emergence of proto-Indo-European 4-6 thousand years BC. The Nostratic languages constitute a proposed Language family that according to its proponents includes a high proportion of the language families of Europe The Fertile Crescent is a Crescent -shaped region in the Middle East, originally incorporating the Levant and Ancient Mesopotamia, and often An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets

Dravidian grammatical impact on the structure and syntax of Indo-Aryan languages is considered far greater than the Indo-Aryan grammatical impact on Dravidian. Some linguists explain this anomaly by arguing that Middle Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan were built on a Dravidian substratum. In Contact linguistics, a substratum ( lat sub: under + stratum: layer → lower layer) is a Language [5]

As an aside, mention must be made of a fact that does not lie in the realm of what could be considered Conventional History. Dravidian is an English word which comes from Dravida just as Aryan comes from Arya. Dravidian peoples refers to the peoples that natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. Ārya ( Sanskrit: (आर्य, ( Old Persian Ariya and Avestan Airya) is an ancient Sanskrit term for Hindus, Now pre-historic traditions from both Dravida and Arya make mention of Dravida being the original homeland of both the Dravidians and the Aryans of India. Dravidian peoples refers to the peoples that natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. Ārya ( Sanskrit: (आर्य, ( Old Persian Ariya and Avestan Airya) is an ancient Sanskrit term for Hindus, Dravidian peoples refers to the peoples that natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. Here, however Dravidians are a people on the basis of region and not race, and similarly Aryans are a people on the basis of practiced customs and not race. Dravidian peoples refers to the peoples that natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" Both the Dravidian legends and Aryan legends attribute their origins to this sunken continent, possibly Kumari Kandam. Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" Kumari Kandam (ta குமரிக்கண்டம் Kumarikkaṇṭam) is the name of a legendary sunken landmass said to have been located to the south of present-day

Concept of the Dravidian people

The term Dravidian is taken from the Sanskrit term Dravida, historically referring to Tamil[6]. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical It was adopted following the publication of Robert Caldwell's Comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages (1856); a publication that established the language grouping as one of the major language groups of the world. Bishop Robert Caldwell (1814 -1891 was an orientalist who pioneered the study of the Dravidian languages with his work Comparative Grammar of Dravidian Languages Over seventy-three languages are presently listed as Dravidian. [7] Further, the languages are spread out and cover parts of India, South Western Iran, South Afghanistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. [8]. Robert Caldwell was a Catholic missionary and used the term Dravidian to refer to the people of South India. Bishop Robert Caldwell (1814 -1891 was an orientalist who pioneered the study of the Dravidian languages with his work Comparative Grammar of Dravidian Languages [9]

Although in modern times speakers of the various Dravidian languages have mainly occupied the southern portion of India, nothing definite is known about the ancient domain of the Dravidian parent speech. It is, however, a well-established and well-supported hypothesis that Dravidian speakers must have been widespread throughout India, including the northwest region. [10]

The circumstances of the advent of Dravidian speakers in India are shrouded in mystery. There are vague linguistic and cultural ties with the Urals, with the Mediterranean area, and with Iran. Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye It is possible that a Dravidian-speaking people that can be described as dolichocephalic (longheaded from front to back) Mediterraneans mixed with brachycephalic (short-headed from front to back) Armenoids and established themselves in northwestern India during the 4th millennium BC. Cephalic index is the ratio of the maximum width of the head to its maximum length (i Along their route, these immigrants may have possibly come into an intimate, prolonged contact with the Ural-Altaic speakers, thus explaining the striking affinities between the Dravidian and Ural-Altaic language groups. The Ural-Altaic languages constitute a hypothetical Language family uniting the Uralic and Altaic language families Between 2000 and 1500 BC, there was a fairly constant movement of Dravidian speakers from the northwest to the southeast of India, and about 1500 BC three distinct dialect groups probably existed: Proto-North Dravidian, Proto-Central Dravidian, and Proto-South Dravidian. [11]

When Hiouen Tsang traveled in India he described two kingdoms, one Dravida (with its capital as Kanchipura) and the other Malakuta. [12] Scholars believe that Dravida country was of the Pallavas although are confused of Malakuta. [13] Some believe it was of the Cholas, others that it was a Malaya kingdom. [14]

Linguistic classification

Main article: Dravidian languages

The best-known Dravidian languages are Tamil (தமிழ்),Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ), Malayalam (മലയാളം), Telugu (తెలుగు), and Tulu (ತುಳು). The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 73 languages (including the four literary languages of Tamil, Telugu, Kannada Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state Not to be confused with the Malay language. Malayalam (മലയാളം malayāḷaṁ) is a Dravidian language used

There are three subgroups within the Dravidian linguistic family: North Dravidian, Central Dravidian, and South Dravidian, matching for the most part the corresponding regions in the Indian subcontinent.

Dravidian peoples:

Origins

Main articles: Proto-Dravidian, Dravidian homeland, Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit, and Elamo-Dravidian languages
Areas in South Asia populated by Dravidian peoples
Areas in South Asia populated by Dravidian peoples

Kamil V. Proto-Dravidian is the Proto-language of the Dravidian languages. Urheimat ( German: ur- Original, Ancient; Heimat Home, Homeland) is a linguistic term denoting the The presence in Vedic Sanskrit of a number of phonetic morphological and Syntactical features alien to other Indo-European languages but common to the The Elamo-Dravidian languages are a hypothesised Language family which includes the living Dravidian languages of India, and Pakistan, in addition Zvelebil has suggested that proto-Dravidian was part of a larger Elamo-Dravidian language family[15]. Proto-Dravidian is the Proto-language of the Dravidian languages. The Elamo-Dravidian languages are a hypothesised Language family which includes the living Dravidian languages of India, and Pakistan, in addition However, S.A. Starostin has disputed the existence of an Elamo-Dravidian language family. Dr Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin ( Cyrillic: Серге́й Анато́льевич Ста́ростин March 24, 1953 – September 30, The Elamo-Dravidian languages are a hypothesised Language family which includes the living Dravidian languages of India, and Pakistan, in addition

According to a view put forward by geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza in the book The History and Geography of Human Genes, the Dravidians were preceded in the subcontinent by an Austro-Asiatic people, and followed by Indo-European-speaking migrants sometime later. A geneticist is a scientist who studies Genetics, the science of Heredity and variation of Organisms A geneticist can be employed as a researcher Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (born January 25, 1922) is an Italian population geneticist born in Genoa, who has been a professor at The Austro-Asiatic languages are a large Language family of Southeast Asia, and also scattered throughout India and Bangladesh. The original inhabitants may be identified with the speakers of the Munda languages, which are unrelated to either Indo-Aryan or Dravidian languages. The Munda languages are a Language family spoken by about nine million people in central and eastern India and Bangladesh. However, the Munda languages, as a subgroup of the larger Austro-Asiatic language family, are presumed to have arrived in the Indian subcontinent from the east, possibly from the area that is now southwestern China, so any genetic similarity between the present-day speakers of the Munda languages and the "original inhabitants" of India is likely to be due to assimilation of the natives by Southeast Asian immigrants speaking a proto-Munda language. The Austro-Asiatic languages are a large Language family of Southeast Asia, and also scattered throughout India and Bangladesh. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National

Some linguists believe that Dravidian-speaking people were spread throughout the Indian subcontinent before a series of Indo-Aryan migrations. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. In this view, the early Indus Valley civilization (Harappa and Mohenjo Daro) is often identified as having been Dravidian. The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin Harappa ( Urdu:, Hindi: हड़प्पा) is a City in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 35km (22 miles southwest Mohenjo-daro (موئن جودڑو موئن جو دڙو मोहन जोदड़ो Mound of the Dead was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization [16]. Cultural and linguistic similarities have been cited by researches such as Finnish Indologist Asko Parpola as being strong evidence for a proto-Dravidian origin of the ancient Indus Valley civilization. Asko Parpola is a professor emeritus of Indology and South Asian Studies at the University of Helsinki, Finland.

Some scholars like J. Bloch and M. Witzel believe that the Dravidians moved into an already Indo-Aryan speaking area after the oldest parts of the Rig Veda were already composed (see Bryant 2001: chapter 5)}

This theory might be supported if a higher antiquity of the Indo-Aryan languages could be established. Michael Witzel (born July 18, 1943 at Schwiebus, Germany now Poland is Wales Professor of Sanskrit at Harvard University, United The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" However, since this theory is mainly a linguistic hypothesis, the Dravidian influence on Aryan languages need not necessarily be equated to a movement of populations.

The Brahui population of Balochistan has been taken by some as the linguistic equivalent of a relict population, perhaps indicating that Dravidian languages were formerly much more widespread and were supplanted by the incoming Indo-Aryan languages. The term relict is used to refer to surviving remnants of natural phenomena In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 73 languages (including the four literary languages of Tamil, Telugu, Kannada [17]

Thomason & Kaufman (1988) state that there is strong evidence that Dravidian influenced Indic through "shift", that is, native Dravidian speakers learning and adopting Indic languages. Dravidian peoples refers to the peoples that natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. Elst (1999) claims that the presence of the Brahui language, similarities between Elamite and Harappan script as well as similarities between Indo-Aryan and Dravidian indicate that these languages may have interacted prior to the spread of Indo-Aryans southwards and the resultant intermixing of languages. The Brahui (Urdu spelling بروہی or Bravi (براوِ Language, spoken by the Brahui, is a Dravidian language mainly spoken in Erdosy (1995:18) states that the most plausible explanation for the presence of Dravidian structural features in Old Indo-Aryan is that the majority of early Old Indo-Aryan speakers had a Dravidian mother tongue which they gradually abandoned. Dravidian peoples refers to the peoples that natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. Even though the innovative traits in Indic could be explained by multiple internal explanations, early Dravidian influence is the only explanation that can account for all of the innovations at once – it becomes a question of explanatory parsimony; moreover, early Dravidian influence accounts for the several of the innovative traits in Indic better than any internal explanation that has been proposed. Occam's razor (sometimes spelled Ockham's razor) is a principle attributed to the 14th-century English Logician and Franciscan Friar, [18]

Zvelebil remarks[19] that "Several scholars have demonstrated that pre-Indo-Aryan and pre-Dravidian bilingualism in India provided conditions for the far-reaching influence of Dravidian on the Indo-Aryan tongues in the spheres of phonology, syntax and vocabulary".

Genetic classifications

Main article: Indian genetic studies

The genetic views on race differ in their classification of Dravidians. The Genetics and Archaeogenetics of the ethnic groups '''of''' South Asia aim at uncovering these groups' Genetic history Notions of race based on Human genetic variation have replaced historical approaches such as Craniology with the advent of Human genetics in According to population geneticist L. L. Cavalli-Sforza of Stanford, based on work done in the 1980s, Indians are genetically Caucasian, but Lewontin rejects the label Caucasian. Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (born January 25, 1922) is an Italian population geneticist born in Genoa, who has been a professor at Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in The Caucasian race, sometimes the Caucasoid race, is a term of Racial classification, coined around 1800 by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach for the " Cavalli-Sforza found that Indians are about three times closer to West Europeans than to East Asians. [20] Dr. Eduardas Valaitis, in 2006, found that India is genetically closest to East and Southeast Asians with about 15% more genetic similarity than to Europeans; he also found that India could be considered very distinct from other regions. [21] Genetic anthropologist Stanley Marion Garn considered in the 1960s that the entirety of the Indian Subcontinent to be a "race" genetically distinct from other populations. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Stanley Marion Garn PhD (Oct 27 1922 to Aug 31 2007 was a Professor of Physical anthropology. [22][23] Others, such as Lynn B. Jorde and Stephen P. Wooding, claim South Indians are genetic intermediaries between Europeans and East Asians. [24][25][26]

Studies of the distribution of alleles on the Y chromosome,[27] microsatellite DNA,[28] and mitochondrial DNA[29] in India have cast overwhelming doubt for a biological Dravidian "race" distinct from non-Dravidians in the Indian subcontinent. An allele (ˈæliːl (UK /əˈliːl/ (US (from the Greek αλληλος allelos, meaning each other) is one member of a pair or series of different forms The Y chromosome is the sex-determining Chromosome in most Mammals including Humans In mammals it contains the gene SRY, which triggers Microsatellites, or Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs are polymorphic loci present in nuclear and organellar DNA that consist of repeating In Cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed Organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. This doubtfulness applies to both paternal and maternal descent; however, it does not preclude the possibility of distinctive South Indian ancestries associated with Dravidian languages. [30]

Political ramification

India

Main articles: Aryan Invasion Theory (history and controversies) and Dravidian movement

Some Indians believe that the British Raj exaggerated differences between northern and southern Indians beyond linguistic differences to help sustain their control of India. The Self-Respect Movement was founded in 1925 by EV Ramasami Naicker (also known as Periyar in Tamil Nadu, India. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields The British Raj ended in 1947, yet all discussion of Aryan or Dravidian "races" remains highly controversial in India. The " Aryan race " is a concept in European culture that was influential in the period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets It is now widely believed that the British used this only as their "Divide and rule" blueprint for taking over the region. In Politics and Sociology, divide and rule (derived from Latin divide et impera) (also known as divide and conquer) is a combination [31]The British also used this "theory" of perceived differences between so-called "Aryans" and "Dravidians" to propagate racist beliefs concerning the inherent "inferiority" of the Dravidians when compared to the "Aryans", thus justifying their colonization of South Asia (since the British identified themselves as "Aryans"). [32] Recent genetic studies have since disproved the theory of distinct races on the Indian subcontinent.

Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, the current ethnic conflict and the civil war are further complicated by the view that the majority Sinhalese and minority Tamils belong to two different ethnic and linguistic families. The Sri Lankan Civil War is an Ongoing conflict on the Island -nation of Sri Lanka. The Sinhalese are the main ethnic group of Sri Lanka. They speak Sinhala, an Indo-Aryan language and number approximately 15 million people with the Sri Lankan Tamil people ( or Ceylon Tamils, are an Ethnic group native to the South Asian island state of Sri Lanka who predominantly speak Sinhalese (like Dhivehi) is an Indo-Aryan language that exists in the southern part of South Asia. Sinhalese or Sinhala (සිංහල ISO 15919: siṁhala ˈsiŋhələ earlier referred to as Singhalese) is the language of the Sinhalese Dhivehi Writing Systems Dhivehi (or Divehi) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by more than about 300000 people in the Republic of Maldives where it is the

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Sahoo, Sanghamitra; Anamika Singh, G. Various attempts have been made under the British Raj and later times to classify the population of India according to a racial typology. The Munda are a tribal (Adivasi people of the Jharkhand region which is spread over on five states of India ( Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal Himabindu, Jheelam Banerjee, T. Sitalaximi, Sonali Gaikwad, R. Trivedi, Phillip Endicott, Toomas Kivisild, Mait Metspalu, Richard Villems and V. K. Kashyap (2006-01-24). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of United States of America 103 (4): 843-848. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  2. ^ Sengupta, S. ; et al. (2006-02-01). "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists.". Am J Hum Genet. 78 (2): 201-221. The American Society of Human Genetics.  
  3. ^ Sharma, S. ; Saha A, Rai E, Bhat A, Bamezai R. (2005). "Human mtDNA hypervariable regions, HVR I and II, hint at deep common maternal founder and subsequent maternal gene flow in Indian population groups.". J Hum Genet. 50 (10): 497-506.  
  4. ^ (German) Sanskrit, Tamil and Pahlavi Dictionaries
  5. ^ Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003) The Dravidian Languages Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-77111-0 at p. 40-41.
  6. ^ |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2022/stories/20031107000807300.htm|}}
  7. ^ Ethnologue study
  8. ^ Dravidian language family study
  9. ^ P. 678 Dancing With Siva: Hinduism's Contemporary Catechism, By Himalayan Academy, Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami, Master Subramuniya.
  10. ^ "Dravidian languages. " Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 June 2008
  11. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica
  12. ^ P. 125 Ancient Jaffna By M. C. Rasanayagam.
  13. ^ P. 125 Ancient Jaffna By M. C. Rasanayagam.
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References

External links

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