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Drag racing is a sport in which cars or motorcycles race down a track with a set distance as fast as possible.

While usually thought of as an American and Canadian pastime, drag racing is also very popular in Australia, New Zealand, Japan, the Caribbean in particular Aruba, Mexico, Greece, Malta, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and Scandinavian countries especially Finland and Sweden. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Aruba is a -long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, north of the Paraguaná Peninsula, Falcón State, Venezuela The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. At any given time there are over 325 drag strips operating world-wide. For the Transformers character see Drag Strip. A dragstrip is a facility for conducting Automobile and Motorcycle acceleration events such

Contents

Basics of drag racing

A drag race pits two vehicles against each other over a straight, measured distance from a standing start. The standard distances are either a quarter-mile (1,320 feet/402. 3 m) or an eighth-mile (660 feet/201 m). The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A standard drag racing event involves several classes, each competing in their own single-elimination tournament of head-to-head races.

Before each race (also known as a "pass"), each driver is allowed to perform a burnout (which heats the tires and lays rubber down at the beginning of the track, improving traction), then lines up (or "stages") at the starting line. Informal drag races can be started by any means, including flag-waving and arm-dropping. Professional drag races are started electronically, with a series of vertically-arranged lights known as a Christmas Tree. A Christmas Tree consists of a column of lights for each driver/lane. In each column, the top two lights are small amber lights connected to light beams on the track, which when broken by the vehicle's front tire(s) indicate that the driver has pre-staged (approximately 7 inches from the starting line) and then staged (at the starting line). [1]

Below the staging lights are three large amber lights, a green light, and a red light. When both drivers are staged, the tree is activated to start the race, which causes the three large amber lights to illuminate, followed by the green light. There are two standard light sequences: Either the three amber lights flash simultaneously, followed 0. 4 seconds later by the green light (a "Pro" tree), or the amber lights light in sequence from top to bottom, 0. 5 seconds apart, followed 0. 5 seconds later by the green light (a "Sportsman" or full tree). If the driver leaves the starting line before the green light illuminates, the red light for that driver's lane illuminates instead, indicating disqualification.

Several measurements are taken for each race: reaction time, elapsed time, and speed. Reaction time is the time from the green light illuminating to the vehicle leaving the starting line. Elapsed time is the time from the vehicle leaving the starting line to crossing the finish line. Speed is measured through a speed trap near the finish line, indicating the approximate maximum speed of the vehicle during the run. This article is about the Peter King album For the term related to speed limits see Speed trap.

The winner is the first vehicle to cross the finish line (and therefore the driver with the lowest total reaction time + elapsed time). The elapsed time is a measure of performance only; it does not, per se, determine the winner. Because elapsed time does not include reaction time, a car with a faster elapsed time can actually lose the race if the driver does not react to the green light fast enough. In practice, it is advantageous for the driver to "jump the gun" by a fraction of a second, starting the car during the split-second interval between when the yellow light goes out and the green light goes on. However, if the car leaves the front light beam before the green light comes on, the driver has "red-lighted" (because the red light is lit on the Christmas Tree) and should no further fouls happen during the race, is disqualified. Once a driver commits a red-light foul, the other driver can also commit a foul start by leaving the line too early but would win because he or she would leave the line slower. A driver who gets a substantial lead at the start is said to have gotten a "holeshot". A win where a driver wins a race with a higher elapsed time but lower reaction time is known as a "holeshot win".

It is also possible for a driver to be disqualified for other infractions, depending on the rules of the race, including crossing the centerline between lanes, touching a wall, striking a track fixture, failing to stage, failing a tech inspection, or running faster than expected/allowed for the assigned class.

In the common Eliminator racing format, the losing vehicle and driver are removed from the contest, while the winner goes on to race other winners, until only one is left. In cases where a driver has no opponent for a round, the driver makes a solo pass or "bye run" (in order to at least partially eliminate the advantage that would otherwise come from the engine having one less run on it) to advance to the next round. In most Eliminator formats, the bye runs take place only in the first round. On bye runs, some drivers may choose to drive slowly so as not to stress the car unduly, though choice of lane in the each round is often determined by time in the previous round, making this strategy possibly detrimental. Unlike the NHRA, many European events feature a consolation race where the losers of the semifinal rounds race for third place, the final spot on the podium, and standings points.

During drag racing events, vehicles are classified by various criteria that take into account the extent of modifications to the car. These criteria include engine capacity, configuration of cylinders, frame type, vehicle construction materials, wheelbase, horsepower to weight ratio, number of cylinders, whether or not power adding devices such as turbochargers, superchargers or nitrous oxide are employed, vehicle type (such as car, truck, et cetera), or even make and model for limited entry fields. A turbocharger, or turbo, is an air Compressor used for forced-induction of an Internal combustion engine. A supercharger is an air compressor used for Forced induction of an Internal combustion engine. Nitrous oxide, commonly known as " laughing gas," is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula N 2 O. The aforementioned divisions are in place to ensure that the cars are evenly matched during the race. (not all of these can apply)

Drag racing vehicles are special in that they are modified to be lighter and more powerful than in their standard form. A lighter vehicle means that the power-to-weight ratio is increased and hence a greater acceleration will be achieved. Power increases vary depending on the extent of the modifications to the engine.

Flopper with body up. Note single-plug heads.
Flopper with body up. Note single-plug heads.

Racing organization

The National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) oversees the majority of drag racing events in North America. "NHRA" redirects here For other uses see NHRA (disambiguation. The next largest organization, Live Nation's International Hot Rod Association (IHRA), is about one-third the size of NHRA. Live Nation Inc is a live Events company based in Beverly Hills California. The International Hot Rod Association also known as IHRA is the 2nd largest Drag racing sanctioning body after the NHRA. Nearly all drag strips are associated with one sanctioning body or the other. The NHRA is more popular with large, 1/4th mile nationally-recognized tracks, while the IHRA is a favorite of smaller 1/8th mile local tracks (and offers selected races on their national tour under the 1/8th mile format. One reason for this (among others) is the IHRA is less restrictive in its rules, such as rules on nitrous oxide (legal in Pro Modified) and oversized engines (no 8. 2 liter / 500cid engine restriction in the IHRA's Pro Stock category) and less expensive to be associated, as the IHRA is part of a publicly traded company.

Prior To the founding of the NHRA and IHRA smaller organizations sanctioned drag racing in the early years. The first commercially sanctioned drag race on the east coast was reputed to have been held at Longview Speedway (now Old Dominion Speedway) in Manassas, VA. Old Dominion Speedway (ODS is a 3/8 mile (06 km NASCAR Whelen All-American Series and Drag racing track in Manassas Virginia (near Washington Old Dominion Speedway is currently sanctioned by the SBRA (Southern Bracket Racing Association). Old Dominion Speedway (ODS is a 3/8 mile (06 km NASCAR Whelen All-American Series and Drag racing track in Manassas Virginia (near Washington

Caterpiller-sponsored dragster. Note wide slicks and high-mounted wing, to assist traction.
Caterpiller-sponsored dragster. Note wide slicks and high-mounted wing, to assist traction.

There are literally hundreds of different classes in drag racing, each with different requirements and restrictions on things such as weight, engine size, body style, modifications, and many others. NHRA and IHRA share some of these classes, but many are solely used by one sanctioning body or the other. The NHRA boasts over 200 classes, while the IHRA has fewer. Some IHRA classes have multiple sub-classes in them to differentiate by engine components and other features. There is even a class for aspiring youngsters - Junior Dragster.

In 1997, the FIA (cars) and UEM (bikes) began sanctioning drag racing in Europe with a fully established European Drag Racing Championship, in cooperation (and rules compliance) with NHRA. The major European drag strips include Santa Pod Raceway in Podington, England, Alastaro Circuit, Finland, Mantorp Park, Sweden, Gardermoen Raceway, Norway and the Hockenheimring in Germany.

However, there are only 5 pro classes in North America (4 NHRA, 4 IHRA), which are:

Altered Vision, a modern, long-wheelbase fuellie altered
Altered Vision, a modern, long-wheelbase fuellie altered

In addition to the professional classes, these are some other popular classes:

A complete listing of all classes can be found on the respective NHRA and IHRA official websites (see external links).


Note dual-plug heads, dual mags, and intake snorkel
Note dual-plug heads, dual mags, and intake snorkel

In the FIA European Drag Racing Championships a different structure of professional categories is used with Top Fuel Dragster (with a 90% nitromethane mix), Top Methanol (Alcohol) Dragster, Top Methanol (Alcohol) Funny Car, Pro Stock and Pro Modified running as professional championships as well as FIA specifications published for Fuel Funny Car although this does not run as a championship.

The UEM also has a different structure of professional categories with Top Fuel Bike , Super Twin Top Fuel Bike and Pro Stock Bike contested leaving the entire European series with a total of 8 professional categories.

To allow different cars to compete against each other, some competitions are raced on a handicap basis, with faster cars delayed on the start line enough to theoretically even things up with the slower car. This may be based on rule differences between the cars in stock, super stock, and modified classes, or on a competitor's chosen "dial-in" in bracket racing. Bracket racing is a form of Drag racing that allows for a handicap between predicted speed of the two cars

Intake scoop strapped down tight in case of popping a blower.
Intake scoop strapped down tight in case of popping a blower.

A "dial-in" is a time the driver estimates it will take his or her car to cross the finish line, and is generally displayed on one or more windows so the starter can adjust the starting lights on the "Christmas tree" (commonly just "tree") accordingly. The slower car will then get a head start equal to the difference in the two dial-ins, so that if both cars perform perfectly, they would cross the finish line dead even. If either car goes faster than its dial-in (called breaking out),it is disqualified regardless of who has the lowest elapsed time; if both cars break out, the one who breaks out by the smallest amount wins. This eliminates any advantage from putting a slower time on the windshield to get a head start. The effect of the bracket racing rules is to place a premium on consistency of performance of the driver and car rather than on raw speed, in that victory goes to the driver able to precisely predict elapsed time, whether it is fast or slow. This in turn makes victory much less dependent on large infusions of money, and more dependent on skill. Therefore, bracket racing is popular with casual weekend racers. Many of these recreational racers will drive their vehicles to the track, race them, and then simply drive them home. Most tracks do not host national events every week, and on the interim weekends host local casual and weekend racers. Organizationally, however, the tracks are run according to the rules of either the NHRA or the IHRA (for the most part). Even street vehicles must pass a safety inspection prior to being allowed to race.

Besides NHRA and IHRA, there are niche organizations for muscle cars and nostalgia vehicles. The National Electric Drag Racing Association (NEDRA) races electric vehicles against high performance gasoline-powered vehicles such as Dodge Vipers or classic muscle cars in ¼ and 1/8 mile races. The National Electric Drag Racing Assossiation is a North American-based racing league for competing Battery electric vehicles (BEVs against each other and against contemporary The National Electric Drag Racing Assossiation is a North American-based racing league for competing Battery electric vehicles (BEVs against each other and against contemporary The Electric Vehicle was an American Automobile manufactured only in 1899 The Dodge Viper is a V10 -powered Sports car manufactured by the Dodge division of Chrysler LLC. The current electric drag racing record is 7.824s for a quarter mile. Another niche organisation is the VWDRC which run a VW-only championship with vehicles running under 7 seconds. A top fuel dragster produces 8000 horse power and can go from 0 to 320 mph in 5 seconds

Drag racing performance facts

The fastest top fuelers can attain terminal speeds of over 530 km/h (330 mph) while covering the quarter mile (402 m) distance in roughly 4. 45 seconds. It is often related that Top Fuel dragsters are the fastest accelerating vehicles on Earth; quicker even than the space shuttle launch vehicle or catapult-assisted jet fighter (however this ignores the hydrogen peroxide rocket dragsters such as Sammy Miller and Kitty O'Neil's 3. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System ( STS) is the Spacecraft currently used by the United States An aircraft catapult is a device used to launch Aircraft from Ships in particular Aircraft carriers as a form of Assisted take off. A fighter aircraft is a Military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat with other Aircraft, as opposed to a Bomber, which is designed Rocket Dragster racing is a form of Drag Racing usually using High test peroxide Rocket engines Kitty O'Neil (born 1946 in Corpus Christi Texas) is a former stuntwoman and racer noted for a handful of exceptional accomplishments despite becoming deaf when she was four 22 ET and 663 km/h (412 mph) quarter mile world records set in 1977). In fact, a vehicle traveling at a steady 200 mph (322 km/h) as it crosses the starting line will be beaten to the finish line by a top fuel dragster starting from a dead stop at the same moment. Additionally, through the use of large multiple braking parachutes, the astounding performance of 0 to 531 km/h (0 to 330 mph) and then back to 0 in 20 seconds can be obtained. Parachutes is the Debut album by English Alternative rock band Coldplay, released by the record label Parlophone on July 10 Using twin drag parachutes, deceleration of up to 5 G can be attained, enough to cause detached retinae[2]. Retinal detachment is a disorder of the Eye in which the Retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue The legendary Don Garlits, holder of multiple records (first 200 mph (320 km/h) run, first 270 mph (430 km/h) run. Donald Glenn Garlits (born January 14, 1932, Tampa Florida) is considered the father of Drag racing. . . ) had to retire because of a detached retina.

The faster categories of drag racing are an impressive spectacle, with engines of over five MW (6700 horsepower) and noise outputs to match (measured at 3. 9 on the Richter scale by seismologist Dr. The Richter magnitude scale, or more correctly local magnitude M L scale assigns a single number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released Doug Brittsan), cars that look like bizarre parodies of standard street cars (funny cars), and the ritual of burnouts where, prior to the actual timed run, the competitors cause their car's driving wheels to spin while stationary or moving forward slowly, thus heating up the tires to proper working temperature and laying down a sticky coat of rubber on the track surface ( which may have been coated with VHT Trackbite or similar to increase traction) to get optimum grip on the all-important launch. This article is about tires used on road Vehicles including pneumatic tires and solid tires. VHT TrackBite is used in Drag racing to increase the tires's traction or as a sealer for newly ground and/or resurfaced race tracks

The Blown Alcohol and nitrous oxide-injected Pro Modifieds with their 1500 kW (2012 hp) motors are capable of running in the low six second range at over 370 km/h (230 mph). Nitrous oxide, commonly known as " laughing gas," is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula N 2 O. The IHRA Pro Stocks are just behind, running in the 6. 3 second range at over 346 km/h (215 mph), while the NHRA Pro Stocks run in the high sixes at over 322 km/h (200 mph). Top Sportsman and Top Dragster, the two fastest sportsman classes, run a bracket style race and can range from high sevens at over 274 km/h (170 mph) to 6. 4s at 210 mph (340 km/h). Super Comp/Quick Rod are either dragsters or doorslammers, but run with a throttle stop. Some cars can run as low as a 7. 50 at around 180 mph (290 km/h) without a throttle stop, but use it in order to hit an 8. 900 index. Super Gas/Super Rod and Super Street/Hot Rod run with a 9. 900 and 10. 900 index respectfully, but both run with a throttle stop.

Another class of car is the Sport Compact class that use their power to weight ratio to get performance. Power-to-weight ratio (specific power is a calculation commonly applied to Engines and other mobile power sources to enable the comparison of one unit or design to another The FIAT Topolino was the first to be used this way, in the notorious AA/FA, or Fuel Altered, followed by the more conventional modified VW Beetle. Fiat SpA (an Acronym for Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (Italian Automobile Factory of Turin) is an Italian automobile manufacturer History The Topolino was the name given to an Automobile model manufactured by Fiat from 1936 to 1955 Altered is a Straight-to-DVD 2006 Sci-Fi Horror movie. Altered is directed by Eduardo Sánchez who achieved The Volkswagen Beetle, officially known as the type 1 and originally called ‘Käfer’ is an Economy car produced by the German auto maker Volkswagen A turbocharger or supercharger is very common, and often necessary to break the 12-second barrier. A turbocharger, or turbo, is an air Compressor used for forced-induction of an Internal combustion engine. A supercharger is an air compressor used for Forced induction of an Internal combustion engine. Cars have progressed rapidly though and can now even run seven second quarter miles.

In 2001, the NHRA bought out NIRA and renamed it the Sport Compact category featuring such cars, and while Toyota, Honda, Nissan, and Subaru are very popular, the NHRA has also permitted General Motors, Ford, and DaimlerChrysler cars to participate in Sport Compact. (pronounced) is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and is currently the world's largest Automaker. () is a Multinational corporation, engine Manufacturer and engineering corporation headquartered in Japan. is the automobile manufacturing division of Japanese transportation conglomerate Fuji Heavy Industries Co General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States. Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following Daimler AG ( (formerly DaimlerChrysler AG) is a German car corporation (not to be confused with the British car-maker Daimler Motor Company) and

With NHRA rule changes in recent years making Pro Stock cars more compact, a change from an 8. 2 L (500 cubic inch) V-8 engine to a modified factory four or six cylinder double overhead camshaft engine can easily convert a Pro Stock car to Sport Compact Pro Rear Wheel Drive car. The cars are separated by performance, and since 2003 categories have been split based on the car's drive wheels. Ironically, almost all NHRA Sport Compact records for elapsed time and speed are held by General Motors and Ford cars, rather than the imports.

Drag racing strategies and methods

The various strategies used in drag racing begin with the car itself. Performance enhancements must comply both with NHRA/IHRA rules and restrictions based on the class the car is running in. "NHRA" redirects here For other uses see NHRA (disambiguation. The International Hot Rod Association also known as IHRA is the 2nd largest Drag racing sanctioning body after the NHRA. Some common enhancements include the use of slicks (smooth, soft tires that grip the track), methods for introducing more air into the motor such as turbochargers, superchargers, and nitrous oxide (N2O), specialized fuels (higher octane gas, methanol, etc. Nitrous oxide, commonly known as " laughing gas," is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula N 2 O. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound . . ), improved suspensions, and a multitude of others. Suspension is the term given to the system of springs, Shock absorbers and linkages that connects a Vehicle to its Wheels Suspension

The burnout

Example of a burn-out before staging at Hockenheimring, Germany. Note the amount of smoke
Example of a burn-out before staging at Hockenheimring, Germany. The Hockenheimring Baden-Württemberg is an Automobile racing track situated near the town of Hockenheim in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Note the amount of smoke

When approaching the starting line (also known as the staging area), most racers will apply water (formerly thought to be bleach by spectators but was always water in old bleach bottles) to the driven tires either by backing into a small puddle (the "bleach box" or "water box") or having it sprayed on. The car then exits the water and does a burnout to heat the tires, making them even stickier. Some cars have a mandatory "line-lock" which prevents the rear brakes from engaging when the brake pedal is depressed (which can be toggled on and off). This allows the car to remain stationary (with the brakes applied) without burning up the rear brake pads while doing a burnout. Cars in street classes (which must be street legal) are the only exception to this pre-race ritual, as the grooved tires tend to retain some of the water.

Staging

After the burn-out comes the "staging phase", where the cars pull up to the starting line. Each lane has its own string of lights on the "Christmas tree", with two small orange lights on top. These are the "pre-staged" and "staged" lights. The two cars will slowly creep forward until the first (pre-staged) orange light is lit. This means they are very close to the actual starting line (a mere 7 inches). Then the cars will nudge forward until the second (staged) light is lit. This indicates they are at the starting line, this is the point where the driver will apply the "line-lock" to prevent the car from rolling while he uses the clutch and gas pedals. When both cars have lit both bulbs, the starter will engage the Christmas tree. If the racer moves too far the top bulb will go out and the driver is said to have "deep staged". While some drivers prefer this technique, some tracks and classes prohibit it. An advantage can be had, by deepstaging, in gaining a quicker reaction time (RT) but at the expense of the elapsed time (ET) and MPH achieved at the top end of the track; there is also a higher risk of "red lighting". A loose etiquette is followed when staging. The driver to illuminate the first light will wait for the second car to light both bulbs before advancing to the staged light.

The tree

Once the competitors have both staged, the starter presses a button to start the race. There are two types of tree used. A sportsman tree, used for bracket and handicap racing, consists of each yellow lighting 0. 5 seconds after the one above it. The green comes on 0. 5 seconds after the last yellow is lit. If the race is a handicap race each side of the tree will have its own timing. A pro tree consists of all three yellows being illuminated at the same time, followed by the green 0. 4 seconds later. This type of tree is used for professional and heads-up racing. It should be noted that some tracks run a Pro-style tree for bracket racing during special "Street Racing" bracket events.

The race

Several things are important on the way down the track in drag racing. The first is not to cross into the opponent's lane, as this will result in disqualification. In case of a double disqualification in which one driver commits a foul start and the second driver crosses into his opponent's lane, the driver who committed the foul start wins. Another important consideration is when to shift gears. Most drag cars are shifted manually by the driver, and there are optimum times for shifting that vary with each car. Typically, power will increase as the engine RPMs (revolutions per minute) increase, but only up to a point before power begins to taper off. The ideal time to shift is when the descending power curve for the lower gear crosses the ascending power curve for the higher gear. Most drag racers use a tachometer to judge shift points. In Fuel classes especially, "pedalling" the car (adjusting the throttle) to prevent loss of traction is often important and one measure of how good a driver is.

Strategies for crossing the finish line usually only involve bracket racing (see above). If one car has a huge lead, it may slow down before crossing the finish line to prevent a breakout. Especially in bracket racing, it is not uncommon to see the leading vehicle's brake lights come on briefly before the finish line. The term "sandbagging" is used in races where the driver in a bracket race puts a slower "dial in" (the predicted E. T. ) that he/she could run and then at the finish line tap the brakes lightly or lift of the gas pedal to reduce the E. T. to run as close as possible to the dial in.

If both cars break out, the car closer to their dial-in wins. In NHRA Junior Dragster racing, however, there is a maximum elapsed time where a car which is faster than the maximum permissible time is ejected from the entire race. This is faster than the official break out elapsed time.

Glossary

The Wheelie bar (foreground) and parachute (gray) on a Kenny Bernstein Top Fuel dragster
The Wheelie bar (foreground) and parachute (gray) on a Kenny Bernstein Top Fuel dragster

References

  1. ^ Drag racing made easy
  2. ^ The History of Fuel Dragsters

External links

Santa Pod Raceway, in Bedfordshire, England, founded in 1966, is Europe's first permanent Drag racing venue

Dictionary

drag racing

-noun

  1. Straight lane racing on an official racetrack.
  2. (colloquial) Any illegal street racing.

-verb

  1. Present participle of drag race.
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