Down Beat is an American magazine devoted to "jazz, blues and beyond" to indicate its expansion beyond the jazz realm that it exclusively covered in previous years. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally The publication was established in 1934 in Chicago, Illinois. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. It is named after the "downbeat" in music also called the "one beat" or the first beat of a musical measure. In Music performance and Music theory, the downbeat is the first beat of a measure in Music, the impulse that occurs at the Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time.

Down Beat publishes results of annual surveys of both its readers and critics in a variety of categories. The Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame includes winners from both the readers and critics poll. The results of the readers' poll are published in the December issue, those of the critics' poll in the August issue.

Well known features of Down Beat magazine include its "Reviews" section where jazz critics, using a '1-Star to 5-Star' maximum rating system, rate the latest musical recordings, vintage recordings, and books; articles on individual musicians and music forms; and its famous "Blindfold Test" column, in a which a musician listens to records by other artists, tries to guess who they are, and rates them using the 5-star maximum rating system. Musicians that get 50% right on the "Blindfold Test" do better than average.

Down Beat went to a monthly schedule in April 1979, the first time since 1939.

Contents 1 Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame 2 Down Beat Jazz Album of the Year 3 References 4 External links

Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame

The Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame is maintained at Universal Studios' City Jazz club in Orlando, Florida. Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City Studios) a subsidiary of NBC Universal, is a major Global American Orlando is a major City in central Florida, USA and is the County seat of Orange County Florida. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Current membership, by year, is listed in the following table. The critics' poll was not initiated until 1961, so there are only readers' poll winners before then. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Although they have many members in common, the Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame is separate and distinct from the Big Band and Jazz Hall of Fame.

Year	Readers Poll	Critics Poll
1952	Louis Armstrong[1]
1953	Glenn Miller[2]
1954	Stan Kenton[3]
1955	Charlie Parker[4]
1956	Duke Ellington[5]
1957	Benny Goodman[6]
1958	Count Basie[7]
1959	Lester Young[8]
1960	Dizzy Gillespie[9]
1961	Billie Holiday[10]	Coleman Hawkins
1962	Miles Davis[11]	Bix Beiderbecke
1963	Thelonious Monk[12]	Jelly Roll Morton
1964	Eric Dolphy[13]	Art Tatum
1965	John Coltrane[14]	Earl Hines
1966	Bud Powell[15]	Charlie Christian
1967	Billy Strayhorn[16]	Bessie Smith
1968	Wes Montgomery[17]	Sidney Bechet & Fats Waller
1969	Ornette Coleman[18]	Pee Wee Russell & Jack Teagarden
1970	Jimi Hendrix[19]	Johnny Hodges
1971	Charles Mingus[20]	Roy Eldridge & Django Reinhardt
1972	Gene Krupa[21]	Clifford Brown
1973	Sonny Rollins[22]	Fletcher Henderson
1974	Buddy Rich[23]	Ben Webster
1975	Cannonball Adderley[24]	Cecil Taylor
1976	Woody Herman	King Oliver
1977	Paul Desmond	Benny Carter
1978	Joe Venuti	Rahsaan Roland Kirk
1979	Ella Fitzgerald	Lennie Tristano
1980	Dexter Gordon	Max Roach
1981	Art Blakey	Bill Evans
1982	Art Pepper	Fats Navarro
1983	Stéphane Grappelli	Albert Ayler
1984	Oscar Peterson	Sun Ra
1985	Sarah Vaughan	Zoot Sims
1986	Stan Getz	Gil Evans
1987	Lionel Hampton	Johnny Dodds, Thad Jones, Teddy Wilson
1988	Jaco Pastorius	Kenny Clarke
1989	Woody Shaw	Chet Baker
1990	Red Rodney	Mary Lou Williams
1991	Lee Morgan	John Carter
1992	Maynard Ferguson	James P. Johnson
1993	Gerry Mulligan	Edward Blackwell
1994	Dave Brubeck	Frank Zappa
1995	J. J. Johnson	Julius Hemphill
1996	Horace Silver	Artie Shaw
1997	Nat King Cole	Tony Williams
1998	Frank Sinatra	Elvin Jones
1999	Milt Jackson	Betty Carter
2000	Clark Terry	Lester Bowie
2001	Joe Henderson	Milt Hinton
2002	Antonio Carlos Jobim	John Lewis
2003	Ray Brown	Wayne Shorter
2004	McCoy Tyner	Roy Haynes
2005	Herbie Hancock	Steve Lacy
2006	Jimmy Smith	Jackie McLean
2007	Michael Brecker	Andrew Hill

Down Beat Jazz Album of the Year

An essential contribution of the critics' and readers' polls are the selections for "Jazz Album of the Year", listing the dozen or so most popular records. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Louis Armstrong (August 4 1901 &ndash July 6 1971 nicknamed Satchmo or Sachimo and Pops, was an American Jazz Trumpeter Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Alton Glenn Miller ( March 1 1904 &ndash presumably December 15 1944) was an American Jazz musician and Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Stanley Newcomb Kenton ( December 15, 1911 – August 25, 1979) was a pianist who led a highly innovative influential and often controversial Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington (April 29 1899 &ndash May 24 1974 was an American Composer, Pianist, and Bandleader. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. William "Count" Basie ( August 21, 1904 &ndash April 26, 1984) was an American jazz pianist, Organist The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lester Willis Young ( August 27, 1909 &ndash March 15, 1959) nickname 'Prez' was an American Jazz tenor Saxophonist Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie ( October 21 1917 &ndash January 6 1993) was an American Jazz Trumpeter Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Billie Holiday (born Eleanora Fagan; April 7 1915 – July 17 1959 was an American Jazz singer and songwriter Coleman Randolph Hawkins ( November 21 1904 - May 19 1969) Nicknamed "Hawk" and sometimes "Bean" was a prominent Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26 1926 &ndash September 28 1991 was an American Jazz Trumpeter, Bandleader, and Composer. Leon Bix Beiderbecke ( March 10, 1903 &ndash August 6, 1931) was an American Jazz Cornetist and composer as well Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Thelonious Sphere Monk ( October 10, 1917 - February 17, 1982) was an American Jazz Pianist and Composer. Ferdinand "Jelly Roll" Morton ( ca September 20, 1885 or October 20, 1890 – July 10, 1941) was an Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Eric Allan Dolphy ( June 20, 1928 &ndash June 29, 1964) was an American Jazz alto saxophonist, flautist, and Arthur Tatum Jr ( October 13, 1909 – November 5, 1956) was an American Jazz Pianist and Virtuoso. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Earl Kenneth Hines, universally known as Earl "Fatha" Hines, ( 28 December, 1903 Duquesne Pennsylvania &ndash 22 April Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Earl Rudolph "Bud" Powell ( September 27[[ 924]] &ndash July 31[[ 966]] in New York City) was an American Jazz pianist, usually considered Charlie Christian (Charles Henry Christian ( 29 July 1916 &ndash 2 March 1942) was an American swing and Bebop Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. William Thomas "Billy" Strayhorn ( November 29, 1915 – May 31, 1967) was an American Composer, Pianist Bessie Smith (July 9 1892 or April 15 1894&ndash September 26 1937 was an American Blues singer Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. John Leslie "Wes" Montgomery ( 6 March 1925 - 15 June 1968) was an American Jazz guitarist He is generally considered Sidney Bechet ( May 14, 1897 &ndash May 14, 1959) was an American Jazz saxophonist, Clarinetist and Composer Fats Waller (born Thomas Wright Waller on May 21, 1904 &mdash December 15, 1943) was an American jazz pianist Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ornette Coleman (born March 9, 1930) is an American saxophonist Violinist Trumpeter and Composer. Charles Ellsworth Russell, much better known by his Nickname Pee Wee Russell, ( 27 March, 1906 - 15 February, 1969) was Weldon Leo "Jack" Teagarden ( August 20, 1905 &ndash January 15, 1964) was an influential Jazz Trombonist and Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. James Marshall Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix) (November 27 1942 – September 18 1970 was an American Guitarist, Singer and Songwriter John Cornelius "Johnny" Hodges ( 25 July, 1906 in Cambridge, Massachusetts – 11 May, 1970) was an American Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Charles Mingus ( 22 April 1922 &ndash 5 January 1979) was an American Jazz Bassist, Composer, Roy David Eldridge ( January 30, 1911 &ndash February 26, 1989) nicknamed "Little Jazz" was an American Jean "Django" Reinhardt ( January 23, 1910 – May 16, 1953) was a Belgian Gypsy jazz Guitarist Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Gene Krupa ( January 15, 1909 &ndash October 16, 1973) was an influential American Jazz and Big band Drummer Clifford Brown ( October 30, 1930 &ndash June 26, 1956) aka " Brownie," was an influential and highly rated Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Theodore Walter "Sonny" Rollins (born September 7 1930 in New York City) is an American Jazz tenor Saxophonist Fletcher Hamilton Henderson Jr ( December 18, 1897 &ndash December 28, 1952) was an American pianist bandleader Arranger Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Bernard "Buddy" Rich ( September 30 1917 &ndash April 2 1987) was an American jazz drummer and Bandleader Benjamin Francis Webster ( March 27 1909 &ndash September 20 1973) aka " The Brute " or " Frog," was an Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Julian Edwin "Cannonball" Adderley ( September 15 1928 – August 8 1975) was a Jazz alto saxophonist of Cecil Percival Taylor (born March 15 or March 25, 1929 in New York City) is an American Pianist and poet Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Woodrow Charles Herman ( May 16 1913 &ndash October 29 1987) better known as Woody Herman, was an American Jazz Joe "King" Oliver, ( December 19, 1885 &ndash April 10, 1938) was a Jazz Cornet player and Bandleader Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Paul Desmond ( November 25, 1924 - May 30, 1977) born Paul Emil Breitenfeld, was a Jazz alto saxophonist and Bennett Lester Carter (born August 8, 1907 in Harlem New York; died July 12, 2003 in Los Angeles California) was Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Giuseppe (Joe Venuti ( September 16 1903 &ndash August 14, 1978) was a U Rahsaan Roland Kirk ( August 7, 1936 - December 5, 1977) was an American Jazz Multi-instrumentalist, playing Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Ella Jane Fitzgerald (April 25 1917 &ndash June 15 1996 also known as " Lady Ella " and the "First Lady of Song" is considered one of the most influential Leonard Joseph Tristano ( 19 March[[ 919]] - 18 November[[ 978]] was a Jazz Pianist and Composer. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Dexter Gordon ( February 27, 1923 – April 25, 1990) was an American Jazz Tenor saxophonist, and an Academy Maxwell Lemuel Roach ( January 10, 1924 &ndash August 16, 2007) was an American Jazz Percussionist, Drummer Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Arthur (Art Blakey ( October 11 1919 &ndash October 16 1990) born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. William John Evans (better known as Bill Evans) ( August 16, 1929 &ndash September 15, 1980) was one of the most famous and influential Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Art Pepper (b September 1 1925, Gardena California &ndash d June 15, 1982, Los Angeles California) born Arthur Theodore "Fats" Navarro ( 24 September, 1923 – 7 July, 1950) was an American Jazz Trumpet player Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Stéphane Grappelli ( January 26 1908 &ndash December 1 1997) was a French Jazz Violinist who founded the Albert Ayler ( July 13, 1936 – November 1970 was an American avant-garde Jazz saxophonist, singer and Composer. Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Oscar Emmanuel Peterson, CC, CQ, OOnt ( 15 August 1925 – 23 December 2007) was a Canadian Sun Ra (born Herman Poole Blount, Legal name Le Sony'r Ra; Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Sarah Lois Vaughan (nicknamed " Sassy " and " The Divine One ") ( March 27 1924, &ndash April John Haley "Zoot" Sims ( October 29, 1925 - March 23, 1985) was an American Jazz Tenor saxophonist Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Stanley Gayetzky ( February 2, 1927 in Philadelphia – June 6, 1991 in Malibu, California) usually known by Gil Evans ( 13 May 1912 in Toronto Canada – 20 March 1988 in Cuernavaca, Mexico) was a Jazz Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Lionel Leo Hampton ( April 20, 1908 &ndash August 31, 2002) was an American Jazz Vibraphonist, Percussionist Johnny Dodds ( April 12 1892 &ndash August 8 1940) was a New Orleans based Jazz Clarinetist and Alto saxophonist For the New Orleans music historian see Tad Jones. Thaddeus Joseph Jones ( March 28, 1923 – August 21, 1986 Theodore Shaw "Teddy" Wilson ( November 24 1912 &ndash July 31 1986) was a jazz pianist from the United States Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) John Francis Anthony "Jaco" Pastorius III (December 1 1951–September 21 1987 was a American Jazz Musician and Composer widely Kenny Clarke (born Kenneth Spearman Clarke, nicknamed " Klook " and later known as Liaqat Ali Salaam, on January 9, 1914 Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Woody Herman Shaw II ( December 24, 1944 &ndash May 10, 1989) ( United States) was a Jazz Trumpeter and Chesney Henry "Chet" Baker Jr ( Yale Oklahoma, 23 December 1929 - Amsterdam, 13 May 1988) was an American Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Robert Roland Chudnick ( September 27, 1927 &ndash May 27, 1994) who performed by the Stage name Red Rodney, was an American Mary Lou Williams ( May 8, 1910 &ndash May 28, 1981) was an American Jazz Stride pianist, Composer Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Lee Morgan ( 10 July, 1938 in Philadelphia Pennsylvania &ndash 19 February, 1972 in New York City) was an American John Wallace Carter ( 24 September 1928 &ndash 31 March 1991) was an American Jazz Clarinet, Saxophone Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Walter Maynard Ferguson ( May 4, 1928 – August 23, 2006) was a Canadian Jazz Trumpet player and Bandleader James Price Johnson ( February 1 1894 &ndash November 17 1955) was an African-American Pianist and Composer. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Gerald Joseph "Gerry" Mulligan (April 6 1927 – January 20 1996 was an American Jazz saxophonist Composer and arranger. Ed Blackwell ( October 10, 1929 &ndash October 7, 1992) was an American Free jazz Drummer born in New Orleans Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) David Warren Brubeck (born December 6, 1920 in Concord California) better known as Dave Brubeck, is an American jazz pianist Frank Vincent Zappa (December 21 1940 – December 4 1993 was an American Composer, Electric guitarist Record producer and Film director Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 J J Johnson (born James Louis Johnson) in Indianapolis Indiana, ( January 22, 1924 - February 4, 2001) was a Julius Arthur Hemphill ( January 24, 1938, Fort Worth Texas - April 2, 1995, New York City) was a Jazz composer Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Horace Silver (born September 2, 1928) born Horace Ward Martin Tavares Silva in Norwalk Connecticut, is an American Jazz pianist Arthur Jacob Arshawsky ( May 23, 1910 &ndash December 30, 2004) better known as Artie Shaw, was an American Jazz Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Nathaniel Adams Coles (March 17 1919 &ndash February 15 1965 known professionally as Nat King Cole, was an American musician Anthony Tillmon "Tony" Williams ( December 12, 1945 &ndash February 23, 1997) was an American jazz drummer. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Francis Albert "Frank" Sinatra (December 12 1915 &ndash May 14 1998 was an American singer and actor Elvin Ray Jones ( 9 September 1927 &ndash 18 May 2004) was one of the most influential jazz drummers of the Post-bop era Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Milton (Milt Jackson (January 1 1923 in Detroit Michigan &ndash October 9 1999 was an American Jazz Vibraphonist and one of the most important figures Betty Carter ( May 16, 1929 &ndash September 26, 1998) was an American Jazz Singer who was renowned for her 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Clark Terry (born December 14, 1920) nicknamed Mumbles, is a Grammy Award-winning American swing and bop Trumpeter, a Lester Bowie ( 11 October 1941 &ndash 8 November 1999) was an American Jazz Trumpet player and Composer. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Joe Henderson ( April 24, 1937 - June 30, 2001) was an American Jazz Tenor saxophonist. Milt Hinton born Milton John Hilton ( Vicksburg, Mississippi, June 23, 1910; d See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Antonio Carlos Brasileiro de Almeida Jobim ( January 25, 1927 in Rio de Janeiro &ndash December 8, 1994 in Brazil) also John Aaron Lewis ( 3 May 1920 – 29 March 2001) was an American Jazz Pianist and Composer best known Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Raymond Matthews Brown ( October 13 1926 &ndash July 2 2002) was an American Jazz Double bassist. Wayne Shorter (born August 25 1933) is an American Jazz Composer and Saxophonist, commonly regarded as one of the "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Alfred McCoy Tyner (born 11 December 1938) is a jazz pianist from Philadelphia Pennsylvania, known for his work with the John Coltrane Roy Owen Haynes (born on March 13 1925, in Roxbury, Massachusetts) is an American Jazz Drummer and bandleader Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Herbert Jeffrey Hancock ("Herbie" born April 12 1940 is a Jazz Pianist and Composer. This article is about the jazz musician For the CEO of Meredith see Steve Lacy (businessman. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Jimmy Smith ( December 8, 1925 year is disputed and is often given as 1928 – February 8, 2005) was a Jazz musician whose performances John Lenwood (Jackie McLean ( May 17 1931 &ndash March 31 2006; some sources erroneously give 1932 as his year of birth was an American Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Michael Brecker ( March 29, 1949 &ndash January 13, 2007) was an American Jazz Saxophonist and Composer Andrew Hill ( June 30, 1931 &ndash April 20, 2007) was an American Jazz Pianist and Composer
2006 critics' poll:
(1) Andrew Hill: Time Lines (Blue Note)
(2) Wayne Shorter Quartet: Beyond The Sound Barrier (Verve)
(3) Sonny Rollins: Without A Song (The 9/11 Concert) (Milestone)
2007 critics' poll:
(1) Ornette Coleman: Sound Grammar (Sound Grammar)
(2) Trio Beyond: Saudades (ECM)
(3) Sonny Rollins: Sonny, Please (Doxy)

References

External links

• Down Beat website
• "About Down Beat: A History As Rich As Jazz"

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