Douglas Jardine
England
Personal information
Full name	Douglas Robert Jardine
Nickname	The Iron Duke
Born	23 October 1900(1900-10-23)
	Bombay, India
Died	18 June 1958 (aged 57)
	Montreux, Switzerland
Role	Top-order Batsman
Batting style	Right-handed
Bowling style	Leg break
International information
Test debut (cap 235)	23 June 1928: v West Indies
Last Test	10 February 1934: v India
Domestic team information
Years	Team
1920-1923	Oxford University
1921-1933	Surrey
1925-1933/34	MCC
Career statistics
	Tests	FC
Matches	22	262
Runs scored	1296	14,848
Batting average	48. The England cricket team is the national cricket team which represents England and Wales. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Montreux is a municipality in the district of Vevey in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation A leg break is a type of delivery in the Sport of Cricket. It is the stock delivery of a right-handed Leg spin bowler This is a list of English Test cricketers. A Test match is an international Cricket match between two of the leading cricketing nations Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The West Indian cricket team, also known colloquially as The Windies or The West Indies, is a multi-national Cricket team representing Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Indian cricket team is an international Cricket team representing India. Oxford University Cricket Club (now subsumed into the Oxford Universities Centre of Cricketing Excellence but retaining its independence is a First-class cricket team representing Surrey County Cricket Club is one of the 18 major county clubs which make up the English domestic Cricket structure representing the historic county of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC is a private members' club founded in 1787 Test cricket is the longest form of the Sport of Cricket. It has long been considered the ultimate test of playing ability between cricketing nations First-class cricket refers to the class of Cricket matches of three or more days scheduled duration between two sides of eleven players and officially adjudged first-class by Batting average is a Statistic in both Cricket and Baseball measuring the performance of cricket batsmen and baseball hitters, respectively 00	46. 83
100s/50s	1/10	35/72
Top score	127	214
Balls bowled	6	2582
Wickets	0	48
Bowling average	n/a	31. A delivery or ball in Cricket is a single action of Bowling a Cricket ball towards the Batsman. In the sport of Cricket the word wicket has several distinct meanings Meanings of wicket Set of stumps Primarily the wicket Bowling average is a Statistic measuring the performance of bowlers in the Sport of Cricket. 10
5 wickets in innings	0	1
10 wickets in match	0	0
Best bowling	0/10	6/28
Catches/stumpings	26/0	188/0
As of 17 May 2008 Source: [1]

Douglas Robert Jardine (born in 23 October 1900, Bombay, British India - died in 18 June 1958, Montreux, Switzerland) was an English cricketer and captain of the controversial 1932-33 Bodyline tour of Australia. An inning, or innings, is a fixed-length segment of a game in any of a variety of Sports &ndash most notably Cricket and Baseball during For other uses see Stump (disambiguation Stump is a term used in the Sport of Cricket where has three different meanings Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Montreux is a municipality in the district of Vevey in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries For information about the British code name "Bodyline" for the WWII V-2 rocket, see Operation Crossbow. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. He captained the England side from 1931 to 1933-34. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Jardine was born in Bombay, India (at the time a British colony), and was of Scottish descent. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. His parents were Malcolm Robert Jardine, who himself played first-class cricket for Oxford University and Middlesex, and Alison Moir. First-class cricket refers to the class of Cricket matches of three or more days scheduled duration between two sides of eleven players and officially adjudged first-class by Oxford University Cricket Club (now subsumed into the Oxford Universities Centre of Cricketing Excellence but retaining its independence is a First-class cricket team representing Middlesex County Cricket Club is one of the 18 major county clubs which make up the English and Welsh domestic Cricket structure representing the historic county Douglas Jardine was educated at Horris Hill School in Newbury, Berkshire, Winchester College (where he was in the first eleven for three years, becoming captain in his final year and heading the batting with 997 runs, average 66. Newbury is a Civil parish and the principal Town in the west of the County of Berkshire in England. Winchester College is a well-known boys' Independent school, and an example of an English Public school, in the city of Winchester in Hampshire 46^[1]) and New College, Oxford; he habitually wore the Oxford University Harlequin cap on the cricket field, which some saw as a symbol of pretension. New College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. Harlequin ( Arlecchino in Italian, Arlequin in French) is the most popular of the Zanni or comic servant characters from

Upon entering Oxford in 1919, he received his blue in his first year, playing against Cambridge in 1920, 1921 and 1923. It was whilst batting for Oxford University v the 1921 Australian tourists that many think his hatred of all things Australian developed. The Australian captain Warwick Armstrong refused to allow play to continue past the scheduled end of play with Jardine 96 not out, and set to make a century against them^[2]. Warwick Windridge Armstrong (22 May 1879 &ndash 13 July 1947 was an Australian Cricketer who played 50 Test matches between 1902 and 1921 It was a rare event for a student to do so.

He made his Test debut for England against the West Indies at Lord's in 1928, scoring 83 in his second Test innings at Old Trafford^[3]. Test cricket is the longest form of the Sport of Cricket. It has long been considered the ultimate test of playing ability between cricketing nations The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Lord's Cricket Ground (generally known as Lord's) is a cricket Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Old Trafford Cricket Ground, usually known as simply Old Trafford, is a Cricket ground situated on Talbot Road in Old Trafford, an area of A skilled right-handed batsman, he was arguably England's best amateur batsman of his time - an age when cricketers were still divided between upper-class amateurs and working-class professionals. Mike Powell cricketerjpg|thumb|200px| Warwickshire batsman Mike Powell]] A batsman in the sport of Cricket is depending on context Any

He toured Australia with the English team in 1928-29. He played in all five Test matches, scoring 341 runs at the commendable average of 42. 63. In a tour match against Tasmania he made his highest first-class score of 214^[4]. Tasmania is an Australian island and state of the same name It is located south of the eastern side of the Continent, being separated from it by Bass His skills displayed throughout the year led Wisden to name Jardine a Wisden Cricketer of the Year for 1928. The Wisden Group was a group of companies formed by John Wisden & Co Ltd publishers of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. The Wisden Cricketers of the Year are Cricketers selected for the honour by the annual publication Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, based primarily on their

During the tour of Australia, for some reason Jardine appeared to develop an intense dislike for the country and its people. Australians claim that this was provoked by his own pretentious behaviour, as cricket fans took exception to his exclusive Harlequin cap and somewhat haughty attitude. It is recorded that during one tour match Australian player Hunter Hendry expressed his sympathies to Jardine for the jeers the crowd was giving him, and Jardine responded, "All Australians are uneducated, and an unruly mob. Hunter Scott Thomas Laurie Hendry ( 24 May 1895 &mdash 16 December 1988) was a cricketer who played for New South Wales, "

Later, at the second Test in Sydney where the crowd was again hurling abuse at Jardine, fellow English cricketer Patsy Hendren observed that "They don't seem to like you very much over here, Mr Jardine. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 Elias Henry Hendren (born 5 February 1889 in Turnham Green, Middlesex, - 4 October 1962 in Tooting Bec, " Jardine replied, "The feeling is fucking mutual". ^[5]

Jardine did not play in the 1930 English Test series against the touring Australian team because he preferred to attend to business appointments that summer. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nevertheless, he took a great interest in the extraordinary batting skills of Australia's Don Bradman, who finished the tour with a record (unbeaten to this day) aggregate of 974 Test runs at an average of 139. Sir Donald George Bradman, AC (27 August 1908 – 25 February 2001 often referred to as The Don, was an Australian Cricketer widely Batting average is a Statistic in both Cricket and Baseball measuring the performance of cricket batsmen and baseball hitters, respectively 14.

Following this tour, Jardine held a meeting with Nottinghamshire captain Arthur Carr and his two fast bowlers Harold Larwood and Bill Voce. Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club is one of the 18 major county clubs which make up the English domestic Cricket structure representing the historic county of Arthur William Carr ( 21 May 1893, Mickleham Surrey, England - 7 February 1963, West Witton, Yorkshire Fast bowling, sometimes known as pace bowling, is one of the two main approaches to bowling in the Sport of Cricket. Harold Larwood ( November 14, 1904 - July 22, 1995) was an English Cricket player an extremely quick and accurate fast William Voce (born 8 August 1909, Annesley Woodhouse Nottinghamshire, England; died 6 June 1984, Lenton Together they devised a plan of attack aimed at countering Bradman's skills, involving the bowling of repeated short deliveries aimed at the batsman's body, bowled to a predominantly leg-side field with a pronounced leg trap. This became known in the press as Bodyline. Jardine never referred to this kind of short-pitched bowling as "bodyline", preferring to call it "Fast Leg Theory".

Jardine first captained England in the home series against New Zealand in 1931. The New Zealand cricket team, also known as the Black Caps or BLACKCAPS, played their first Test in 1929-30 against England in Christchurch Given that he had been born in India, he was considered for the captaincy of India, but instead captained England against India in their inaugural Test at Lord's in 1932, top-scoring in both innings with 79 and 85 not out^[6]. The Indian cricket team is an international Cricket team representing India. Following his appointment as Percy Fender's successor as captain of Surrey in 1932, Jardine was retained as captain for the tour to Australia in 1932-33, and used the Bodyline tactics ruthlessly and effectively against his opposition. Percy George Herbert Fender (born 22 August 1892 in Balham, London, died 15 June 1985 in Exeter, Devon Surrey County Cricket Club is one of the 18 major county clubs which make up the English domestic Cricket structure representing the historic county of He also appreciated the benefit of psychologically boosting his own players; on the boat trip out to Australia he encouraged his team to foster a hatred for the Australian players, and to refer to Don Bradman exclusively as "the little bastard". Sir Donald George Bradman, AC (27 August 1908 – 25 February 2001 often referred to as The Don, was an Australian Cricketer widely

In Australia, Larwood and Voce repeatedly hit Australian batsmen with fast balls, causing outrage amongst Australian fans. In the third Test at Adelaide, Larwood struck Australian captain Bill Woodfull over the heart, resulting in serious injury. Adelaide is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of South Australia, and is the fifth largest city in Australia with a William Maldon "Bill" Woodfull OBE (22 August 1897 &mdash 11 August 1965 was an Australian Cricketer He captained both Victoria and Jardine's reaction was to call audibly to Larwood, "Well bowled, Harold!" Larwood had been bowling to a conventional field; at this point Jardine calmly signalled to his fielders to move the leg-side positions typical of Bodyline. Later in the same game, Australian wicket-keeper Bert Oldfield was struck on the head by another Larwood delivery, which fractured his skull (although Oldfield admitted that this was his fault as the injury was caused by a full ball deflecting off the bat into his head). Cricket wicket keeperjpg|thumb|300px|A wicket-keeper in characteristic position ready to face a delivery William Albert Stanley "Bert" Oldfield ( 9 September 1894, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia - 10 August

Despite the uproar by the Australian public and the Australian Board of Control for Cricket, Jardine insisted his tactic was not designed to cause injury and that he was leading his team in a sportsmanlike and gentlemanly manner, arguing that it was up to the Australian batsmen to play their way out of trouble. Cricket Australia, formerly known as It seems he did genuinely regret the injuries suffered by his opponents, as he secretly sent a telegram of sympathy to Bert Oldfield's wife and arranged for presents to be given to his young daughters.

But his popularity with the general Australian public never recovered. In a famous incident recorded by the press, Jardine was on the field and trying to brush a persistent fly away from his face when a spectator yelled across the ground, "Leave our flies alone, Jardine! They're the only flamin' friends you've got here!"

Strongly-worded cables passed between the Australian Board of Control, who asserted that Bodyline bowling has assumed such proportions as to menace the best interests of the game, making protection of the body the main consideration, and the MCC. The Australians threatened to call off the projected tour of England in 1934. MCC at length agreed that a form of bowling which is obviously a direct attack by the bowler upon the batsman would be an offence against the spirit of the game. Jardine always defended his tactics and in a book he wrote about the tour described allegations that the England bowlers directed their attack with the intention of causing physical harm as stupid and patently untruthful.

However, Jardine and his team returned to England as heroes, having convincingly won back The Ashes 4-1. The Ashes is a Test cricket series played between England and Australia. The principal objective of Bodyline had always been to counter Donald Bradman's extraordinary runscoring; in this it was successful, as Bradman's output was reduced to 396 runs from four Tests at an average of 56. Sir Donald George Bradman, AC (27 August 1908 – 25 February 2001 often referred to as The Don, was an Australian Cricketer widely 57, an excellent series by any ordinary batsman's measure, but poor for Bradman in comparison to his previous England tour (974 runs at 139. 14), and his full Test career figures (6996 runs at 99. 94); indeed, the least prolific Test series of his career^[7].

Jardine always maintained that "fast leg theory" could be successfully countered by determined batsmanship; his opportunity to demonstrate this arose when West Indian fast bowlers Manny Martindale and Learie Constantine employed the tactic against England during the Old Trafford Test in 1933. The West Indian cricket team, also known colloquially as The Windies or The West Indies, is a multi-national Cricket team representing Emmanuel Alfred Martindale (born November 25, 1909, Saint Lucy Parish Barbados, died 17 March, 1972, Saint Peter Parish Learie Nicholas Constantine Baron Constantine MBE ( 21 September 1901 – 1 July 1971) was a Trinidadian - British The Old Trafford Cricket Ground, usually known as simply Old Trafford, is a Cricket ground situated on Talbot Road in Old Trafford, an area of Jardine made 127, his only Test century^[8]; during the course of his innings he received much physical punishment, but he felt that he had made his point. He was invited by the MCC to captain England again for the Tests against India, before deciding that he had no wish to captain England again and resigning before the 1934 Ashes tour. In effect, he retired from first class cricket in 1934 aged 33.

In 1934 MCC finally issued a ruling: That the type of bowling regarded as a direct attack by the bowler upon the batsman, and therefore unfair, consists in persistent and systematic bowling of fast and short-pitched balls at the batsman standing clear of his wicket. That was the end of body-line bowling.

Jardine married Irene Margaret Peat (1914-1998), daughter of Sir Harry Peat, in 1934. They had four children: Fianach, Marion, Iona and Euan. During the war, he was commissioned into the Royal Berkshire Regiment, serving with distinction in both France and India. The Royal Berkshire Regiment (Princess Charlotte of Wales's was an Infantry Regiment of the line in the British Army, formed in 1881 by the amalgamation Jardine died from lung cancer aged 57, in Montreux, Switzerland. Lung cancer is a Disease of uncontrolled Cell growth in tissues of the Lung. Montreux is a municipality in the district of Vevey in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation His ashes were returned to Scotland to be scattered at Loch Rannoch. Loch Rannoch ( Scottish Gaelic: Loch Raineach) is a large body of fresh water in Perth and Kinross, Scotland.

To the present day, Jardine is remembered throughout much of the cricket world as the architect of what some, particularly in Australia, consider highly ruthless tactics designed to win the game of cricket. The fact remains nevertheless that these tactics were within the rules of the game at the time; furthermore, the tactic of intimidating batsmen with bouncers (without a supporting Bodyline field) later became commonplace, although the degree to which this is as intimidating to the batsmen as bodyline is open to question (current cricket laws restrict the number of bouncers bowled to a batsman per over, which were unrestricted in Jardine's time). In the Sport of Cricket, a bouncer (or bumper) is a type of delivery, usually bowled by a fast bowler. Jardine's reputation remains particularly low in Australia, where respected cricket commentator Alan McGilvray once described Jardine as "the most notorious Englishman since Jack the Ripper". Alan David McGilvray AM MBE, (6 December 1909 Paddington, Sydney - 17 July 1996 Darlinghurst, Sydney was a former Cricketer Jack the Ripper is an alias given to an unidentified Serial killer active in the largely impoverished Whitechapel area and adjacent districts of London However in England his reputation is as a ruthless, highly determined player and perhaps the first amateur captain with a fully professional attitude. Indeed, Sir Pelham Warner commented "If ever there was a cricket match between England and the rest of the world, and the fate of England depended upon the result, I would pick Jardine as England Captain every time". Sir Pelham Francis Warner ( 2 October 1873 in Port of Spain, Trinidad - 30 January 1963 at West Lavington West Sussex This pattern of popularity (admired in England for the skill and ruthless innovative flair in his captaincy, and for his success; reviled in Australia for questionable sportsmanship and for a perceived Oxbridge aloofness) would later be emulated by Mike Brearley. Oxbridge was originally a fictional composite of the University of '''Ox'''ford and the University of Cam'''bridge''' in England, and the term is now John Michael Brearley OBE (born in Harrow, Middlesex, on 28 April, 1942) is a former Cricketer who captained the England Jardine is remembered as the originator of what many consider one of the most eloquent descriptions of the sport of cricket:

“

Cricket is battle and service and sport and art.

”

Jardine played in 22 Test matches for England, scoring 1,296 runs at an average of 48. 00. In his first-class cricket career, he played 262 matches, scoring 14,848 runs at an average of 46. First-class cricket refers to the class of Cricket matches of three or more days scheduled duration between two sides of eleven players and officially adjudged first-class by 83. He also bowled leg spin at first-class level, taking 48 wickets at an average of 31. Leg spin is a style of Spin bowling in Cricket. A leg spinner bowls right-arm with a Wrist spin action causing the ball to spin anti-clockwise at the point 10. A stand is named in his honour at Surrey's home ground, The Oval, London, England. Surrey County Cricket Club is one of the 18 major county clubs which make up the English domestic Cricket structure representing the historic county of The Oval PavilionJPG|250px|right|thumb|The Members Pavilion]] The Oval is an international Cricket ground in Kennington, London London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

Preceded by Percy Chapman

English national cricket captain 1931-1933/4

Succeeded by Bob Wyatt

References

External links

• Cricinfo Player Profile : Douglas Robert Jardine

Arthur Percy Frank Chapman (was born at Reading Berkshire on 3 September 1900 and died at Alton, Hampshire on 16 September This is a list of all English national cricket captains, comprising all of the men boys and women who have captained an English national cricket team at official Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Robert "Bob" Elliott Storey Wyatt ( 2 May 1901, Milford Heath House, Surrey, England - 20 April 1995 Cricinfo is the largest Cricket -related website and one of the largest websites in the world with more than 20 million users Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

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