Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart
Born	January 30, 1925 (1925-01-30) (age 83) Portland, Oregon, USA
Fields	Inventor
Institutions	Bootstrap Institute
Known for	Computer mouse, Hypertext
Notable awards	National Medal of Technology, Lemelson-MIT Prize, Turing Award, Lovelace Medal, Norbert Wiener Award for Social and Professional Responsibility

Dr. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Portland is a city located in the Northwestern United States, near the Confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the An invention is a new form composition of matter device or Process. In Computing, a mouse (plural mice, mouse devices, or mouses) The National Medal of Technology and Innovation (formerly known as the National Medal of Technology) is an honor granted by the President of the United States to American The $500000 Lemelson-MIT Prize, presented by the Lemelson-MIT Program (endowed in 1994 by Jerome H The A M Turing Award is given annually by the Association for Computing Machinery to "an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing The Lovelace Medal, established by the British Computer Society in 1998, is presented to individuals who have advanced Information Systems or added significantly The Norbert Wiener Award for Social and Professional Responsibility was established in 1987 in honor of Norbert Wiener to recognize contributions by Computer Douglas C. Engelbart (born January 30, 1925) is an American inventor. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the An inventor is a person who creates or discovers a new method form device or other useful means ^[1] He is best known for inventing the computer mouse (in a joint effort with Bill English^[2]); as a pioneer of human-computer interaction whose team developed hypertext, networked computers, and precursors to GUIs; and as a committed and vocal proponent of the development and use of computers and networks to help cope with the world’s increasingly urgent and complex problems. In Computing, a mouse (plural mice, mouse devices, or mouses) William "Bill" English is a Computer engineer who contributed to the development of the Computer mouse while working for Douglas Engelbart at Human–computer interaction or HCI is the study of interaction between people ( users and Computers It is often regarded as the intersection of A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. A computer network is a group of interconnected Computers. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics ^[3]

Early life and education

Engelbart was born in the U.S. state of Oregon on January 30, 1925. A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He graduated from Portland's Franklin High School in 1942. Portland is a city located in the Northwestern United States, near the Confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers Benjamin Franklin High School is a public High school located in Portland, Oregon, United States. He received a Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Oregon State University (then called Oregon State College) in 1948, a B. A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and Oregon State University ( OSU) is a Coeducational public Research[[ university]] located in Corvallis, Oregon, United Eng. from UC Berkeley in 1952 [1], and a Ph.D. in EECS from UC Berkeley in 1955. The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. EECS (sometimes ˈiːks "eeks" is an abbreviation for Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences. While at Oregon State, he was a member of Sigma Phi Epsilon social fraternity. ΣΦΕ ( Sigma Phi Epsilon) commonly Nicknamed SigEp or SPE, is a social fraternity for male College students in the

As a World War II naval radio technician based in the Philippines, Engelbart was inspired by Vannevar Bush's article "As We May Think". World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A technician is generally someone in a technological field who has a relatively practical understanding of the general theoretical principles of that field e The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Vannevar Bush ( March 11, 1890 &ndash June 30, 1974; pronounced "VAN-ee-var" ˈvæˌniː As We May Think is an essay by Vannevar Bush, first published in The Atlantic Monthly in July 1945 After the war, he studied at UC Berkeley, where he earned a Ph. D. in 1955, and where he was involved in the construction of the CALDIC as a student. CALDIC (the California Digital Computer) was an electronic Digital computer built with the assistance of the Office of Naval Research at the University He spent over a year trying to create an unsuccessful startup, Digital Techniques, to commercialize some of his doctorate research into storage devices, then worked with Hewitt Crane on magnetic logic devices at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), now headquartered in Menlo Park, while the organization was still affiliated with Stanford University. A startup company or start-up is a Company with a limited operating history Hewitt D Crane (1927 Jersey City New Jersey — June 17, 2008, Portola Valley California) was an American engineer SRI International, based in the United States is one of the world's largest contract Research institutes. Menlo Park is an affluent City in San Mateo County, in the San Francisco Bay Area of California Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in

Career and accomplishments

The first computer mouse held by Engelbart showing the wheels that directly contact the working surface. In Computing, a mouse (plural mice, mouse devices, or mouses)

Historian of science Thierry Bardini has persuasively argued that Engelbart's complex personal philosophy (which drove all his research endeavors) foreshadowed the modern application of the concept of coevolution to the philosophy and use of technology. See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it Thierry Bardini is a French Sociologist who did all his academic career outside France Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language In a broad sense biological co-evolution is "the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object" Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt Bardini points out that Engelbart was strongly influenced by the principle of linguistic relativity developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf. The principle of linguistic relativity is Benjamin Whorf 's theory of the way in which an individual's Thoughts are influenced by the Language (s they have ^[4]

Where Whorf reasoned that the sophistication of a language controls the sophistication of the thoughts that can be expressed by a speaker of that language, Engelbart reasoned that the state of our current technology controls our ability to manipulate information, and that fact in turn will control our ability to develop new, improved technologies. He thus set himself to the revolutionary task of developing computer-based technologies for manipulating information directly, and also to improve individual and group processes for knowledge-work. Engelbart's philosophy and research agenda is most clearly and directly expressed in the 1962 research report which Engelbart refers to as his 'bible': Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework. The concept of network augmented intelligence is attributed to Engelbart based on this pioneering work.

SRI and ARC

At SRI International, Engelbart was the primary force behind the design and development of the On-Line System, or NLS. NLS, or the "oN-Line System" was a revolutionary Computer collaboration system designed by Douglas Engelbart and the researchers He and his team at the Augmentation Research Center (ARC, the lab he founded at SRI) developed computer-interface elements such as bit-mapped screens, groupware, hypertext and precursors to the graphical user interface. Stanford Research Institute 's Augmentation Research Center (ARC was founded by electrical engineer Douglas Engelbart to develop and experiment with new tools He conceived and developed many of his user interface ideas back in the mid-1960s, long before the personal computer revolution, at a time when most individuals were kept away from computers, and could only use computers through intermediaries (see batch processing), and when software tended to be written for vertical applications in proprietary systems. Batch processing is execution of a series of programs (" jobs quot on a Computer without human interaction A vertical application or vertical market application is Software defined by requirements for a single or narrowly defined market

Two Apple Macintosh Plus mice, 1986

In 1967, Engelbart applied for, and in 1970 he received a patent for the wooden shell with two metal wheels (computer mouse U.S. Patent 3,541,541 ), describing it in the patent application as an "X-Y position indicator for a display system". The Macintosh Plus computer was the third model in the Macintosh line introduced two years after the original Macintosh and a little more than a year after the Macintosh A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an In Computing, a mouse (plural mice, mouse devices, or mouses) Engelbart later revealed that it was nicknamed the "mouse" because the tail came out the end. His group also called the on-screen cursor a "bug," but this term was not widely adopted.

He never received any royalties for his mouse invention, partly because his patent expired in 1987, before the personal computer revolution made the mouse an indispensable input device, and also because subsequent mice used different mechanisms that did not infringe upon the original patent. Royalties (sometimes running royalties) are usage-based payments made by one party (the "licensee" to another (the "licensor" for ongoing use of an During an interview, he says "SRI patented the mouse, but they really had no idea of its value. SRI International, based in the United States is one of the world's largest contract Research institutes. Some years later it was learned that they had licensed it to Apple for something like $40,000. Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics "

Engelbart showcased many of his and ARC's inventions in 1968 at the so-called mother of all demos. The Mother of All Demos is a name given to Douglas Engelbart's December 9 1968 demonstration at the Convention Center in San Francisco. ^[5]

ARPANET

Because Engelbart's research and tool-development for online collaboration and interactive human-computer interfaces was partially funded by ARPA, SRI's ARC became involved with the ARPANET (the precursor of the Internet). The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new Technology The ARPANET ( Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) developed by ARPA of the United States Department of Defense, was the world's first operational The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks

On October 29, 1969, the world's first electronic computer network, the ARPANET, was established between nodes at Leonard Kleinrock's lab at UCLA and Engelbart's lab at SRI. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The ARPANET ( Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) developed by ARPA of the United States Department of Defense, was the world's first operational Leonard Kleinrock PhD (born June 13, 1934 in New York) is a Computer scientist, and a professor of computer science at UCLA The University of California Los Angeles (generally known as UCLA) is a public research university located in Westwood Los Angeles, California, United Interface Message Processors at both sites served as the backbone of the first Internet [2]. The Interface Message Processor (IMP was the Packet-switching node used to connect computers to the original ARPANET in the late 1960s and 1970s The Internet backbone refers to the main "trunk" connections of the Internet. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks

In addition to SRI and UCLA, UCSB, and the University of Utah were part of the original four network nodes. The University of California Santa Barbara ( UCSB) is a selective research-oriented public university located on the Pacific Ocean in Santa Barbara County California The University of Utah (referred to locally as ' The U' or ' the U of U') is a publicly funded Research university in Salt Lake By December 5, 1969, the entire 4-node network was connected. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

ARC soon became the first Network Information Center and thus managed the directory for connections among all ARPANET nodes. A domain name registry, also called Network Information Centre (NIC is part of the Domain Name System (DNS of the Internet which converts Domain ARC also published a large percentage of the early Request For Comments, an ongoing series of publications that document the evolution of ARPANET/Internet. In Computer network Engineering, a Request for Comments (RFC is a Memorandum published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF describing

End of corporate career and subsequent developments

Engelbart slipped into relative obscurity after 1976 due to various misfortunes and misunderstandings. Several of Engelbart's best researchers became alienated from him and left his organization for Xerox PARC, in part due to frustration, and in part due to differing views of the future of computing. PARC (Palo Alto Research Center Inc formerly Xerox PARC, is a Research and development company in Palo Alto California that began as a division of Engelbart saw the future in timeshare (client/server) computing, which younger programmers rejected in favor of the personal computer. The conflict was both technical and social: Engelbart came from a time in which only timeshare computing was achievable, and also believed in joint effort; the younger programmers came from an era where centralized power was highly suspect, and personal computing was just barely on the horizon.

In his book about Engelbart, Bardini points out that in the early 1970s, several key ARC personnel were briefly involved in Erhard Seminars Training. Erhard Seminars Training, an organization founded by Werner H Although EST seemed like a good idea at first, the controversial nature of EST reduced the morale and social cohesion of the ARC community.

The Mansfield Amendment, the end of the Vietnam War, and the end of the Apollo program reduced ARC's funding from ARPA and NASA. Michael Joseph Mansfield (March 16 1903 – October 5 2001 was an American Democratic politician and the longest-serving Majority Leader of the United States The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program SRI's management, which disapproved of Engelbart's approach to running the center, placed the remains of ARC under the control of artificial intelligence researcher Bertram Raphael, who negotiated the transfer of the laboratory to a company called Tymshare. Bertram Raphael (born 1936 in New York) is an American computer scientist known for his contributions to Artificial intelligence. Engelbart's house in Atherton burned down during this period, causing him and his family even further problems. Atherton is an incorporated town in San Mateo County, California, United States. Tymshare took over NLS and the lab that Engelbart had founded, hired most of the lab's staff including its creator as a Senior Scientist, and offered commercial services based upon NLS. Tymnet was an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, California that utilized virtual call packet switched technology and used X NLS, or the "oN-Line System" was a revolutionary Computer collaboration system designed by Douglas Engelbart and the researchers Tymshare was already somewhat familiar with NLS; back when ARC was still operational, it had experimented with its own local copy of the NLS software on a minicomputer called OFFICE-1, as part of a joint project with ARC.

At Tymshare, Engelbart soon found himself marginalized and relegated to obscurity--operational concerns at Tymshare overrode Engelbart's desire to do further research. Various executives, first at Tymshare and later at McDonnell Douglas (which took over Tymshare in 1982), expressed interest in his ideas, but never committed the funds or the people to further develop them. McDonnell Douglas was a major American Aerospace manufacturer and Defense contractor, producing a number of famous commercial and military aircraft He left McDonnell in 1986 and retired from corporate life.

Since the late 1980s, prominent individuals and organizations have recognized the seminal importance of Engelbart's contributions:

In December 1995, at the Fourth WWW Conference in Boston, he was the first recipient of what would later become the Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award. The "Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award" is a prize that was awarded annually at the International World Wide Web Conference In 1997 he was awarded the Lemelson-MIT Prize of $500,000, the world's largest single prize for invention and innovation, and the Turing Award. The $500000 Lemelson-MIT Prize, presented by the Lemelson-MIT Program (endowed in 1994 by Jerome H The A M Turing Award is given annually by the Association for Computing Machinery to "an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing In 1998 the Stanford Silicon Valley Archives and the Institute for the Future hosted Engelbart's Unfinished Revolution, a large symposium at Stanford University's Memorial Auditorium, to honor Engelbart and his ideas. The Institute for the Future ( IFTF) is a Palo Alto California &ndashbased Think tank established in 1968 as a spin-off from the RAND Corporation Symposium originally referred to a drinking party (the Greek verb sympotein means "to drink together" but has since come to refer to any Academic conference Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in In early 2000 Engelbart produced, with a dedicated team of volunteers and financial supporters, what was called the Engelbart Colloquium or The Unfinished Revolution - II, at Stanford University. The Colloquium was meant to document and publicize his work and ideas to a large audience (live, and online). The archives of this Engelbart UnRev-II Colloquium at Stanford are still available online as of this writing (September 2005). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In December 2000, US President Bill Clinton awarded Engelbart the National Medal of Technology, the United States' highest technology award. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States The National Medal of Technology and Innovation (formerly known as the National Medal of Technology) is an honor granted by the President of the United States to American In 2001 Engelbart was awarded a British Computer Society's Lovelace Medal, and in 2005 he was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum and honored with the Norbert Wiener Award , which is given annually by Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility. The British Computer Society ( BCS) is a professional body that represents those working in Information Technology. The Lovelace Medal, established by the British Computer Society in 1998, is presented to individuals who have advanced Information Systems or added significantly The Computer History Museum is a Museum established in 1996 in Mountain View California, when The Computer Museum (TCM in Boston) The Norbert Wiener Award for Social and Professional Responsibility was established in 1987 in honor of Norbert Wiener to recognize contributions by Computer Robert X. Cringely did an hour long interview with Mr. Engelbart on 9 Dec 2005 in his NerdTV video podcast series.

At present

Currently (at age 83 in 2008), he is the director of his own company, the Bootstrap Institute, which he founded in 1988 with one of his daughters, Christina Engelbart. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common It is located in Menlo Park, California and promotes Engelbart's latest refinement of his philosophy, the concept of Collective IQ, and development of what he calls Open Hyper-Document Systems (OHS). Menlo Park is an affluent City in San Mateo County, in the San Francisco Bay Area of California Collective intelligence is a shared or group Intelligence that emerges from the collaboration and competition of many individuals In 2005 Engelbart received a National Science Foundation grant to fund the open source HyperScope project. The National Science Foundation (NSF is a United States Government agency that supports fundamental Research and Education in all the non-medical The Hyperscope project has built a browser component using Ajax and DHTML designed to replicate Augment's multiple viewing and jumping capabilities (linking within and across various documents). Dynamic HTML, or DHTML, is a collection of technologies used together to create interactive and animated Web sites by using a combination of a static Markup HyperScope is perceived as the first step of a process designed to engage a wider community in a dialogue, on development of collaborative software and services, based on Engelbart's goals and research. Bootstrap Institute is now housed at SRI International. SRI International, based in the United States is one of the world's largest contract Research institutes.

MIT's Center for Collective Intelligence (the term Collective Intelligence was introduced by Engelbart) is starting the Engelbart Legacy Project. Tom Malone, Director of the Center announced this during Engelbart's visit to MIT May 2007. Professor Hiroshi Iishi of the MIT Media Lab invited Engelbart to dialogue at the Media Lab and 3 wonderful discussions gave Engelbart the glimmer of hope that he has been long seeking, that his concepts had taken root and a new generation is moving it forward. See Engelbart's own words from his 2002 World Library Summit address [3] - while Engelbart and Bill Gates have not been known for having much in common, Bill Gates gave a speech on Creative Capitalism at the World Economic Forum at Davos January 2008 - which echoes much of Engelbart's lifelong quest. Back to the Future indeed. . . . here in 2008, on the 40th anniversary of Engelbart's "Mother of All Demos" at the 1968 Fall Computer Conference in San Francisco.

Family

Engelbart has four children, Gerda, Diana, Christina and Norman with his late wife, Ballard, and currently has nine grandchildren.

See also

References

Bardini, Thierry, Bootstrapping - Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing, Stanford University Press 2000)

1. ^ Lowood, Henry (Dec. Andries "Andy" van Dam (born 8 December 1938, Groningen) is a Dutch -born American professor of Computer science and former Collaborative software (also referred to as groupware or workgroup support systems) is software designed to help people involved in a common task achieve their Computer-supported Collaboration (CSC research focuses on technology that affect groups organizations communities and societies e The Graphical user interface, understood as the use of graphic icons and a pointing device to control a computer has over the last four decades a steady history of incremental In Computing, a mouse (plural mice, mouse devices, or mouses) This article is about the computer technology See HES (disambiguation for other uses Intelligence amplification ( IA) (also referred to as cognitive augmentation and machine augmented intelligence) refers to the effective use of Ivan Edward Sutherland (born 1938 in Hastings, Nebraska) is an American Computer scientist and Internet pioneer Johns F (Jeff Rulifson (born August 20, 1941) is a Computer scientist largely known for his involvement at the Augmentation Research Center System dynamics is an approach to understanding the behaviour of Complex systems over time Theodor Holm Nelson (born 1937 is an American Sociologist, Philosopher, and pioneer of Information technology. What the Dormouse Said How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry, is a 2005 Non-fiction book by John Markoff. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. 19, 1986): Douglas Engelbart Interview 1, Stanford and the Silicon Valley. Oral History Interviews.
2. ^ BBC News Online: The Man behind the Mouse
3. ^ The Unfinished Revolution: Strategy and Means for Coping with Complex Problems, Colloquium at Stanford University, Jan–Mar 2000.
4. ^ Thierry Bardini & Michael Friedewald, Chronicle of the Death of a Laboratory: Douglas Engelbart and the Failure of the Knowledge Workshop, History of Technology 23, 2002, p193. Thierry Bardini is a French Sociologist who did all his academic career outside France History of Technology is an annual Periodical devoted to publishing papers on all aspects of the field of Technology.
5. ^ Engelbart, Douglas C. , et al. (1968), "SRI-ARC. A technical session presentation at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco, Dec. 9, 1968" (NLS demo ’68: The computer mouse debut), 11 film reels and 6 video tapes (100 min. ), Engelbart Collection, Stanford University Library, Menlo Park (CA).

External links

• Bootstrap Institute Bio and Curriculum Vitae
• Engelbart's Unfinished Revolution; December 1998 at Stanford University
• The History of Doug Engelbart and Interactive Computing
• Sloan Project MouseSite - Tim Lenoir, Stanford University
• The Study of Engelbart: An Educational Networked Improvement Community California State University Student Wiki studying Engelbart, Directed by Valerie Landau
• As We May Work - the pursuit of Collective IQ, from IBM Symposium site
• Out of School: Doug Engelbart's Experience Shows That Even the Best Technology Can Be Ignored If It Is Difficult to Classify, column by Robert X. Cringely, 2004
• Wired article: The Click Heard Round The World
• Transcript of 2003 visit to San Jose State University
• Multimedia: From Wagner to Virtual Reality, by Randall Packer
• Doug Engelbart: Father of the Mouse
• Doug Engelbart 1968 Demo Original 90-minute video from MouseSite
• Doug Engelbart 1968 Demo on Google Video
• OpenAugment Consortium, dedicated to the preservation of the Augment system
• SRI mouse
• Nerd TV, Inventor of the mouse hour long video interview by Robert X. Robert X Cringely is the Pen name of both technology journalist Mark Stephens and a string of writers for a column in InfoWorld, the one-time Google Video is a free video sharing website and also a video service from Google that allows anyone to upload Video Clips to Google's web Cringely
• Channel9 @MSDN Interview with Douglas Engelbart.
• "A Manifesto for Collaborative Tools", by Eugene Eric Kim
• "Douglas Engelbart interview"
• Interview with Douglas Engelbart, December 19, 1986. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar)
• "Collective IQ and Human Augmentation", Interview with Douglas Engelbart, April 4, 2007. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
• Douglas Engelbart January 2008 interview by Robert Scoble