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 Electron micrograph of rotaviruses. Rotavirus is a Genus of Double-stranded RNA virus in the family Reoviridae. The bar = 100 nm
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Birnaviridae |
Double-stranded (ds) RNA viruses are a diverse group of viruses that vary widely in host range (humans, animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria), genome segment number (one to twelve), and virion organization (T-number, capsid layers, or turrets). Virus classification involves naming and placing Viruses into a taxonomic system Family denotes a group of People affiliated by consanguinity affinity or co-residence The birnaviridae are a family of Viruses including the following genera Genus Aquabirnavirus; type species Infectious Cystovirus is a genus of DsRNA Virus, which infect certain Gram negative Bacteria. Hypoviridae is a fungal virus (infects Fungi) Partitiviridae are Plant and Fungi group III Viruses with double stranded RNA genomes Reoviridae is a family of Viruses that can affect the Gastrointestinal system (such as Rotavirus) and Respiratory tract The Totiviridae are a family of Viruses including the following genera Genus Totivirus; type species Saccharomyces A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have In classical genetics the genome of a Diploid Organism including Eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a Gamete, thereby A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable For the leaf bug see Miridae. A capsid is the protein shell of a virus. Members of this group include the rotaviruses, known globally as a common cause of gastroenteritis in young children, and bluetongue virus, an economically important pathogen of cattle and sheep. Rotavirus is a Genus of Double-stranded RNA virus in the family Reoviridae. Gastroenteritis (also known as gastro, gastric flu, and stomach flu, although unrelated to Influenza) is Inflammation of the
Viruses with dsRNA genomes are currently grouped into six families: Reoviridae, Birnaviridae, Totiviridae, Partitiviridae, Hypoviridae, and Cystoviridae. Reoviridae is a family of Viruses that can affect the Gastrointestinal system (such as Rotavirus) and Respiratory tract The birnaviridae are a family of Viruses including the following genera Genus Aquabirnavirus; type species Infectious The Totiviridae are a family of Viruses including the following genera Genus Totivirus; type species Saccharomyces Partitiviridae are Plant and Fungi group III Viruses with double stranded RNA genomes Hypoviridae is a fungal virus (infects Fungi) Cystovirus is a genus of DsRNA Virus, which infect certain Gram negative Bacteria. Of these six families, the Reoviridae is the largest and most diverse in terms of host range. Reoviridae is a family of Viruses that can affect the Gastrointestinal system (such as Rotavirus) and Respiratory tract
In recent years virus particle assembly, virus-cell interactions, and viral pathogenesis, approaches for the development of novel antiviral strategies and/or agents can be designed. [1]
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Reoviridae
Reoviridae are currently classified into nine genera. Reoviridae is a family of Viruses that can affect the Gastrointestinal system (such as Rotavirus) and Respiratory tract A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic The genomes of these viruses consist of 10 to 12 segments of dsRNA, each generally encoding one protein. Ribonucleic acid ( RNA) is a Nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of Nucleotide units Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl The mature virions are non-enveloped. Their capsids, formed by multiple proteins, have icosahedral symmetry and are arranged generally in concentric layers. In Geometry, an icosahedron ( Greek: eikosaedron, from eikosi twenty + hedron seat /ˌaɪ A distinguishing feature of the dsRNA viruses, irrespective of their family association, is their ability to carry out transcription of the dsRNA segments, under appropriate conditions, within the capsid. In all these viruses, the enzymes required for endogenous transcription are thus part of the virion structure. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins [1]
Orthoreoviruses
The orthoreoviruses (reoviruses) are the prototypic members of the virus Reoviridae family and representative of the turreted members, which comprise about half the genera. Orthoreoviruses are members of the Reoviridae Virus family. They have double stranded RNA Genomes and are therefore group III Reoviridae is a family of Viruses that can affect the Gastrointestinal system (such as Rotavirus) and Respiratory tract Reoviridae is a family of Viruses that can affect the Gastrointestinal system (such as Rotavirus) and Respiratory tract Like other members of the family, the reoviruses are non-enveloped and characterized by concentric capsid shells that encapsidate a segmented dsRNA genome. In classical genetics the genome of a Diploid Organism including Eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a Gamete, thereby In particular, reovirus has eight structural proteins and ten segments of dsRNA. A series of uncoating steps and conformational changes accompany cell entry and replication. High-resolution structures are known for almost all of the proteins of mammalian reovirus (MRV), which is the best-studied genotype. Electron cryo-microscopy (cryoEM) and X-ray crystallography have provided a wealth of structural information about two specific MRV strains, type 1 Lang (T1L) and type 3 Dearing (T3D). Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view samples or objects Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of Atoms in Solids In older usage it is the scientific study of Crystals The [2]
Cypovirus
The cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses (CPVs) form the genus Cypovirus of the family Reoviridae. (aka cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus CPV are a Genus of Viruses in the Reoviridae family Reoviridae is a family of Viruses that can affect the Gastrointestinal system (such as Rotavirus) and Respiratory tract CPVs are classified into 14 species based on the electrophoretic migration profiles of their genome segments. Electrophoresis is the most well-known electrokinetic phenomenon. Cypovirus has only a single capsid shell, which is similar to the orthoreovirus inner core. CPV exhibits striking capsid stability and is fully capable of endogenous RNA transcription and processing. The overall folds of CPV proteins are similar to those of other reoviruses. However, CPV proteins have insertional domains and unique structures that contribute to their extensive intermolecular interactions. The CPV turret protein contains two methylase domains with a highly conserved helix-pair/β-sheet/helix-pair sandwich fold but lacks the β-barrel flap present in orthoreovirus λ2. A methylase is an Enzyme that attaches a Methyl group to a Molecule. A helix (pl helixes or helices) from the Greek word έλιξ, is a special kind of Space curve, i Enterobacteria phage λ ( Lambda phage) is a temperate bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli The stacking of turret protein functional domains and the presence of constrictions and A spikes along the mRNA release pathway indicate a mechanism that uses pores and channels to regulate the highly coordinated steps of RNA transcription, processing, and release. [3]
Rotaviruse
Rotavirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. Rotavirus is a Genus of Double-stranded RNA virus in the family Reoviridae. Gastroenteritis (also known as gastro, gastric flu, and stomach flu, although unrelated to Influenza) is Inflammation of the This virus contains a dsRNA genome and is a member of the Reoviridae family. Reoviridae is a family of Viruses that can affect the Gastrointestinal system (such as Rotavirus) and Respiratory tract The genome of rotavirus consists of eleven segments of dsRNA. Each genome segment codes for one protein with the exception of segment 11, which codes for two proteins. Among the twelve proteins, six are structural and six are non-structural proteins. [4]
Bluetongue virus
The members of Orbivirus genus within the Reoviridae family are arthropod-borne viruses and are responsible for high morbidity and mortality in ruminants. The Genus Orbivirus is a member of the Reoviridae family. This Genus contains 19 Species and at least 130 different Serotypes Reoviridae is a family of Viruses that can affect the Gastrointestinal system (such as Rotavirus) and Respiratory tract Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " Physiologically a ruminant is a Mammal of the order Artiodactyla that digests plant-based food by initially softening it within the animal's first stomach known Bluetongue virus (BTV) which causes disease in livestock (sheep, goat, cattle) has been in the forefront of molecular studies for the last three decades and now represents the best understood orbivirus at the molecular and structural levels. The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family The Genus Orbivirus is a member of the Reoviridae family. This Genus contains 19 Species and at least 130 different Serotypes BTV, like other members of the family, is a complex non-enveloped virus with seven structural proteins and a RNA genome consisting of 10 variously sized dsRNA segments. [5] [6]
Phytoreoviruses
Phytoreoviruses are non-turreted reoviruses that are major agricultural pathogens, particularly in Asia. Phytoreoviruses are non-turreted Reoviruses that are major agricultural pathogens particularly in Asia. Reoviridae is a family of Viruses that can affect the Gastrointestinal system (such as Rotavirus) and Respiratory tract One member of this family, Rice Dwarf Virus (RDV), has been extensively studied by electron cryomicroscopy and x-ray crystallography. Rice dwarf virus (RDV is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Reoviridae. Electron cryomicroscopy ( cryo-EM or sometimes cryo-electron microscopy) is a form of Electron microscopy (EM where the sample is studied at Cryogenic X-ray crystallography is a method of determining the arrangement of Atoms within a Crystal, in which a beam of X-rays strikes a crystal and scatters From these analyses, atomic models of the capsid proteins and a plausible model for capsid assembly have been derived. While the structural proteins of RDV share no sequence similarity to other proteins, their folds and the overall capsid structure are similar to those of other Reoviridae. [7]
L-A Virus
The L-A dsRNA virus of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a single 4. Saccharomyces cerevisiae virus L-A is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA virus of the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Killer yeasts are Yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which can carry a Double-stranded RNA virus, causing them to secrete a number Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic Microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1500 Species currently described Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a Species of Budding Yeast. It is perhaps the most useful Yeast owing to its use since ancient times 6 kb genomic segment that encodes its major coat protein, Gag (76 kDa) and a Gag-Pol fusion protein (180 kDa) formed by a -1 ribosomal frameshift. L-A can support the replication and encapsidation in separate viral particles of any of several satellite dsRNAs, called M dsRNAs, each of which encodes a secreted protein toxin (the killer toxin) and immunity to that toxin. L-A and M are transmitted from cell to cell by the cytoplasmic mixing that occurs in the process of mating. Neither is naturally released from the cell or enters cells by other mechanisms, but the high frequency of yeast mating in nature results in the wide distribution of these viruses in natural isolates. Moreover, the structural and functional similarities with dsRNA viruses of mammals has made it useful to consider these entities as viruses. [8]
Infectious bursal disease virus
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is the best-characterized member of the family Birnaviridae. Infectious bursal disease (IBD is a highly contagious disease of young Chickens caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV characterized by Immunosuppression These viruses have bipartite dsRNA genomes enclosed in single-layered icosahedral capsids with T = 13l geometry. IBDV shares functional strategies and structural features with many other icosahedral dsRNA viruses, except that it lacks the T = 1 (or pseudo T = 2) core common to the Reoviridae, Cystoviridae, and Totiviridae. The IBDV capsid protein exhibits structural domains that show homology to those of the capsid proteins of some positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, such as the nodaviruses and tetraviruses, as well as the T = 13 capsid shell protein of the Reoviridae. The T = 13 shell of the IBDV capsid is formed by trimers of VP2, a protein generated by removal of the C-terminal domain from its precursor, pVP2. The trimming of pVP2 is performed on immature particles as part of the maturation process. The other major structural protein, VP3, is a multifunctional component lying under the T = 13 shell that influences the inherent structural polymorphism of pVP2. The virus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, VP1, is incorporated into the capsid through its association with VP3. RNA polymerase ( RNAP or RNApol) is an Enzyme that produces RNA. VP3 also interacts extensively with the viral dsRNA genome. [9]
Bacteriophage Φ6
Bacteriophage Φ6, is a member of the Cystoviridae family. Φ6 ( Phi 6 is the best-studied Bacteriophage of the Virus family Cystoviridae. Cystovirus is a genus of DsRNA Virus, which infect certain Gram negative Bacteria. It infects Pseudomonas bacteria (typically plant-pathogenic P. Pseudomonas is a Genus of gamma Proteobacteria, belonging to the larger family of Pseudomonads Recently 16S rRNA sequence syringae). It has a three-part, segmented, double-stranded RNA genome, totalling ~13. 5 kb in length. Φ6 and its relatives have a lipid membrane around their nucleocapsid, a rare trait among bacteriophages. This article is about a biological infectious particle for other uses see Phage (disambiguation. It is a lytic phage, though under certain circumstances has been observed to display a delay in lysis which may be described as a "carrier state". [10]
See also
Viruses templates
References
- ^ Dryden et al (2008). "The Structure of Orthoreoviruses", Segmented Double-stranded RNA Viruses: Structure and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-21-9.
- ^ Zhou ZH (2008). "Cypovirus", Segmented Double-stranded RNA Viruses: Structure and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-21-9.
- ^ Jiang et al (2008). "Rotavirus Structure", Segmented Double-stranded RNA Viruses: Structure and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-21-9.
- ^ Roy P (2008). "Structure and Function of Bluetongue Virus and its Proteins", Segmented Double-stranded RNA Viruses: Structure and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-21-9.
- ^ Mettenleiter TC and Sobrino F (editors). (2008). Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6.
- ^ Baker et al (2008). "Structures of Phytoreoviruses", Segmented Double-stranded RNA Viruses: Structure and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press.
- ^ Wickner et al (2008). "The Yeast dsRNA Virus L-A Resembles Mammalian dsRNA Virus Cores", Segmented Double-stranded RNA Viruses: Structure and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-21-9.
- ^ Caston et al (2008). "Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV)", Segmented Double-stranded RNA Viruses: Structure and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-21-9.
- ^ Koivunen et al (2008). "Structure-Function Insights Into the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of the dsRNA Bacteriophage Φ6", Segmented Double-stranded RNA Viruses: Structure and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-21-9.
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