The double-headed eagle is a common symbol in heraldry and vexillology. Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. Vexillology is the scholarly study of Flags The word is a synthesis of the Latin word Vexillum and the suffix –''ology'', meaning "study It is most commonly associated with the Holy Roman Empire and with the Byzantine Empire. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in In Byzantine heraldry, the heads represent the dual sovereignty of the Emperor (secular and religious) and/or dominance of the Byzantine Emperors over both East and West. This is a list of the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians Several Eastern European nations adopted it from the Byzantines and continue to use it as their national symbol to this day, the most prominent being Russia. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending However, the design was in use in the East for centuries before it was officially adopted by the Byzantines, and was independently adopted as the symbol of several other historical states, such as early medieval Armenia and possibly the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm. The medieval history of Armenia (Միջնադարյան Հայաստան covers the history of Armenia during the Middle Ages.
The two-headed eagle appears on the coat of arms of the following countries and territories:
- Albania
- Armenia
- Austria-Hungary (historical)
- Austria (1934-1938)
- Byzantine Empire (historical)
- German Confederation (historical)
- Holy Roman Empire (historical)
- Montenegro
- Republika Srpska (formerly used from 1992 until 2007) in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Russian Federation
- Russian Empire (historical)
- Seljuk Empire (historical)
- Serbia and Montenegro (historical)
- Serbia
- Kingdom of Yugoslavia (historical)
- Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (historical)
It also appears on the following flags:
- Flag of Albania
- Flag of Montenegro
- State Flag of Serbia
- the flag of the Greek Orthodox Church, which is also
- the flag of the autonomous monastic state of Mount Athos
- Coat of Arms and flag of Hellenic Army General Staff
Contents |
Origins
Double-headed eagles have been present in imagery for many centuries. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Republika Srpska ( Serbian: Република Српска Republika Srpska ( often abbreviated PC or RS) also Српска Srpska Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Great Seljuq Empire was a Medieval Sunni Muslim empire established by the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks that once controlled The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора / Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija The national flag of Albania is a red flag with a black Two-headed eagle in the center List of flags of Montenegro The Flag of Montenegro ( Montenegrin: Застава Црне Горе / Zastava Crne Gore was officially adopted with the Law on the state symbols The flag of Serbia is a Tricolour with Pan-Slavic colours, with three equal horizontal fields Red on the top Blue in the middle The Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) is formed by several autocephalous churches Mount Athos (Όρος Άθως is a mountain on the Peninsula of the same name in Macedonia, of northern Greece, called in Greek Άγιον The two-headed eagle can be found in archaeological remains of the Hittite civilization dating from a period that ranges from the 20th century BC to the 13th century BC
Cylindric seals discovered in Bogazkoy, an old Hittite capital in modern-day Turkey, represent clearly a two-headed eagle with spread wings. The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established The 20th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2000 BC to 1901 BC Boğazkale is a district of Çorum Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The aesthetics of this symmetrical position explains in part the birth of this religious figure. It probably dates from the 18th century BC, and was used in a tradesman background. The 18th century BC was the Century which lasted from 1800 BC to 1701 BC It can also be seen in the same region in two monumental settings: in Alacahöyük around 1400 BC and in Yazilikaya before 1250 BC. Alacahöyük or Alaca Höyük (sometimes also spelt as Alacahüyük, Euyuk, or Evuk) is the site of a Neolithic and Hittite Yazılıkaya ( Turkish for "inscribed rock" was a sanctuary of Hattusa, the capital city of the Hittite Empire, today in the Çorum Here the context looks different and totally religious: the eagle becomes a divinity symbol. The two-headed eagle slowly disappears during the last Hittite period, from the 9th century BC to the 7th century BC, and totally disappears after the end of the empire. The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established The 9th century BC started the first day of 900 BC and ended the last day of 801 BC The 7th century BC started the first day of 700 BC and ended the last day of 601 BC.
The double-headed eagle was also in use by the Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia and the Mamikonian family[1] in the 3rd to 9th centuries. The Arsacid Dynasty (Arshakuni Dynasty ruled the Kingdom of Armenia from 54 to 428 Mamikonian or Mamikoneans (Մամիկոնյան was a noble family which dominated Armenian politics between the 4th and 8th century
Byzantine Empire
- Further information: Byzantine heraldry
Constantinople was the successor of Rome, and the Byzantines continued the use of the old imperial "single-headed" eagle motif. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Although the roots of the transformation to double-headed are almost certainly connected with old depictions in Asia Minor, the details of its adoption are uncertain. Beyond any doubt, it was used in the wider area during the first centuries AD and certainly before the 10th century AD, as it appears in Persian and Armenian art (see above).
According to the most prevalent theory, the imperial Roman single-headed eagle was modified to double-headed by emperor Isaakios Komnenos (1057-1059) being influenced from local traditions about such a beast (the haga) in his native Paphlagonia in Asia Minor. Isaac I Komnenos or Comnenus ( Greek: Ισαάκιος Α΄ Κομνηνός Isaakios I Komninos; Սահակ Ա Կոմնինոս Sahag Ayp Gomninos Local legends talked about this giant eagle with two heads that could easily hold a bull in its claws; the haga was seen as a representation of power, and people would often "call" it for protection. Isaakios Komnenos, deeply influenced by these beliefs, had already used it as a family emblem (N. Zapheiriou, "the Greek Flag from Antiquity to present", Athens, 1947, pp. 21-22). As there has been reference to "stone representations" of the eagle that were the inspiration for its picture, it is reasonable to assume that Hittite carvings may have been the sources of the myths themselves, but other relevant artwork cannot be excluded as such a source. The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Whether the eagle became an "imperial" symbol or remained purely a personal symbol for Komnenos, is not clear.
It must be remembered that Roman armies used no flags. Instead they used bronze eagle effigies and, if the emperor was present, pikes or banners with the emperor's portrait. Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus The signa militaria were the Roman military Ensigns or standards The most ancient standard employed by the Romans is said to have been a handful ( maniple The Imaginifer was a type of Signifer during the Roman Empire who carried the imago - the image - of the emperor In Byzantine times the pagan eagles were replaced by crosses and the banners, embroidered with the emperor's portrait, were additionally adorned with crosses and other Christian symbols. It is possible that, after the Byzantines encountered Western knights and armies during the First Crusade, they observed the heraldic use of various emblems and attempted to emulate it later. The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of conquering the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land and freeing Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms.
After the Latin conquest of Constantinople in 1204, it was used by the successor states of Epirus and Nicaea. The Fourth Crusade (1202&ndash1204 was originally designed to conquer Muslim Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. The Principality of Epirus can also refer to the pashalik of Ali Pasha The Despotate or Principality of Epirus (Δεσποτάτο της The Empire of Nicaea ( Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Νίκαιας Turkish: İznik İmparatorluğu) was the largest of the Byzantine The first mention of a double-headed eagle in the West dates from 1250 in a roll of arms of Matthew of Paris for Emperor Friedrich II of the Holy Roman Empire. Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Theodore II Laskaris chose it for his symbol as Emperor (Empire of Nicaea), taking it to symbolize his state's claims to all the Byzantine Empire's former domains, both European (West) and Asian (East). Theodore II Doukas Laskaris or Ducas Lascaris (Θεόδωρος Β΄ Δούκας Λάσκαρις Theodōros II Doukas Laskaris) (1221/1222 &ndash August 18 The Empire of Nicaea ( Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Νίκαιας Turkish: İznik İmparatorluğu) was the largest of the Byzantine An alternative (and probably more correct) interpretation is that the eagle symbolized the Emperor's double temporal and spiritual sovereignty.
After the recapture of Constantinople and the restoration of the Byzantine Empire, the symbol was used as an emblem of the imperial family, but it is uncertain whether it was the official emblem of the Empire. More recent research has suggested that it was not, its usage being limited to imperial seals and other personal or dynasty symbols such as imperial robes, although there has been no depiction of any Emperor wearing it. The role of "state" symbols was most probably played by flags with the cross. In Byzantine usage, the eagle was almost always connected with colors of imperial power (gold and purple). A black eagle on golden background was used outside the imperial family, denoting the subordinate position (the eagle was black as being the 'shadow' of the Emperor's golden eagle) of their bearers.
Use by the Turks
The double-headed eagle became the standard of the Seljuk Turks with the crowning of Toghrül (meaning "Eagle") Beg at Mosul in 1058 as "King of the East and the West" and was much used afterwards. The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in For the Kerait ruler Toghrul protector of Genghis Khan see Wang Khan. For the village in Azerbaijan see Mosul Azerbaijan. Mosul (الموصل Al Mūṣul, Kurdish: Mosul/Ninawa, Musul The Sultans of Rum, Ala ad-Din Kayqubad I (1220-1237) and his son Kaykhusraw II (1237-1246) used the bicephalous eagle in their standards, and the motif was also found on tissues, cut stones, mural squares, and Koran holders. Kayqubad I ( Arabic / 'Alā al-Dīn Kayqubād bin Kaykā'ūs I Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw II ( Arabic / Ghīyāth al-Dīn Kaykhusraw bin Kayqubād II The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran
Turcomans who ruled in Anatolia during the 13th century, inherited it from the Seljuk Turks. The Oghuz (variously known as Ghuzz, Guozz, Kuz, Oguz, Oğuz, Okuz, Oufoi, Ouz, Ouzoi, Islamic coins from the reign of Khalif Nasreddin Mahmoud bin Mohammad, following Turkish influence, sport a double-headed eagle on one side and the Star of David on the other as early as year 1200. The Star of David or Shield of David ( Magen David in Hebrew with nikkud or מגן דוד without academically transcribed Māḡēn Dāwīḏ by
Today, the Turkish Police have a double-headed eagle in its insignia.
Holy Roman Empire
The first mention of a double-headed eagle in the West dates from 1250, in a roll of arms of Matthew of Paris for Emperor Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire. Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Usually depicted black on a gold background, it replaced the earlier single-headed eagle, and was subsequently adopted in the coats of arms of many German cities and aristocratic families. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the double-headed eagle was retained by the Austrian Empire, and served also as the coat of arms of the German Confederation. Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to
Use by other countries
From Byzantium, two-headed eagles spread to Russia after Ivan III's marriage to Zoe Palaeologina, and to Montferrat, where a cadet branch of the Palaeologi ruled. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Ivan III Vasilevich (Иван III Васильевич ( 22 January 1440, Moscow – 27 October 1505, Moscow also known as Ivan the Great Zoe Palaiologina ( Greek Ζωή Παλαιολόγου, Russian Софья Фоминична Палеолог, c Montferrat (in Piemontèis, Monfrà; in Italian, Monferrato) is part of the region of Piedmont in Northern Italy. The Marquises and Dukes of Montferrat were the rulers of a territory in Piedmont south of the Po and east of Turin called Montferrat. It was the charge in the Coat of Arms of the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Alexander (reigned 1331-1371). In Heraldry and Vexillology, a charge is an image occupying the field on an escutcheon (or shield The Bulgarians (българи balgari) are a South Slavic people generally associated with the Republic of Bulgaria and the Bulgarian language Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. Ivan Alexander (Иван Александър transliterated Ivan Aleksandǎr; iˈvan alɛkˈsandɤr original spelling ІѠАНЪ АЛЄѮАНдРЪ The Serbian Nemanjić dynasty adopted a white version as their own to signify their own independence of, and indeed, claim to the imperial throne of Constantinople. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, The House of Nemanjić ( Serbian: Немањићи Nemanjići; Anglicised: Nemanyid; German: Nemanjiden) was a medieval The white eagle was retained by most Serbian medieval dynasties, as well as the Karađorđević, Obrenović and Petrović-Njegoš houses and remains to this day in use in the coat-of-arms of the countries of Serbia and Montenegro. The House of Karađorđević (Карађорђевићи Serbian Latin Karađorđevići House of Karageorgevich was a Serbian ruling Dynasty descended from The House of Obrenović ( Serbian: Обреновићи / Obrenovići, often spelled in English as Obrenovich or Obrenovitch ruled Serbia from The House of Petrović -Njegoš ( ( Serbian Cyrillic: Петровић-Његош is a Royal House of Montenegro. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! George Kastrioti (Skanderbeg) adopted a similar flag in his struggle against the Ottomans, consisting of a black eagle on red background, which has been resurrected in the current Flag of Albania. Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg ( 6 May 1405 &ndash 17 January 1468) ( Albanian: Gjergj Kastriot Skënderbeu, widely known as The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The national flag of Albania is a red flag with a black Two-headed eagle in the center During the next centuries, the eagle was made to hold a sword and/or a sceptre and an orb with a cross, symbols of the aforementioned double sovereignty. A sceptre or scepter is a symbolic ornamental staff held by a ruling Monarch, a prominent item of royal Regalia. The globus cruciger ( Latin, "cross-bearing orb" is an orb (lat
Its usage also survived as a decorative element in the Greek Orthodox Church, which was the inheritor of the Byzantine legacy during the Ottoman Empire, while it remained a popular symbol among Greeks. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish In modern Greece various variations of the two-headed eagles are used in Church flags (based on Byzantine flag patterns) and, officially, by the Greek Army; the bird found its way into the Greek coat of arms for a brief period in 1925-1926.
It remains also an important motif in the heraldry of the imperial families of Russia (the House of Romanov) and Austria-Hungary (the House of Habsburg), as well as the royal family of Montenegro (the House of Petrovic). The House of Romanov (Рома́нов rʌˈmanəf was the second and last imperial Dynasty of Russia, which ruled the country from 1613 to 1917 The House of Petrović -Njegoš ( ( Serbian Cyrillic: Петровић-Његош is a Royal House of Montenegro.
Use in Masonry
The Double-Headed Eagle of Lagash is used as emblem by the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry[1]. The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry (the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction in the United States often omits the and) commonly known as simply the While there are many meanings attached to this symbol, [2] author M. P. Hall who wrote many works on the subject, suggested it an alchemical symbol of the union between the masculine and feminine principles in the individual. Manly Palmer Hall ( March 18, 1901 - August 29, 1990) was a Canadian -born Author and mystic.
Use in fiction
In the world of Warhammer 40,000, the double-headed eagle forms the crest of the Imperium of Man, earning it considerable religious and cultural significance. Warhammer 40000 (informally known as Warhammer 40K or just 40K) is a tabletop miniature wargame in a Science The Imperium of Man is a fictional Galactic empire of millions of star systems that contains the vastmajority of humanity in the forty-first millennium set in the For this reason, it is not too uncommon to create actual double-headed eagles through surgery, mechanical proxy or genetic manipulation. When these are used to aid the abilities of a psyker, they are known as psyber-eagles. Psykers are individuals with Psychic abilities in the Warhammer 40000 Fictional universe. The Emperor of Mankind is known to be from central Anatolia (currently Turkey), so it may be a reference to his geographic origins. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches
In Namco's game, Tales of Symphonia, Aska, a golden, twin-headed bird who is one of the two Summon Spirits of Light is thought to have been inspired by the two-headed eagle. is an amusement company based in Japan, best known overseas for Video games development is a Video game first released for the Nintendo GameCube and later for the PlayStation 2. In Ragnarok Online the double-headed eagle appears ins many flags and buildings of the city of Prontera. Ragnarok Online (라그나로크 온라인 often referred to as RO, is a Massively multiplayer online role-playing game or MMORPG created by The following is a list of towns guilds and other locations from the MMORPG Ragnarok Online.
In The Mouse That Roared and its sequels, the double-headed eagle is on the national flag of Grand Fenwick. The Mouse that Roared is a 1955 novel by Irish writer Leonard Wibberley that launched a series of satirical books about an imaginary The Duchy of Grand Fenwick is a tiny Fictional country created by Leonard Wibberley in a series of comedic Novels beginning with
In The Nightly News, a six-issue comic book mini-series by Jonathan Hickman (published by Image Comics), the Brotherhood of The Voice uses a double-headed eagle as one of their symbols. The Nightly News is a six issue American comic book Limited series created by Jonathan Hickman, published by Image Comics. Jonathan Hickman is an American Comic book writer and artist Biography Hickman was the runner-up in the first Comic Book Idol and Image Comics is an American Comic book publisher It was founded in 1992 by seven high-profile illustrators as a venue where creators could publish their
In the anime Beyblade, Claude from Barthez Battalion has a beyblade with the bit beast Rapid Eagle which is a two headed eagle. is an Anime and Manga series about a group of kids battling with highly powerful Spinning tops enchanted with sacred bit-beasts or spirits of mythical The Barthez Battalion is a group of fictional characters in the popular Beyblade Anime and Manga series
Use in sports
The double-headed eagle is the emblem of the Greek sport clubs AEK (black eagle on yellow background) and PAOK (black eagle on white background). See also Athletic Union of Constantinople AEK FC (AEK - Αθλητική Ένωσις Κωνσταντινουπόλεως – Athlitiki Enosis Konstantinoupoleos PAOK FC (ΠΑΟΚ - Πανθεσσαλονίκειος Αθλητικός Όμιλος Κωνσταντινουπολιτών - Panthessalonikios Athlitikos Omilos Konstantinoupoliton It is a symbol of the clubs' origins, since both clubs were founded by Greeks who fled to Greece from Constantinople in 1922-23. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS It is also the emblem of the Turkish Konyaspor [3],the Dutch N. Konyaspor is a Turkish football club based in Konya. Konyaspor currently play in the Turkish Premier Super League. E. C. Nijmegen and the English non-League football club AFC Wimbledon.
Examples of double-headed eagle
 Emblem of the Palaiologos dynasty and the Byzantine Empire |
 The Seal of Skanderbeg |
 Coat of arms of a Holy Roman Emperor of the House of Habsburg |
.png/93px-Wappen_Kaisertum_Österreich_1815_(Klein).png) Coat of arms of the Austrian Empire |
 Coat of arms of the German Confederation |
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 traditional Coat of arms of Montenegro |
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 Emblem of 21. The Palaiologos or Palaeologus ( Greek: Παλαιολόγος pl Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg ( 6 May 1405 &ndash 17 January 1468) ( Albanian: Gjergj Kastriot Skënderbeu, widely known as The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to The National emblems of the Russian Empire were the state emblem and the state seal in three variants great middle and lesser The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija Official Status The Coat of arms was officially adopted by the federal parliament in 1994. The Coat of Arms of Serbia is the same as the Coat of arms of the former Obrenović dynasty (first adopted in 1882; re-adopted in 2004 Emblem of Republika Srpska is the current symbol of Republika Srpska. The Coat of arms of Montenegro ( Montenegrin: Грб Црне Горе Grb Crne Gore was officially adopted by the law passed in the Parliament on 13 July The Coat of arms of Montenegro ( Montenegrin: Грб Црне Горе Grb Crne Gore was officially adopted by the law passed in the Parliament on 13 July The coat of arms of Albania is an adaptation of the Flag of Albania. Waffen-Gebirgs-Division der SS „Skanderbeg“ (albanische Nr. 1) |
 Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church |
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 Coat of arms of Lübeck |
 Coat of arms of Velletri |
 Coat of arms of the Province of Rovigo |
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 In the upper right portion of Coat of arms of Armenia, there is a two-headed eagle, the emblem of the first dynasty to reign over a Christian Armenia, the Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia. The Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) is formed by several autocephalous churches Lübeck ( is the second largest City in Schleswig-Holstein, in Northern Germany, and one of the major Velletri is a Comune in the Province of Rome, on the Alban Hills, in Lazio ( Latium) - Italy The Province of Rovigo ( Provincia di Rovigo) is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. Belgrade has small medium and large coat of arms. History The small coat of arms was sketched by Đorđe Andrejević Kun in 1931 and The national coat of arms of Armenia consists of an eagle and a lion supporting a shield |
 Coat of arms of Perth and Kinross. Perth and Kinross ( Peairt agus Ceann Rois in Gaelic) is one of 32 unitary council areas in Scotland, and a Lieutenancy Area. |
 Coat of arms of Nijmegen. Nijmegen (ˈnɛɪmeɣən) (obsolete spellings Nijmwegen Nymegen Nieumeghen &mdash Nimwegen in local dialect and in German, Nimègue in French |
 |
 Hellenic Army General Staff |
See also
References
External links
- The development of the use of the double-headed eagle in Russia
- Page on the use of heraldry in the Byzantine Empire
- Embroidered double-headed eagle on the podea of Paul, Patriarch of Constantinople (late 14th century), from the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art
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