History of the Greek language (see also: Greek alphabet)

Proto-Greek (c. This article is an overview of the history of Greek. Origins See also Proto-Greek language There are several theories about the origins Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early The Proto-Greek language is the assumed last common ancestor of all known varieties of Greek, including Mycenaean, the classical Greek dialects 2000 BC)

Mycenaean (c. Mycenaean is the most ancient attested form of the Greek language, spoken on the Greek mainland and on Crete in the 16th to 11th centuries BC, before the 1600–1100 BC)

Ancient Greek (c. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c 800–300 BC) Dialects: Aeolic, Arcadocypriot, Attic-Ionic, Doric, Pamphylian; Homeric Greek. Ancient Greek, in Classical antiquity before the development of the Koiné (κοινή as the Lingua franca of Hellenism, was divided Aeolic Greek (also known as Lesbian Greek) is a linguistic term used to describe a set of rather archaic Greek sub- Dialects spoken Arcadocypriot or southern Achaean was an ancient Greek dialect spoken in Arcadia in the central Peloponnese and Cyprus. Attic Greek is the Prestige dialect of Ancient Greece that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Ionic Greek was a sub-dialect of the Attic-Ionic dialectal group of Ancient Greek (see Greek dialects) Pamphylian is a little-attested and isolated dialect of Ancient Greek which was spoken in Pamphylia, on the southern coast of Asia Minor Homeric Greek is the form of Ancient Greek that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey. Possibly Macedonian. For the unrelated modern Slavic language see Macedonian language.

Koine Greek (c. Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in 300 BC–c. 500)

Medieval Greek (c. Medieval Greek (Μεσαιωνική Ελληνική is a linguistic term that describes the fourth period in the history of the Greek language. 500–1453)

Modern Greek (from 1453) Dialects: Cappadocian, Cretan, Cypriot, Demotic, Griko, Katharevousa, Pontic, Tsakonian, Yevanic This box: view • talk • edit

For the modern Doric dialect of Scotland, see Doric dialect (Scotland)

Doric Greek is an ancient branch of the Greek language. Modern Greek (el Νέα Ελληνικά or el Νεοελληνική lit The linguistic varieties of Modern Greek can be classified along two principal dimensions Cappadocian, also known as Cappadocian Greek or Asia Minor Greek is a dialect of the Greek language, formerly spoken in Cappadocia (Central Turkey Cretan Greek ( Cretan dialect &mdash in Greek, Kritikí diálektos &ndash Κρητική διάλεκτος or Kritiká Κρητικά The Cypriot Dialect of Greek ( Cypriot Greek ( Κυπριακή διάλεκτος) or Kypriaka ( Greek: Κυπριακά Dimotiki (δημοτική, " of the people" or Demotic is the modern Vernacular form of the Greek language. Griko, sometimes spelled Grico, is a Modern Greek dialect which is spoken by people in the Magna Graecia region in southern Italy, and it Katharevousa (Καθαρεύουσα, lit "the purified one" is a form of the Greek language conceived in the early 19th century by Greek intellectual Pontic Greek is a form of the Greek language originally spoken in the Pontus area on the southern shores of the Black Sea, and today mainly in Greece Tsakonian, Tzakonian or Tsakonic ( Greek Τσακωνικά) is a dialect of modern Greek spoken in the Tsakonian region Yevanic, otherwise known as Romaniote and Judeo-Greek, was the Dialect of the Romaniotes, the group of Greek Jews whose existence in Doric was formerly used to refer to all dialects of Lowland Scots but is now usually used as a name for the dialect spoken in the north-east of Scotland Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly In classical times its dialects were spoken in the southern and eastern Peloponnese, Crete, Rhodes, some islands in the southern Aegean Sea, some cities on the coasts of Asia Minor, Southern Italy, Sicily, Epirus and Macedon. Ancient Greek, in Classical antiquity before the development of the Koiné (κοινή as the Lingua franca of Hellenism, was divided The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Rhodes (Ρόδος Ródos, ˈɾo̞ðo̞s Rodi ردوس Rodos; Ladino: Rodi or Rodes) is a Greek island Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Geography Southern Italy forms the lower "boot" of the Italian peninsula containing the ankle (Abruzzo and Molise and southern Lazio the toe (Calabria and the heel Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Epirus (from Ionic Greek Ήπειρος - Ēpeiros, Doric Greek: Ἅπειρος - Apeiros, in Albanian Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most

It is widely accepted that Doric originated in the mountains of Epirus, northwestern Greece, the original seat of the Dorian Greeks. Epirus (from Ionic Greek Ήπειρος - Ēpeiros, Doric Greek: Ἅπειρος - Apeiros, in Albanian Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Dorians or Dorian Greeks ( Greek:, Dōrieis singular, Dōrieus were It was expanded to all other regions during the Dorian invasion (circa 1150 BC) and the colonisations that followed. The Dorian invasion is a concept devised by historians of Ancient Greece to explain the replacement of pre-classical dialects and traditions in southern Greece by The presence of a Doric state (Doris) in central Greece, north of the Gulf of Corinth, led to the theory that Doric had originated in northwest Greece or maybe beyond in the Balkans. Doris ( Greek:: Eth, pl,; Latin: Dores Dorienses is small mountainous district in ancient Greece, bounded by Aetolia The Gulf of Corinth or the Corinthian Gulf is a deep inlet of the Ionian Sea separating the Peloponnese from western mainland Greece. However, exactly where the prehistoric border was, and whether it comprised the ancient Macedonians, remains unknown (see Pella curse tablet). The Ancient Macedonians (Μακεδόνες Makedónes were an ancient tribe which inhabited the alluvial plain around the rivers Haliacmon and lower Axius, north The Pella curse tablet is a Curse or magic spell ( Greek: κατάδεσμος Katadesmos) inscribed on a Lead scroll dating to

Contents 1 Doric dialects 1.1 Laconian, Heraclean 1.2 Argolic 1.3 Corinthian 1.4 Megarian 1.5 Rhodian 1.6 Coan 1.7 Theran and Cyrenaean 1.8 Cretan 1.9 Macedonian 2 Northwest Greek dialects 3 Differences between Doric and Attic/Koine 3.1 Vocalism 3.2 Consonantism 3.3 Morphology 4 Glossary 4.1 Common 4.2 Argive 4.3 Cretan 4.4 Laconian 4.5 Magna Graecian 4.6 North-West 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

Doric dialects

Where the Doric dialect group fits in the overall classification of ancient Greek dialects depends to some extent on the classification. Several views are stated under Greek dialects. Ancient Greek, in Classical antiquity before the development of the Koiné (κοινή as the Lingua franca of Hellenism, was divided The prevalent theme of most views listed there is that Doric is a subgroup of West Greek. Some use the terms Northern Greek or Northwest Greek instead. The geographic distinction is only verbal and ostensibly is misnamed: all of Doric was spoken south of "Southern Greek" or "Southeastern Greek. "

Be that as it may, "Northern Greek" is based on a presumption that Dorians came from the north and on the fact that Doric is closely related to Northwest Greek. When the distinction began is not known. All the "northerners" might have spoken one dialect at the time of the Dorian invasion; certainly, Doric could only have further differentiated into its classical dialects when the Dorians were in place in the south. Thus West Greek is the most accurate name for the classical dialects.

Tsakonian Greek, is a surviving language of the Doric branch, descendant of Laconian Doric (Spartan), still spoken by some on the southern Argolid coast of the Peloponnese in the modern prefecture of Arcadia. Tsakonian, Tzakonian or Tsakonic ( Greek Τσακωνικά) is a dialect of modern Greek spoken in the Tsakonian region Arcadia or Arkadía ( Greek Αρκαδία is a region of Greece in the Peloponnesus. Today it is a source of considerable interest to linguists, and an endangered language.

The dialects of the Doric Group are as follows.

Laconian, Heraclean

Laconian was spoken by the population of Laconia in the southern Peloponnesus and also by its colonies, Tarentum and Heraclea, in southern Italy. For the Laconian dialect see Doric Greek For the Ancient Kingdom see Sparta For the laconic expression see Laconic The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula Not to be confused with Toronto. Taranto ( Ancient Greek: Tarās; Modern Greek: Tarantas) is a coastal city in Heraclea (also Heracleia or Herakleia; Greek:) was an ancient city of Magna Graecia, situated in Lucania on the Gulf of Tarentum Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Sparta was the seat of ancient Laconia. The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη

Laconian is attested in inscriptions on pottery and stone from the 7th century BC. The 7th century BC started the first day of 700 BC and ended the last day of 601 BC. A dedication to Helen dates from the 2nd quarter of the 7th. Tarentum was founded in 706 BC. The founders must already have spoken Laconic.

Many documents from the state of Sparta survive, whose citizens called themselves Lacedaemonians after the name of the valley in which they lived. Homer calls it "hollow Lacedaemon", though he refers to a pre-Dorian period. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the The 7th century BC, Spartan poet, Alcman, used a dialect that some consider to be predominantly Laconian. Alcman (also Alkman Greek) (7th century BC was an Ancient Greek choral lyric poet from Sparta. Philoxenus of Alexandria wrote a treatise On the Laconian dialect.

Argolic

Argolic was spoken in the thickly settled northeast Peloponnesus at, for example, Argos, Mycenae, Hermione, Troezen, Epidaurus, and as close to Athens as the island of Aegina. Argos ( Greek: Ἄργος, Árgos ˈaɾɣos is a city in Greece in the Peloponnese near Nafplio, which was its historic harbor "Lion Gate" redirects here For other uses see Lions' Gate (disambiguation. Hermione (Greek grc ῾Ερμιόνη English pronunciation /hɚ Troezen (ˈtriːzən Τροιζήν modern Troizina or Trizina, Turkish: Damala is a small town (pop Epidaurus (Ἐπίδαυρος Epidavros) was a small city ( Polis) in ancient Greece, at the Saronic Gulf. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Aegina ( Greek: Αίγινα ( Egina) is one of the Saronic Islands of Greece in the Saronic Gulf, 17 miles (30 km from As Mycenaean Greek had been spoken in this dialect region in the Bronze Age, it is clear that the Dorians overran it but were unable to take Attica. Mycenaean is the most ancient attested form of the Greek language, spoken on the Greek mainland and on Crete in the 16th to 11th centuries BC, before the The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for The Dorians or Dorian Greeks ( Greek:, Dōrieis singular, Dōrieus were Attica (Αττική Attikí;) is a periphery (subdivision in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece The Dorians went on from Argos to Crete and Rhodes. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Rhodes (Ρόδος Ródos, ˈɾo̞ðo̞s Rodi ردوس Rodos; Ladino: Rodi or Rodes) is a Greek island

Ample inscriptional material of a legal, political and religious content exists from at least the 6th century BC. The 6th century BC started the first day of 600 BC and ended the last day of 501 BC.

Corinthian

Corinthian was spoken first in the isthmus region between the Peloponnesus and mainland Greece; that is, the Isthmus of Corinth. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Isthmus of Corinth is the narrow landbridge which connects the Peloponnese peninsula with the mainland of Greece, near the city of Corinth The cities and states of the Corinthian dialect region were Corinth, Sicyon, Cleonae, Phlius, the colonies of Corinth in western Greece: Corcyra, Leucas, Anactorium, Ambracia and others, the colonies in and around Italy: Syracuse and Ancona, and the colonies of Corcyra: Dyrrachium, Apollonia. Corinth, or Korinth ( Greek Κόρινθος ( is a city in Greece. For the modern municipality see Sikyona. Sicyon (Σικυών was an ancient Greek city situated in the northern Peloponnesus Cleonae or Cleonæ or Kleonai may refer to any of several ancient cities including Archaies Kleones formerly Cleonae in Argolis Phlius was a Greek city in the northwestern Argolid, in the Peloponnese Corfu (Κέρκυρα Kérkyra, ˈkʲe̞ɾkʲiɾa Κέρκυρα or Κόρκυρα Corcyra Corfù is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea Anaktorio (Ανακτορίο is a municipality in Aetolia-Acarnania, Greece. Ambracia, occasionally Ampracia ( Greek: ancient Ἀμπρακία modern Αμβρακία was an ancient Corinthian colony situated about 7 miles from Syracuse (Siracusa Sicilian: Sarausa, Classical Greek: / transliterated Syrakousai) is a historic City in Ancona (Ankon is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of central Italy, population 101909 (2005 Corfu (Κέρκυρα Kérkyra, ˈkʲe̞ɾkʲiɾa Κέρκυρα or Κόρκυρα Corcyra Corfù is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea The earliest inscriptions at Corinth date from the early 6th century BC. They use a Corinthian epichoric alphabet. (See under Attic Greek. Attic Greek is the Prestige dialect of Ancient Greece that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. )

Corinth contradicts the prejudice that Dorians were rustic militarists, as some consider the speakers of Laconian to be. Positioned on an international trade route, Corinth played a leading part in the recivilizing of Greece after the centuries of disorder and isolation following the collapse of Mycenaean Greece. Mycenaean Greece is a cultural period of ancient Greece taking its name from the archaeological site of Mycenae in northeastern Argolis, in the Peloponnese

Megarian

Rhodian

Coan

Theran and Cyrenaean

Cretan

Macedonian

Main article: Ancient Macedonian language

A school of thought maintains that Macedonian was a Greek dialect. For the unrelated modern Slavic language see Macedonian language. Those who favour a purely Greek nature of Macedonian as a northern Greek dialect are numerous and include early scholars like H. Ahrens and O. Franz Heinrich Ludolf Ahrens ( June 6, 1809 - September 25, 1881) was a German Philologist. Hoffmann. ^[1] A recent proponent of this school was Professor Olivier Masson, who in his article on the ancient Macedonian language in the third edition of the Oxford Classical Dictionary tentatively suggested that Macedonian was related to North-Western Greek dialects:^[2]

“

In our view the Greek character of most names is obvious and it is difficult to think of a Hellenization due to wholesale borrowing [. The Oxford Classical Dictionary ( OCD) is the standard one-volume Encyclopedia in English of topics relating to Ancient Greece and For the modern Doric dialect of Scotland see Doric dialect (Scotland Doric was a dialect of ancient Greek. . . ] The small minority of names which do not look Greek [. . . ] may be due to a substratum or adstratum influences (as elsewhere in Greece). Macedonian may then be seen as a Greek dialect, characterized by its marginal position and by local pronunciations. Yet in contrast with earlier views which made of it an Aeolic dialect [. Aeolic Greek (also known as Lesbian Greek) is a linguistic term used to describe a set of rather archaic Greek sub- Dialects spoken . . ] we must by now think of a link with North-West Greek [. . . ] We must wait for new discoveries, but we may tentatively conclude that Macedonian is a dialect related to North-West Greek.

”

As to Macedonian β, δ, γ = Greek φ, θ, χ, Claude Brixhe^[3] suggests that it may have been a later development: The letters may already have designated not voiced stops, i. Voice or voicing is a term used in Phonetics and Phonology to characterize speech sounds, with sounds described as either voiceless A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. e. [b, d, g], but voiced fricatives, i. Voice or voicing is a term used in Phonetics and Phonology to characterize speech sounds, with sounds described as either voiceless Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together e. [β, δ, γ], due to a voicing of the voiceless fricatives [φ, θ, x] (= Classical Attic [p^h, t^h, k^h]). Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together Brian Joseph sums up that "[t]he slender evidence is open to different interpretations, so that no definitive answer is really possible", but cautions that "most likely, Ancient Macedonian was not simply an Ancient Greek dialect on a par with Attic or Aeolic". ^[4] In this sense, some authors also call it a "deviant Greek dialect. "

Northwest Greek dialects

The Northwest Greek group is closely related to the Doric Group, while sometimes there is no distinction between the Doric and the Northwest Greek. Whether it is to be considered a part of the Doric Group or the latter a part of it or the two subgroups of West Greek, it is a verbal distinction only: the dialects and their grouping remain the same. West Thessalian and Boeotian had come under a strong Northwest Greek influence. Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. The Northwest Greek dialects differ from the Doric Group dialects in the below features^[5]:

1. Dative plural of the Third declension in -οις (-ois) (instead of -σι (-si)) (Ἀκαρνάνοις ἱππέοις Akarnanois hippeois for Ἀκαρνᾶσιν ἱππεῦσιν Akarnasin hippeusin , to the Acarnanian knights. Ancient Greek grammar is morphologically complex and preserves several features of Proto-Indo-European morphology
2. ἐν (en) + accusative (instead of εἰς (eis)) en Naupakton
3. -στ (-st) for -σθ (-sth) γενέσται genestai for genesthai (to become) μίστωμα mistôma for misthôma (payment for hiring)
4. ar for er amara /Dor. amera/Att. hêmera (day) Elean wargon for Doric wergon and Attic ergon (work)
5. Dative singular in -oi instead of -ôi τοῖ Ἀσκλαπιοῖ Doric τῶι Ἀσκλαπιῶι Attic Ἀσκληπιῶι
6. Middle participle in -eimenos instead of -oumenos

The dialects are as follows:

• Phocian/Delphic

Plutarch refers that Delphians pronounce b in the place of p (βικρὸν for πικρὸν)^[6]

• Locrian
  • Ozolian Locris, along the northwest coast of the Corinthian Gulf, around Amfissa (earliest ca. Phocis ( Greek, Modern: Φωκίδα foˈkiða Ancient / Katharevousa: Φωκίς foˈkis is an ancient district and a modern prefecture Delphi ( Greek,) ( pronounce and dialectal forms) is an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c Delphi ( Greek,) ( pronounce and dialectal forms) is an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western Locrian Greek ( Locrian dialect, Greek: Λοκρική διάλεκτος is one of the Ancient Greek dialects, which was spoken by the Locrians Ozolian Locris or Esperian Locris (Οζολία Λοκρίς ή Εσπερία Λοκρίς was a district inhabited by the Ozolian Locrians a tribe of the Locrians The Gulf of Corinth or the Corinthian Gulf is a deep inlet of the Ionian Sea separating the Peloponnese from western mainland Greece. Amfissa ( Greek: Άμφισσα ˈaɱfisa is a municipality and the capital town of the prefecture of Phocis, in Greece. 500 BC)^[7]
  • Opuntian Locris, on the coast of mainland Greece opposite northwest Euboea, around Opus
• Elean

The dialect of Elis,Olympia is, after the Aeolic dialects, one of the most difficult for the modern reader of epigraphic texts^[8] (earliest ca. Opuntian Locris or Eastern Locris was an ancient Greek region inhabited by the tribe of the Locri Epicnemidii ( Greek:) or Locri Opuntii For the mythological figure see Euboea (mythology Euboea ( Modern Greek, Εύβοια - Évia &mdash Opus (also Opous, Ancient Greek:) in Ancient Greece, the chief city of Opuntian or Eastern Locris. Elis, or Eleia ( Greek, Modern Ήλιδα Ilida, Ancient Ēlis, Doric: Alis, Elean: Walis) is an ancient Elis, or Eleia ( Greek, Modern Ήλιδα Ilida, Ancient Ēlis, Doric: Alis, Elean: Walis) is an ancient Olympia ( Greek: Olympí'a or Olýmpia, older transliterations Olimpia, Olimbia) a sanctuary of ancient Greece Aeolic Greek (also known as Lesbian Greek) is a linguistic term used to describe a set of rather archaic Greek sub- Dialects spoken 600 BC)^[9]

• Northwest Greek Koiné
  • hybrid dialect of Attic and certain Northwest Greek and Doric features
  • chiefly associated with the Aetolian Confederacy and dates to the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC. Aetolia is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth forming the eastern part of the modern prefecture of Aetolia-Acarnania The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. The 3rd century BC started the first day of 300 BC and ended the last day of 201 BC

Calydon sanctuary (earliest ca. Calydon ( Greek: Καλυδών was an ancient Greek city in Aetolia, situated on the west bank of the river Evenus. 600-575 BC)^[10] - Aetolian League 300-262 BC^[11]

• Epirotic
  • Dodona oracle, firstly under control of Thesprotians^[12] (earliest ca. Epirus (from Ionic Greek Ήπειρος - Ēpeiros, Doric Greek: Ἅπειρος - Apeiros, in Albanian Dodona (from Doric Greek Δωδώνα Ionic Greek: Δωδώνη - Dodone) in Epirus in northwestern Greece, was a prehistoric The Thesprotians ( Greek: Θεσπρωτοί English: Thesprôti were an ancient Greek tribe of Thesprotis, akin to the Molossians 550-500 BC)^[13] - Molossian League of Epirus^[14][15] (earliest ca. The Molossians (Μολοσσοί English: Molossoi were an ancient Greek tribe that settled Epirus during Mycenaean times 370BC)^[16]

Differences between Doric and Attic/Koine

Vocalism

1. Preservation of long ā (α) where Attic/Koine change it to long open ē (η), as in γᾶ μάτηρ (gā mātēr) "earth mother" — Attic/Koine γῆ μήτηρ (gē mētēr). Alpha (uppercase Α, lowercase α; Αλφα is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. Attic Greek is the Prestige dialect of Ancient Greece that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in Eta (uppercase &Eta, lowercase η Ήτα) is the seventh letter of the Greek alphabet.
2. Contraction ae > η (ē) instead of Attic/Koine ᾱ (ā).
3. Original eo, ea > ιο, ια (io, ia) in certain Doric dialects.
4. Certain Doric dialects ("severe Doric") have η, ω (ē, ō) for the "spurious diphthongs" Attic/Koine ει, ου (ei, ou) (i. e. secondary long ē, ō due to contraction or compensatory lengthening. The most prominent examples are genitive singular in -ω (-ō) = -ου (-ou), accusative plural in -ως (-ōs) = -ους (-ous) and the infinitive in -ην (-ēn) = -ειν (-ein).
5. Short α (a) = Attic/Koine ε in certain words: ἱαρός (hiaros), Ἄρταμις ('*Artamis), γα (ga), αἰ (ai)

Consonantism

1. Preservation of -τι (-ti) where Attic/Koine have -σι (-si). The most prominent examples are: 1) third person singular of the μι-verbs -ti: e. g. φατί (phāti) — Attic/Koine φησί(ν) (phēsi(n)); 2) third person plural of the present and the subjunctive -nti: e. g. λέγoντι (legonti) — Attic/Koine λέγουσι(ν) (legousi(n)); 3) "twenty" ϝίκατι (wīkati) — Attic/Koine εἴκοσι(ν) (eikosi(n)); and 4) the hundreds in -katioi: e. g. τριακάτιοι (triākatioi) — Attic/Koine τριακόσιοι (triākosioi).
2. Preservation of double -σσ- (-ss-) before a vowel where Attic/Koine have -σ- (-s-), e. g. μέσσος (messos) before a vowel where Attic/Koine have μέσος (mesos).
3. Preservation of initial w (ϝ) which is lost in Attic/Koine. Digamma (uppercase Ϝ, lowercase ϝ) is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet, used primarily as a Greek numeral. E. g. ϝοῖκος (woikos) — Attic/Koine οἶκος (oikos). The literary text in Doric and the inscriptions from the Hellenistic age have no digamma.
4. ξ (x) in the aorists and futures of verbs ending in -ίζω, -άζω (-izō, -azō) where Attic/Koine have σ (s). E. g. ἀγωνίξατο (agōniksato) — Attic/Koine ἀγωνίσατο (agōnisato). Similarly κ (k) before suffixes beginning with t.

Morphology

1. The numeral τέτορες (tetores) "four" instead of Attic/Koine τέτταρες (τέσσαρες) (tettares (tessares)).
2. The numeral πρᾶτος (prātos) "first" instead of Attic/Koine πρῶτος (prōtos).
3. The demonstrative pronoun τῆνος (tēnos) "this" instead of Attic/Koine (ἐ)κεῖνος ((e)keinos)
4. Nominative plural of the article and the demonstrative pronoun τοί (toi), ταί (tai), τοῦτοι (toutoi), ταῦται (tautai) instead of Attic/Koine οἱ (hoi), αἱ (hai), οὗτοι (houtoi), αὗται (hautai)
5. The ending of the third person plural of the athematic ("root") preterite is -n, not -san, e. g. ἔδον (edon) — Attic/Koine ἔδοσαν (edosan)
6. First person plural in -μες where Attic/Koine have -μεν.
7. Future in -σε-ω (-se-ō) instead of Attic/Koine -σ-ω (-s-ō), e. g. πραξῆται (prāxētai) instead of Attic/Koine πράξεται (prāxetai).
8. Modal particle κα (ka) instead of Attic/Koine ἄν (an). NB Doric αἴ κα, αἰ δέ κα, αἰ τίς κα (ai ka, ai de ka, ai tis ka) = Attic/Koine ἐάν (ἄν), ἐὰν δέ (ἂν δέ), ἐάν τις (ἄν τις) ((e)an, (e)an de, (e)an tis).
9. Temporal adverbs in -κα (-ka) instead of Attic/Koine -τε (-te): ὄκα (hoka), τόκα (toka).
10. Local adverbs in -ει (-ei) instead of Attic/Koine -ου (-ou): τεῖδε (teide), πεῖ (pei).

Glossary

Common

• αἰγάδες aigades (Attic αἶγες aiges) "goats"
• αἶγες aiges (Attic κύματα kymata) "waves"
• ἀλία halia (Attic ἐκκλησία ekklēsia) "assembly" (Cf. ecclesia or ekklesia ( Greek) was the principal assembly of the democracy of ancient Athens during its Golden Age ( Hêliaia)
• βρύκαιναι brykainai (Attic ἱέρειαι hiereiai) "priestesses"
• βρυκετός bryketos (Attic βρυγμός brygmos, βρυκηθμός brykēthmos) "chewing, grinding, gnashing with the teeth" ὁμοίως Δωριεῖς
• δαμιοργοί damiorgoi (Attic ἄρχοντες archontes) "high officials". Heliaia or Heliaea ( Greek:) ( Doric: Halia was the supreme court of Ancient Athens. Archon (Gr ἄρχων pl ἄρχοντες is a Greek word that means "ruler" frequently used as the title of a specific public office Cf. Attic δημιουργός dēmiourgos "public worker for the people (dēmos), craftsman, creator"; Hesychius δαμιουργοί· αἱ πόρναι "prostitutes". Demiurge (the Latinized form of Greek demiourgos, δημιουργός, literally "public or skilled worker" from demos DEMOS (meaning "Dialogovaya Edinaya Mobilnaya Operatsionnaya Sistema" (Диалоговая Единая Мобильная Операционная Система ДЕМОС Zamiourgoi Elean. Elis, or Eleia ( Greek, Modern Ήλιδα Ilida, Ancient Ēlis, Doric: Alis, Elean: Walis) is an ancient
• Ἐλωός Elôos Hephaestus Ἥφαιστος παρὰ Δωριεῦσιν
• κάρρων karrōn (Attic κρείττων kreittōn) "stronger" (Ionic kreissōn , Cretan kartōn )
• κορύγης korygēs (Attic κῆρυξ kēryx) "herald, messenger" (Aeolic karoux)
• λαιός laios (Homeric, Attic and Modern Greek ἀριστερός aristeros) "left". Hephaestus (hɨˈfiːstəs or /hɨˈfɛstəs/ Greek Hēphaistos) was a Greek god whose Roman equivalent was Vulcan. Homeric Greek is the form of Ancient Greek that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey. Modern Greek (el Νέα Ελληνικά or el Νεοελληνική lit Cretan: λαία laia, Attic aspis shield, Hesych. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the For the poem traditionally attributed to Hesiod see The Shield of Heracles An aspis (ˈæspɨs Ancient Greek: ασπίς Hesychius of Alexandria (῾Ησύχιος ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς a Grammarian who flourished probably in the 5th century CE compiled the richest lexicon λαῖφα laipha λαίβα laiba, because the shield was held with the left hand. Cf. Latin:laevus
• λαία laia (Attic, Modern Greek λεία leia) "prey"
• λέω (λείω) le(i)ō (Attic ἐθέλω ethelō) "will"
• οἴνωτρος oinōtros "vine pole" (: Greek οἶνος oinos "wine"). Cf. Oenotrus
• μογίοντι mogionti (Ionic πυρέσσουσι pyressousi) "they are on fire, have fever" (= Attic μογοῦσι mogousi "they suffer, take pains to")
• μυρμηδόνες myrmēdônes (Attic μύρμηκες myrmēkes) "ants". In Greek mythology, Oenotrus ( Greek: Οἴνωτρος was one of the fifty (the youngest sons of Lycaon from Arcadia. Cf. Myrmidons
• ὄπτιλλος optillos or optilos 'eye' (Attic ophthalmos) (Latin oculus) (Attic optikos of sight, Optics)
• πάομαι paomai (Attic κτάομαι ktaomai) "acquire"
• ῥαπιδοποιός rhapidopoios poet, broiderer, pattern-weaver, boot-maker (rhapis needle for Attic rhaphis)
• σκανά skana (Attic skênê) tent,stage,scene) (Homeric klisiê) (Doric skanama encampment)
• τανθαλύζειν tanthalyzein (Attic τρέμειν tremein) "to tremble"
• τύνη tunē or tounē 'you nominative' (Attic sy) dative τέειν teein (Attic σοί soi)
• χανάκτιον chanaktion (Attic μωρόν mōron)(chan goose)

Argive

• Βαλλακράδες Ballacrades title of Argive athletes on a feast-day (Cf. The Myrmidons (or Myrmidones; Greek: Μυρμιδόνες were an ancient nation of Greek mythology. Ophthalmology is the branch of Medicine which deals with the diseases and surgery of the visual pathways including the Eye, Brain Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. This page is about the architectural term See also Eye. Oculus (plural oculi) is the Latin word for Eye, and the word remains Argos ( Greek: Ἄργος, Árgos ˈaɾɣos is a city in Greece in the Peloponnese near Nafplio, which was its historic harbor achras wild pear-tree)^[17]
• Δαυλὶς Daulis mimic festival at Argos (acc. Pausanias 10. 4. 9 daulis means thicket)^[18](Hes. A thicket is a very dense stand of Trees or tall Shrubs often dominated by only one or a few Species, to the exclusion of all others daulon fire log)
• δροόν droon strong (Attic ischyron,dynaton)
• κέστερ kester youngman (Attic neanias)
• κυλλάραβις kyllarabis discus and gymnasium at Argos
• σεμαλία semalia ragged, tattered garments Attic rhakē , cf. The gymnasium in Ancient Greece functioned as a training facility for competitors in public Games It was also a place for socializing and engaging in intellectual himatia clothes)
• ὤβεα ôbea eggs (Attic ὠά ôa )

Cretan

• ἀγέλα agela "group of boys in the Cretan agōgē". Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the The agoge (Άγωγή was a rigorous education and training regime for all Spartan citizens except the sons in the ruling houses Cf. Homeric Greek ἀγέλη agelē "herd" (Cretan apagelos not yet received in agelê,boy under 17)
• ἀϝτὸς aWtos (Attic autos) Hsch. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the aus <αὐς - >· αὐτός. Κρῆτες καὶ Λάκωνες
• ἄκαρα akaralegs (Attic skelê)
• ἁμάκις hamakis once (Attic hapax)
• ἄργετος argetos juniper,cedar (Attic arkeuthos)
• αὐκά auka power (Attic alkê)
• ἀφραττίας aphrattias strong
• βαλικιώται balikiôtai Koine synepheboi (Attic hêlikiotai 'age-peers' of the same age hêlikia)
• βριτύ britu sweet (Attic glyku)
• δαμιόω damioô , Cretan and Boeotian. Junipers are Coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. for Attic zêmioô to damage,punish,harm
• δαμπόν dampon first milk curdled by heating over embers (Attic puriephthon,puriatê)
• δῶλα dôla ears (Attic ôta) (Tarentine ata)
• Ϝέλχανος Welchanos for Cretan Zeus and Welchanios , Belchanios , Gelchanos (Elchanios Cnossian month)
• ϝεργάδδομαι wergaddomai I work (Attic ergazomai)
• ϝῆμα Wêma garment (Attic heima) (Aeolic emma) (Koine (h)immation)(Cf. Beestings redirects here or you may have wanted Bee sting or beasting. Embers are the glowing hot coals made of greatly heated Wood, Coal or other carbon based material that remain after or sometimes precede a Fire. Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology Knossos (alternative spellings Knossus, Cnossus, Greek Κνωσός kno̞ˈso̞s also known as the Knossos Palace is the largest Attic amphi-ennumi I dress , amph-iesis clothing)
• ἰβῆν ibên wine (Dialectal Ϝοἶνος Woînos Attic oinos) (accusative ἰβῆνα ibêna)
• ἴττον itton one (Attic hen ἕν)
• καρανώ karanô goat
• ϟόσμος kosmos and kormos archontes in Crete, body of kosmoi (Attic κόσμος order,ornament,,honour,world - kormos trunk of a tree)
• κύφερον , κυφή kypheron , kuphê head (Attic kephalê)
• λάκος lakos rag,tattered garment (Attic rhakos) (Aeolic brakos long robe, lacks the sense 'ragged')
• μαλκενίς malkenis (Attic parthenos) Hsch: malakinnês. Archon (Gr ἄρχων pl ἄρχοντες is a Greek word that means "ruler" frequently used as the title of a specific public office Aeolic Greek (also known as Lesbian Greek) is a linguistic term used to describe a set of rather archaic Greek sub- Dialects spoken
• ὄθρυν othrun mountain (Attic oros) (Cf. Othrys)
• ῥυστόν rhyston spear
• σεῖφα seipha darkness (Attic zophos,skotia) (Aeolic dnophos)
• σπεῦσδος speusdos title of Cretan officer (Cf. Nearest places Neraida, southwest Neochori, west Anavra, northwest Agia Triada, northeast speudô speus- rush)
• τάγανα tagana (Attic tauta) these things
• τίρος tiros summer (Homeric,Attic theros)
• τρέ tre you ,accusative ( Attic se )

Laconian

• ἀβήρ abêr storeroom οἴκημα στοὰς ἔχον, ταμεῖον Λάκωνες
• ἀβώρ abôr dawn (Attic ἠώς êôs) (Latin aurora)
• ἄδδα adda need,deficiency (Attic endeia) Aristophanes of Byzantium(fr. For the Laconian dialect see Doric Greek For the Ancient Kingdom see Sparta For the laconic expression see Laconic For other uses of the name Eos see Eos (disambiguation. For the Slavic goddesses called the Auroras see The Zorya. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Aristophanes ( Greek: Ἀριστοφάνης of Byzantium (c 33)
• ἀδδαυόν addauon dry (i. e. azauon) or addanon (Attic xêron)
• αἴκουδα aikouda (Attic aischunē) αἰσχύνη. Λάκωνες
• αἵματία haimatia blood-broth ,Spartan Melas Zomos Black soup) (haima haimatos blood)
• ἀΐτας aïtas (Attic ἐρώμενος erōmenos) "beloved boy (in a pederastic relationship)"
• ἀκκόρ akkor tube,bag (Attic askos)
• ἀκχαλίβαρ akchalibar bed (Attic skimpous)(Koine krabbatos)
• ἀμβροτίξας ambrotixas having begun ,past participle(amphi or ana. The Spartan melas zomos, or black soup, was a staple Soup made of boiled Pigs Blood, pork and Vinegar. In the pederastic tradition of Classical Athens, the eromenos ( Greek ἐρώμενος pl Greek Pederasty, as idealised by the Greeks from archaic times onward was a relationship and bond between an adolescent boy and an adult man outside Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in . + ?) (Attic aparxamenos , aparchomai) (Doric -ixas for Attic -isas)
• ἀμπέσσαι ampesai (Attic amphiesai) to dress
• ἀπαβοίδωρ apaboidôr out of tune (Attic ekmelôs) (Cf. Homeric singer Aoidos) / emmelôs,aboidôr in tune
• Ἀπέλλα apella (Attic ἐκκλησία ekklēsia) "assembly in Sparta" (verb apellazein)
• ἀρβυλίς arbylis (Attic ἀρύβαλλος aryballos) (Hesychius <ἀρβυλίδα>· λήκυθον. ecclesia or ekklesia ( Greek) was the principal assembly of the democracy of ancient Athens during its Golden Age ( The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη An aryballos ( Greek: αρύβαλλος was a small spherical or globular flask with a narrow neck used in Ancient Greece. Λάκωνες)
• ἄττασι attasi wake up,get up (Attic anastêthi)
• βάβαλον babalon imperative of cry aloud, shout (Attic kraugason)
• βάγαρον bagaron (Attic χλιαρόν chliaron 'warm') (Cf. The imperative mood is a Grammatical mood that expresses direct commands or requests Attic φώγω phōgō 'roast') (Laconian word)
• βαφά bapha broth (Attic zômos) (Attic βαφή baphê dipping of red-hot iron in water (Koine and Modern Greek βαφή vafi dyeing)
• βείκατι beikati twenty (Attic εἴκοσι eikosi)
• βέλα bela sun and dawn Laconian (Attic helios Cretan abelios)
• βερνώμεθα bernômetha Attic klêrôsômetha we will cast or obtain by lot (inf. For the Laconian dialect see Doric Greek For the Ancient Kingdom see Sparta For the laconic expression see Laconic Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in Modern Greek (el Νέα Ελληνικά or el Νεοελληνική lit Dyeing is the process of imparting Colours to a textile material in loose fibre Yarn, Cloth or garment form by treatment with a Dye. In Greek mythology the Sun was personified as Helios (ˈhiliˌɑs ( Ἥλιος Latinized as Helius) berreai) (Cf. Attic meiresthai receive portion , Doric bebramena for heimarmenê , allotted by Moirae)
• βέσκερος beskeros bread (Attic artos)
• βήλημα bêlêma hindrance, river dam (Laconian)
• βηρίχαλκον bêrichalkon fennel (Attic marathos) (chalkos bronze)
• βίβασις bibasis Spartan dance for boys and girls
• βίδυοι bidyoi bideoi, bidiaioi also "officers in charge of the ephebes at Sparta"
• βίὡρ biôr almost,maybe (Attic ἴσως isôs , σχεδόν schedon) wihôr
• βλαγίς blagis spot (Attic kêlis)
• βοῦα boua "group of boys in the Spartan agōgē"
• βο(υ)αγός bo(u)agos "leader of a boua at Sparta"
• βυλλίχης bullichês Laconian dancer (Attic orchêstês)
• βώνημα bônêma speech (Homeric,Ionic eirêma eireo) (Cf. The Moirae or Moerae (in Greek – the " apportioners " often called the The Fates) in Greek mythology, were the white-robed This page refers to the social group denoted by this term For other uses eg in sculpture see Ephebos (disambiguation. The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη The agoge (Άγωγή was a rigorous education and training regime for all Spartan citizens except the sons in the ruling houses The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη Attic phônêma sound , speech)
• γαβεργόρ gabergor labourer (ga earth wergon work) (Cf. geôrgos farmer)
• γαιάδας gaiadas citizens,people (Attic dêmos)
• γονάρ gonar mother Laconian (gonades children Eur. DEMOS (meaning "Dialogovaya Edinaya Mobilnaya Operatsionnaya Sistema" (Диалоговая Единая Мобильная Операционная Система ДЕМОС Med. 717)
• δαβελός dabelos torch (Attic dalos)(Syracusandaelos, dawelos)(Modern Greek davlos) (Laconian δαβῇ dabêi (Attic kauthêi) it should be burnt)
• δίζα diza goat (Attic aix) and Hera aigophagos Goat-eater in Sparta
• εἴρην eirēn (Attic ἔφηβος ephēbos) "Spartan youth who has completed his 12th year"
• εἰσπνήλας eispnēlas (Attic ἐραστής erastēs) one who inspires love, a lover (Attic eispneô inhale,breathe)
• ἐξωβάδια exôbadia (Attic enôtia ; ôta ears)
• ἔφοροι ephoroi (Attic ἔφοροι ἄρχοντες archontes) "high officials at Sparta". This page refers to the social group denoted by this term For other uses eg in sculpture see Ephebos (disambiguation. The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη In Ancient Greece, the erastes ( "lover" (pl erastae was an adult male involved in a pederastic relationship with an adolescent An ephor ( Classical Greek) (from the Greek, epi, "on" or "over" and, horaō, "to see" i Archon (Gr ἄρχων pl ἄρχοντες is a Greek word that means "ruler" frequently used as the title of a specific public office Cf. Attic ἔφορος ephoros "overseer, guardian"
• Θοράτης Thoratês Apollon thoraios containing the semen, god of growth and increase
• θρῶναξ thrônax drone (Attic kêphên)
• κάφα kapha washing,bathing-tub (Attic loutêr) (Cf. Drones are male Honey bees Male honey bees develop when the Queen bee lays unfertilized eggs Drone genetics Haplodiploid sex-determination skaphê basin,bowl)
• κελοῖα keloia (kelya, kelea also) "contest for boys and youths at Sparta"
• κίρα kirafox (Attic alôpêx) (Hsch kiraphos). The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη ALOPEX (an acronym from " AL gorithms O f P attern EX traction " is a correlation based machine learning algorithm first proposed
• μεσόδμα mesodma , messodoma woman and ἀνθρωπώ anthrôpô (Attic gunê)
• μυρταλίς myrtalis Butcher's broom (Attic oxumursinê) (Myrtale real name of Olympias)
• πάσορ pasor passion (Attic pathos)
• πόρ por leg,foot (Attic pous)
• πούρδαιν pourdain restaurant (Koine mageirion) (Cf. Butcher's broom Ruscus aculeatus, Ruscaceae, formerly in Liliaceae) is a low Evergreen Eurasian Shrub of the Lily Olympias (in Greek, Ὀλυμπιάς; ca 376&ndash316 BC was an Epirote Princess, the fourth wife of the king Philip II of purdalon, purodansion (from pyr fire hence pyre)
• σαλαβάρ salabar cook (Common Doric/Attic mageiros)
• σίκα sika 'pig' (Attic hus) and grôna female pig. A pyre (from the Greek: πυρά pyrá, from πυρ pýr, fire is a structure usually made of Wood, for burning a body as part of a
• σιρία siria safeness (Attic asphaleia)
• ψιθωμίας psithômias ill,sick (Attic asthenês) Λάκωνες τὸν ἀσθενῆ
• ψιλάκερ psilaker first dancer
• ὠβά ôba (Attic κώμη kōmē) "village; one of five quarters of the city of Sparta"

Magna Graecian

• ἀστύξενοι astyxenoi Metics ,Tarentine
• βάννας bannas king basileus , wanax , anax^[19]
• βειλαρμοσταὶ beilarmostai cavalry officers Tarentine (Attic ilarchai) (ilē , squadron + Laconian harmost-)
• δόστορε dostore 'you make' Tarentine (Attic ποιεῖτε
• Θαύλια Thaulia "festival of Tarentum", θαυλακίζειν thaulakizein 'to demand sth with uproar' Tarentine , θαυλίζειν thaulizein "to celebrate like Dorians", Θαῦλος Thaulos "Macedonian Ares", Thessalian Ζεὺς Θαύλιος Zeus Thaulios, Athenian Ζεὺς Θαύλων Zeus Thaulon, Athenian family Θαυλωνίδαι Thaulonidai
• ῥάγανον rhaganon easy Thuriian (Attic rhaidion) (Aeolic braidion)
• σκύτας skytas 'back-side of neck' (Attic trachēlos)
• τήνης tênês till Tarentine (Attic ἕως heôs)
• τρυφώματα tryphômata whatever are fed or nursed , children , cattles (Attic thremmata)
• ὑετίς huetis jug,amphora Tarentine (Attic hydris , hydria)(huetos rain)

North-West

Aetolian-Acarnanian

• ἀγρίδιον agridion 'village' Aetolian (Attic chôrion)(Hesychius text: *<ἀγρίδιον>· κωμάριον, χωρίον vA [παρὰ Αἰτωλοῖς] dim. In Ancient Greece, the term metic meant resident alien a person who did not have citizen rights in their Greek City-state ( Polis) of residence Not to be confused with Toronto. Taranto ( Ancient Greek: Tarās; Modern Greek: Tarantas) is a coastal city in "Basilissa" redirects here For the saint of this name see Julian and Basilissa. grc Anax is an ancient Greek word for " king " It is one of the two Greek titles traditionally translated this way the other being Basileus, which Harmost is an Ancient Greek word that means military governor Not to be confused with Toronto. Taranto ( Ancient Greek: Tarās; Modern Greek: Tarantas) is a coastal city in Not to be confused with Toronto. Taranto ( Ancient Greek: Tarās; Modern Greek: Tarantas) is a coastal city in Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Thurii &ndash Greek:, called also by some Latin writers and by Ptolemy, Thurium ( Ptol An amphora (plural amphorae or amphoras) is a type of Ceramic Vase with two handles and a long neck narrower than the body A hydria is a type of Greek pottery used for carrying water The hydria has three handles Aetolia is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth forming the eastern part of the modern prefecture of Aetolia-Acarnania Acarnania is a region of west-central Greece that lies along the Ionian Sea, west of Aetolia, with the Achelous River for a boundary and north Aetolia is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth forming the eastern part of the modern prefecture of Aetolia-Acarnania of agros countryside,field)
• ἀερία aeria fog Aetolian (Attic omichlê , aêr air)(Hsch. Aetolia is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth forming the eastern part of the modern prefecture of Aetolia-Acarnania <ἀερία>· ὀμίχλη, παρὰ Αἰτωλοῖς. )
• κίββα kibba wallet,bag Aetolian (Attic πήρα pêra) (Cypr. Aetolia is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth forming the eastern part of the modern prefecture of Aetolia-Acarnania kibisis) (Cf. Attic κιβωτός kibôtos ark kibôtion box Suid. The Suda or Souda ( also, Suidas) is a massive 10th century Byzantine Greek historical encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean cites kibos)
• πλήτομον plêtomon Acarnanian old,ancient (Attic palaion,palaiotaton very old)

Delphic-Locrian

• δείλομαι deilomai will,want Locrian,Delphian(Attic boulomai) (Coan dêlomai) (Doric bôlomai) (Thessalian belloumai)
• ϝαργάνα Wargana female worker epithet for Athena (Delphic) (Attic Erganê) (Attic ergon work , Doric Wergon , Elean ϝάργον Wargon
• ϝέρρω Werrô go away Locrian (Attic errô) (Hsch. Acarnania is a region of west-central Greece that lies along the Ionian Sea, west of Aetolia, with the Achelous River for a boundary and north Delphi ( Greek,) ( pronounce and dialectal forms) is an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western Kos or Cos ( Greek: Κως Turkish: İstanköy; Italian: Coo formerly Stanchio in English is a Greek ATHENA was an Antimatter research project that took place at the AD Ring at CERN. Delphi ( Greek,) ( pronounce and dialectal forms) is an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western berrês fugitive , berreuô escape)
• Ϝεσπάριοι Λοϟροὶ Wesparioi Lokroi Epizephyrian (Western) Locrians (Attic hesperios of evening,western , Doric wesperios) (cf. The Locrians (Λοκροί were an ancient Greek tribe in Greece. Latin Vesper)
• ὀπλίαι opliai places where the Locrians counted their cattles

Elean

• ἀϝλανέο̄ς aWlaneôs without fraud,honestly IvO7 (Attic adolôs)(Hsch. The Locrians (Λοκροί were an ancient Greek tribe in Greece. Elis, or Eleia ( Greek, Modern Ήλιδα Ilida, Ancient Ēlis, Doric: Alis, Elean: Walis) is an ancient alanes true)(Tarentinian alaneôs absolutely)
• ἀμίλλυξ amillux scythe (Attic drepanon) in accus. ἀμίλλυκα (Boeotian amillakas wine)
• ἀττάμιος attamios unpunished (Attic azêmios) from an earliest addamios (cf. Cretan,Boeotian damioô punish)
• βάβακοι babakoi cicadas Elean (Attic tettiges) (in Pontus babakoi frogs)
• βαίδειος baideios ready (Attic hetoimos) (heteos fitness)
• βενέοι beneoi Elean^[20]
• βορσός borsos cross (Attic stauros)
• βρα bra brothers,brotherhood (Cf. Elis, or Eleia ( Greek, Modern Ήλιδα Ilida, Ancient Ēlis, Doric: Alis, Elean: Walis) is an ancient Geography The Black Sea region loosely called Pontus by various scholars has a steep rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges Elis, or Eleia ( Greek, Modern Ήλιδα Ilida, Ancient Ēlis, Doric: Alis, Elean: Walis) is an ancient Attic phratra)
• βρατάνα bratana ladle (Attic torune) (Doric rhatana) (cf. Aeolic bradanizô brandish,shake off)
• δειρῆται deirêtai small birds (Macedonian δρῆες drêes or δρῆγες drêges) (Attic strouthoi) (Hsc. Aeolic Greek (also known as Lesbian Greek) is a linguistic term used to describe a set of rather archaic Greek sub- Dialects spoken For the unrelated modern Slavic language see Macedonian language. trikkos small bird and king by Eleans)
• ϝράτρα Wratra law,contract (Attic rhetra)
• σερός seros yesterday (Attic chthes)
• στερχανά sterchana funeral feast (Attic perideipnon)
• φίλαξ philax young oak (Macedonian ilax, Latin ilex (Laconian dilax ariocarpus,sorbus)(Modern Cretan azilakas Holm Oak, Quercus ilex)
• φόρβυτα phorbuta gums (Attic oula) (Homeric pherbô feed,eat)

Epirotic

• ἀγχωρίξαντας anchôrixantas^[21] having transferred,postponed^[22] Chaonian (Attic metapherô,anaballô) (anchôrizo anchi near +horizô define and Doric x instead of Attic s) (Cf. The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of Trees and Shrubs in the Genus Quercus (from Latin For the unrelated modern Slavic language see Macedonian language. Holly ( Ilex) is a Genus of about 600 Species of Flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only Ariocarpus is a Genus of cacti. These species are usually referred to as Living rocks though the term is also used for other genera The genus Sorbus is a Genus of about 100–200 species of Trees and Shrubs in the Subfamily Maloideae of the Rose Cretan Greek ( Cretan dialect &mdash in Greek, Kritikí diálektos &ndash Κρητική διάλεκτος or Kritiká Κρητικά The Holm Oak ( Quercus ilex) also called Holly Oak or Evergreen Oak is a large Evergreen Oak native to the Mediterranean region. The gingiva (sing and plur: gingiva) or gums, consists of the Mucosal tissue that lies over the Alveolar bone. Epirus (from Ionic Greek Ήπειρος - Ēpeiros, Doric Greek: Ἅπειρος - Apeiros, in Albanian The Chaonians ( Greek: grc Χάονες Chaones) were an ancient Greek tribe that inhabited the region of Epirus in the north-west of modern Ionic anchouros neighbouring) not to be confused with Doric anchôreô Attic ana-chôreô go back,withdraw.
• ἀκαθαρτία akathartia impurity (Attic/Doric akatharsia) (Lamelles Oraculaires 14)
• ἀποτράχω apotrachô run away (Attic/Doric apotrechô)^[23]
• ἄσπαλοι aspaloi fishes Athamanian (Attic ichthyes) (Ionic chlossoi) (Cf. Ionic Greek was a sub-dialect of the Attic-Ionic dialectal group of Ancient Greek (see Greek dialects) LSJ aspalia angling , aspalieus fisherman , aspalieuomai I angle metaph. of a lover , aspalisai: halieusai, sagêneusai. (hals sea)
• Ἄσπετος Aspetos divine epithet of Achilles in Epirus (Homeric aspetos 'unspeakable,unspeakably great,endless' (Aristotle F 563 Rose; Plutarch, Pyrrhus 1; SH 960,4)^{[24][25][26][27]}
• γνώσκω gnôskô know (Attic gignôskô) (Ionic/Koine ginôskô) (Latin nōsco)(Attic gnôsis , Latin notio knowledge) (ref. "Achilleus" redirects here For the emperor with this name see Achilleus (emperor. Epirus (from Ionic Greek Ήπειρος - Ēpeiros, Doric Greek: Ἅπειρος - Apeiros, in Albanian Homeric Greek is the form of Ancient Greek that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey. Orion p. Orion of Thebes (died ca 460s was a 5th century Grammarian of Thebes (Egypt, the teacher of Proclus the neo-Platonist and of Eudocia the wife of Emperor 42. 17)
• διαιτός diaitos (Hshc. jugde kritês) (Attic diaitêtês arbitrator) Lamelles Oraculaires 16
• ἐσκιχρέμεν eskichremen lend out πὲρ τοῖ ἀργύρροι (Lamelles Oraculaires 8 of Eubandros) (Attic eis + inf. Argyria (ISV from Greek: ἄργυρος argyros Silver + -ia is a Condition caused by the ingestion of elemental Silver, silver kichranai from chraomai use)
• Ϝεῖδυς Weidus knowing (Doric Ϝειδώς) weidôs) (Elean ϝειζός weizos) (Attic εἰδώς) eidôs) (PIE *weid- "to know, to see" ,Sanskrit veda I know) Cabanes, L'Épire 577,50
• κάστον kaston wood Athamanian (Attic xylon from xyô scrape , hence xyston) (Dialectical kalon wood from kaiô burn kauston sth that can be burnt, kausimon fuel)
• λῃτῆρες lêïtêres Athamanian priests with garlands Hes. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Xyston ( Greek: Ξυστόν English translation: Spear, javelin; English translation: pointed stick text ἱεροὶ στεφανοφόροι. Ἀθαμᾶνες(LSJ: lêitarchoi public priests ) (hence Leitourgia
• μανύ manu small Athamanian (Attic mikron,brachu) (Cf. A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions manon rare) (PIE *men- small,thin) (Hsch. banon thin) ( manosporos thinly sown manophullos with small leaves Thphr. Theophrastus ( Greek:; 371 – c 287 BC a Greek native of Eressos in Lesbos, was the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic HP7. 6. 2-6. 3)
• Νάϊος Naios or Naos epithet of Dodonaean Zeus (from the spring in the oracle) (cf. Dodona (from Doric Greek Δωδώνα Ionic Greek: Δωδώνη - Dodone) in Epirus in northwestern Greece, was a prehistoric Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology Naiades and Pan Naios in Pydna SEG 50:622 (Homericnaô flow ,Attic nama spring) (PIE *sna-)
• παγάομαι pagaomai 'wash in the spring' (of Dodona) (Doric paga Attic pêgê running water,fountain)
• παμπασία pampasia (to ask peri pampasias cliché phrase in the oracle) (Attic pampêsia full property) (Doric paomai obtain)
• Πελιγᾶνες Peliganes or Peligones (Epirotan,Macedonian senators)
• πρᾶμι prami do optative(Attic πράττοιμι prattoimi) Syncope (Lamelles Oraculaires 22)
• τίνε tine (Attic/Doric tini) to whom (Lamelles Oraculaires 7)
• τριθυτικόν trithutikon triple sacrifice tri + thuo(Lamelles Oraculaires 138)

See also

• Tsakonian language
• Griko language
• Ancient Macedonian language
• Dorians

References

External links

• The Doric dialects by Méndez Dosuna - A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity - 2007 Cambridge University Press
• Doric Greek in Encyclopædia Britannica
• Grammar of the Greek Language (Doric by Benjamin Franklin Fisk (1844)
• The Elements of Greek Grammar Doric by Richard Valpy, Charles Anthon (1834)
• New Pauly Online

Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc

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