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The Dorians or Dorian Greeks (Greek: Δωριεῖς, Dōrieis, singular Δωριεύς, Dōrieus) were one of three major tribes into which the ancient Greeks divided themselves. The History of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically and the territory now composing the modern state of The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Helladic is a modern archaeological term meant to identify a sequence of periods characterizing the culture of mainland Ancient Greece during the Bronze Age. Cycladic civilization (also known as Cycladic culture or The Cycladic period) is an Early Bronze Age culture of the Cyclades in the Aegean The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which arose on the island of Crete. Mycenaean Greece is a cultural period of ancient Greece taking its name from the archaeological site of Mycenae in northeastern Argolis, in the Peloponnese The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The Dark Ages (ca 1150 BC–800 BC refers to Greek history from the presumed Dorian invasion and end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 11th century The archaic period in Greece ( 750 BC 480 BC) is a period of Ancient Greek history In the context of the art architecture and culture of Ancient Greece, the classical period corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries The Hellenistic period of European history was the period between the death of Alexander the Great (Alexander III of Macedon in 323 BC and the annexation Roman Greece is the period of Greek history (of Greece proper as opposed to the other centers of Hellenism in the Roman world following the Roman victory over Roman Greece See also Roman Greece The Greek peninsula became a Roman protectorate in 146 BC, and the Aegean islands were added Most of Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th century until its declaration of independence in 1821. The history of modern Greece began with the recognition of Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1832 after the Greek War of Independence. The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman The Kingdom of Greece ( Greek:, Vasíleion tīs Elládos) was a state established in 1832 in the Convention of London by the Great The Axis occupation of Greece during World War II ( Η Κατοχή, I Katochi, meaning "The Occupation" began in April The Greek Civil War (ο Eμφύλιος, "the Civil War" fought from 1946 to 1949 by the Governmental forces receiving logistical support by the United Kingdom Regime of the Colonels redirects here For the Polish regime of colonels see Colonels' group. The history of the Hellenic Republic constitutes three discrete republican periods in modern Greek History: 1822 - 1832, 1924 - The economic history of the Greek World spans several millennia and encompasses many modern day nation states The military history of Greece is the history of the wars and battles of the Greek people in Greece, the Balkans and the Greek colonies in the Mediterranean In the modern history of Greece, starting from the Greek War of Independence, the Constitution of 1975/1986/2001 is the last in a series of democratically adopted Constitutions Since the time of Homer, some Greeks have called themselves Hellenes ( in Homer "Hellas" (Eλλάς and "Hellenes" were names of Greece has a rich and varied artistic history spanning some 5000 years Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Herodotus gave the earliest historical expression of a three-fold division:^[1] ". Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash . . those who dwell in our land are called Ionians, Aeolians and Dorians. The Ionians ( Greek:, Iōnes singular) were one of the three populations into which the Ancient Greeks considered the population of Hellenes to have been The Aeolians (Αἰολεῖς were one of the three ancient Greek tribes " General names inherited from earlier times were considered to be in one of these three groups, from the earliest literature; for example, the Achaeans (also known as Danaans, Δαναοί, and Argives, Ἀργεῖοι) were primarily Ionians and Aeolians. The Ionians ( Greek:, Iōnes singular) were one of the three populations into which the Ancient Greeks considered the population of Hellenes to have been The Aeolians (Αἰολεῖς were one of the three ancient Greek tribes

The Dorians are almost always simply referenced as just "the Dorians," as they are in the earliest literary mention of them in Odyssey,^[2] where they already can be found inhabiting the island of Crete. The Odyssey ( Greek: Ὀδύσσεια or Odússeia) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Herodotus does use the word ethnos^[3] with regard to them, from which the English word "ethnic" derives, which appears in the modern concept of ethnic group. It has to be clarified though, that in the ancient Greek language "ethnos" by no means can be translated as "nation" alone, but rather as "tribe", "race" or "people. A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets An English Noun The English noun people has two distinct fields of application as a countable noun, a group of Humans " The Dorians are clearly among the peoples regarded as Graecoi or later Hellenes. They were diverse in way of life and social organization, varying from the populous trade center of the city of Corinth known for its ornate style in art and architecture to the isolationist, military state of Lacedaemon or Sparta. Corinth, or Korinth ( Greek Κόρινθος ( is a city in Greece. The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη Although peoples belonging to the same tribe, the Dorians, as well as the Aeolians and the Ionians were further subdivided in independent and often hostile to each other groups, usually named after the location of their state.

And yet all Hellenes knew what localities were Dorian and what not. Dorian states at war could more likely than not (but not always) count on the assistance of other Dorian states. Dorians were distinguished by the Doric Greek dialect and by characteristic social and historical traditions. For the modern Doric dialect of Scotland see Doric dialect (Scotland Doric was a dialect of ancient Greek. Accounts vary as to their place of origin. One theory that has never been proven is that they originated in the north, north-eastern mountainous regions of Greece, ancient Macedonia and Epirus, whence obscure circumstances brought them south into the Peloponnese, to certain Aegean islands, Magna Graecia and Crete. Macedonia is a Geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe whose area was re-defined in the early 20th century Epirus (from Ionic Greek Ήπειρος - Ēpeiros, Doric Greek: Ἅπειρος - Apeiros, in Albanian The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Another theory is that they originated from Asia Minor, and that they either immigrated through the northeast of Greece and settled in southern Greece or immigrated from the coast of western Asian Minor into the Aegean islands and into southern Greece. Either way, mythology gave them a Greek origin and eponymous founder, Dorus son of Hellen, the mythological patriarch of the Hellenes. In Greek mythology, Dorus is the name of the son of Hellen who was the eponymous founder of the Dorians. Note Hellen was not the same person as Helen of Troy, or Helenus, son of King Priam of Troy. The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" Originally a patriarch was a man who exercised autocratic authority as a Pater familias over an extended family The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions

Homeland of the Dorians before moving to the Peloponnese according to Herodotus. The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula

In the fifth century BC, Dorians and Ionians were the two most politically important Greek ethne, whose ultimate clash resulted in the Peloponnesian War. The degree to which fifth-century Hellenes self-identified as "Ionian" or "Dorian" has itself been disputed. ^[4] The fifth- and fourth-century literary tradition through which moderns view these ethnic identifications was profoundly influenced by the social politics of the time. Also, according to E. N. Tigerstedt, nineteenth-century European admirers of virtues they considered "Dorian" identified themselves as "Laconophile" and found responsive parallels in the culture of their day as well; their biases contribute to the traditional modern interpretation of "Dorians". Laconophilia is love or admiration of Sparta and of the Spartan culture or constitution ^[5]

When allowances have been made for the sometimes multiple lenses through which history is viewed, modern readers have also to align the literary sources with the archaeological record, if this is possible.

The Dorian identity

In Classical Greece, "Dorian" applied to a fairly consistent group of peoples.

Name of the Dorians

Uplands of Greece - the Pindus Mountains

A man's name, Dōrieus, occurs in the Linear B tablets at Pylos, one of the regions invaded and subjected by the Dorians. This article is about the mountain range called Pindus for other uses of these names see Pindus (disambiguation The Pindus (Πίνδος Linear B is a script that was used for writing Mycenaean, an early form of Greek. This article is about the Greek geographical feature and town Pylos tablet Fn867 records it in the dative case as do-ri-je-we, *Dōriēwei, a third or consonant declension noun with stem ending in w. The dative case is a Grammatical case generally used to indicate the Noun to whom something is given An unattested plural, *Dōriēwes, would have become Dōrieis by loss of the w and contraction, but in the tablet, which is concerned with contribution of grain to a temple, it is simply a man's name. ^[6] Whether it had the ethnic meaning of "the Dorian" is unknown.

Greek spearman with the long upland spear.

Julius Pokorny derives Dorian from dōris, "woodland" (which can also mean upland). Julius Pokorny ( 12 June 1887 – 8 April 1970) was a scholar of the Celtic languages, particularly Irish, and a supporter ^[7] The dōri- segment is from the o-grade (either ō or o) of Indo-European *deru-, "tree". The roots of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language (PIE are basic Morphemes carrying a Lexical meaning Dorian might be translated as "the country people", "the mountain people", "the uplanders", "the people of the woods" or some such appellation.

A second popular derivation was given by the French linguist, Émile Boisacq, from the same root, but from Greek doru, "spear" (which was wood); i. e. , "the people of the spear" or "spearmen", emphasizing the warrior ferocity of the Dorians. ^[8]

Distinctions of language

Main article: Doric Greek

The Doric dialect was spoken along the coast of the Peloponnese, in Crete, southwest Asia Minor, various cities of Southern Italy and Sicily, all of which adds weight to the theory of Asia Minor as the origin of the Dorians. For the modern Doric dialect of Scotland see Doric dialect (Scotland Doric was a dialect of ancient Greek. The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Whereas attempts to link Doric, North-Western Greek and ancient Macedonian have only remained theories that have failed to be proven. For the modern Doric dialect of Scotland see Doric dialect (Scotland Doric was a dialect of ancient Greek. For the unrelated modern Slavic language see Macedonian language. In later periods other dialects predominated, most notably the Attic, upon which the Koine or common Greek language of the Hellenistic period was based. Attic Greek is the Prestige dialect of Ancient Greece that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in This article focuses on the cultural aspects of the Hellenistic age for the historical aspects see Hellenistic period. The main characteristic of Doric was the preservation of Indoeuropean [aː], long <α>, which in Attic-Ionic became [ɛː], <η>. Tsakonian Greek, a descendant of Doric Greek and source of great interest to linguists, is extraordinarily still spoken in some regions of the Southern Argolid coast of the Peloponnese, on the coast of the modern prefecture of Arcadia. Tsakonian, Tzakonian or Tsakonic ( Greek Τσακωνικά) is a dialect of modern Greek spoken in the Tsakonian region

Other cultural distinctions

Culturally, in addition to their Doric dialect of Greek, Doric colonies retained their characteristic Doric calendar revolving round a cycle of festivals of which the Hyacinthia and the Carneia were especially important. The Hellenic calendar &mdashor more properly the Hellenic calendars, for there was no uniform calendar imposed upon all of Classical Greece &mdashbegan in most Greek The death of Hyacinthus was celebrated at Amyclae by the second most important of Spartan festivals the Hyacinthia (Ancient Greek / Hyakínthia)in the The Carneian festival (Κάρνεια was one of the most important religious festivals in ancient Sparta and other Dorian cities held in honor of Apollo ^[9]).

The Dorian mode in music also was attributed to Doric societies and was associated by classical writers with martial qualities. Due to historical confusion Dorian mode or Doric mode can refer to two very different Musical modes or Diatonic scales Greek

The Doric order of architecture in the tradition inherited by Vitruvius included the Doric column, noted for its simplicity and strength. The Doric order was one of the three '''orders''' or organizational systems of Ancient Greek or Classical architecture; the other two Canonical Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c 80–70 BC died after c 15 BC was a Roman Writer, Architect and Engineer (possibly praefectus fabrum

Ancient traditions

The tradition of Herodotus

Fifth century BC hoplite, or "heavy-armed soldier", possibly the Spartan king Leonidas, a Dorian, who died holding the pass at the Battle of Thermopylae. In the Battle of Thermopylae, which occurred in August 480 BC (and was detailed almost entirely by Herodotus) an alliance of Greek City-states fought

The Dorians are mentioned by many authors and inscriptions. The chief classical authors to relate their origins are Herodotus, Thucydides and Pausanias. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Thucydides ( C 460 BC &ndash C 395 BC) ( Greek Θουκυδίδης Thoukydídēs) was a Greek Pausanias ( Greek:) was a Greek traveller and Geographer of the 2nd century CE, who lived in the times of Hadrian, Antoninus The customs of the Spartan state and its illustrious individuals are detailed at great length in such authors as Plutarch. The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c

Herodotus himself was from Halicarnassus, a Dorian colony on the southwest coast of Asia Minor (in modern Turkey); following the literary tradition of the times he wrote in Ionic Greek, being one of the last authors to do so. Halicarnassus (Άλικαρνᾱσσός &mdash Halikarnassós or Ἁλικαρνασσός &mdash Alikarnassós Halikarnas modern Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Ionic Greek was a sub-dialect of the Attic-Ionic dialectal group of Ancient Greek (see Greek dialects) He described the Persian Wars, giving a thumbnail account of the histories of the antagonists, Greeks and Persians.

Peloponnesus. The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula Sparta was in the valley of the lowermost bay. The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη

Herodotus mentions that the "people now called the Dorians" were neighbors of the Pelasgians. The name Pelasgians (from Ancient Greek grc Πελασγοί Pelasgoí, singular Πελασγός Pelasgós) was used by some ancient Greek ^[10] The women had a distinctive dress, he said, a tunic (plain dress) not needing to be pinned with brooches. ^[11]

According to Herodotus as to the Dorian migration, “Although the one nation nowhere yet went out, the Lacedaemonian was very much wandering. For, in the time of King Deucalion, it was settled in the land of Phthia, and in the time of Dorus, the son of Hellen, in the country under Ossa and Olympus, the so-called Histiaean. From the Histiaean, after it had been expelled by the Cadmeians, it was settled in Pindus called Macedonian. Thence again it changed its place to the Dryopian land, and from the Dryopian thus it came to Peloponnesus, and was called Doric. ” (Herodot, Book I, 56. 3). Thus, according to Herodotus, the Dorians did not acquire their name until they had reached Peloponnesus.

The people they displaced gathered at Athens under a leader Ion and became identified as "Ionians". An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge ^[12] Most conspicuous among the Dorians as related by Herodotus were the people later known as Lacedaemonians, or Spartans, one of whose archaic legendary kings was named Dōrieus. For the Laconian dialect see Doric Greek For the Ancient Kingdom see Sparta For the laconic expression see Laconic The military Spartans, under another of their kings, Leonidas, included the famous band of 300 soldiers who sacrificed themselves nearly to a man to delay the Persian army at the Battle of Thermopylae. The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη Leonidas ( Greek:; "Lion's son" "Lion-like" was a king of Sparta, the 17th of the Agiad line one of the sons In the Battle of Thermopylae, which occurred in August 480 BC (and was detailed almost entirely by Herodotus) an alliance of Greek City-states fought

Herodotus' list of Dorian states is as follows. From northeastern Greece were Phthia, Histiaea and Macedon. Phthia may also refer to Phthia of Epirus, the mother of Pyrrhus of Epirus. Istiaia (Ιστιαία is a municipality in Euboea, Greece. Its population is 7353 (2001 Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most In central Greece were Doris (the former Dryopia) and in the south Peloponnesus,^[13] specifically the states of Lacedaemon, Corinth, Sicyon, Epidaurus, Troezen and Hermione. Doris ( Greek:: Eth, pl,; Latin: Dores Dorienses is small mountainous district in ancient Greece, bounded by Aetolia The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula For the Laconian dialect see Doric Greek For the Ancient Kingdom see Sparta For the laconic expression see Laconic Corinth, or Korinth ( Greek Κόρινθος ( is a city in Greece. For the modern municipality see Sikyona. Sicyon (Σικυών was an ancient Greek city situated in the northern Peloponnesus Epidaurus (Ἐπίδαυρος Epidavros) was a small city ( Polis) in ancient Greece, at the Saronic Gulf. Troezen (ˈtriːzən Τροιζήν modern Troizina or Trizina, Turkish: Damala is a small town (pop ^[14] Overseas were the islands of Rhodes, Cos, Nisyrus and the Anatolian cities of Cnidus, Halicarnassus, Phaselis and Calydna. Rhodes (Ρόδος Ródos, ˈɾo̞ðo̞s Rodi ردوس Rodos; Ladino: Rodi or Rodes) is a Greek island Kos or Cos ( Greek: Κως Turkish: İstanköy; Italian: Coo formerly Stanchio in English is a Greek Nisyros (Νίσυρος also transliterated Nissiros) is a volcanic Greek island and municipality located in the Aegean Sea. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Cnidus or Knidos ( Greek: Κνίδος /Knidos at the modern-day locality called Tekir in Turkey) was an ancient Greek Halicarnassus (Άλικαρνᾱσσός &mdash Halikarnassós or Ἁλικαρνασσός &mdash Alikarnassós Halikarnas modern Phaselis is an ancient Lycian city in the province of Antalya in Turkey. ^[15] Dorians also colonised Crete including founding of such towns as Lato, Dreros and Olous. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Lato ( Ancient Greek:) was an ancient city of Crete, the ruins of which are located approximately 3 km from the small town of Kritsa. Dreros (modern Driros) near Neapolis in the district of Lassithi, Crete, is a post-Minoan archaeological site 16 km Olous or Olus ( Ancient Greek:, or is an ancient sunken city situated at the present day town of Elounda, Crete, Greece. ^[16] The Cynurians were originally Ionians but had become Dorian under the influence of their Argive masters. The Ionians ( Greek:, Iōnes singular) were one of the three populations into which the Ancient Greeks considered the population of Hellenes to have been Argos ( Greek: Ἄργος, Árgos ˈaɾɣos is a city in Greece in the Peloponnese near Nafplio, which was its historic harbor ^[17]

The tradition of Thucydides

Ethnic lines in the Peloponnesian War. The blue is mainly Peloponnesus and Macedonia, which were solidly Dorian. Boeotia is also blue, representing the alignment of the Aeolians with the Dorians. The coastal distribution of the Ionians is manifest. They had been driven from the Peloponnesus during the Dorian invasion.

Thucydides professes little of Greece before the Trojan War except to say that it was full of barbarians and that there was no distinction between barbarians and Greeks. Thucydides ( C 460 BC &ndash C 395 BC) ( Greek Θουκυδίδης Thoukydídēs) was a Greek In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her The Hellenes came from Phthiotis. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Phthiotis (Φθιώτιδα Fthiótida, fθiˈo̞tiða Ancient Greek and Katharevousa: Φθιώτις is one of the Prefectures of Greece. ^[18] The whole country indulged in and suffered from piracy and was not settled. After the Trojan War, "Hellas was still engaged in removing and settling. "^[19]

Some 60 years after the Trojan War the Boeotians were driven out of Arne by the Thessalians into Boeotia and 20 years later "the Dorians and the Heraclids became masters of the Peloponnese. Boeotia, Beotia, or Bœotia ( Greek: Βοιωτία - English biːˈoʊʃiə formerly Cadmeis was a region of Ancient Greece, north of the Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. "^[19] So the lines were drawn between the Dorians and the Aeolians (here Boeotians) with the Ionians (former Peloponnesians). The Aeolians (Αἰολεῖς were one of the three ancient Greek tribes The Ionians ( Greek:, Iōnes singular) were one of the three populations into which the Ancient Greeks considered the population of Hellenes to have been

Other than these few brief observations Thucydides names but few Dorians. He does make it clear that some Dorian states aligned or were forced to align with the Athenians while some Ionians went with the Lacedaemonians and that the motives for alignment were not always ethnic but were diverse. Among the Dorians was Lacedaemon of course,^[20] Corcyra, Corinth and Epidamnus,^[21] Leucadia, Ambracia,^[22] Potidaea,^[23] Rhodes, Cythera, Argos, Carystus,^[24] Syracuse, Gela, Acragas (later Agrigentum), Acrae, Casmenae. Corfu (Κέρκυρα Kérkyra, ˈkʲe̞ɾkʲiɾa Κέρκυρα or Κόρκυρα Corcyra Corfù is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea Corinth, or Korinth ( Greek Κόρινθος ( is a city in Greece. Lefkada, or Leucas (Λευκάδα le̞fˈkaða Ancient Greek and Katharevousa: Λευκάς Leukás; Santa Maura is a Greek Ambracia, occasionally Ampracia ( Greek: ancient Ἀμπρακία modern Αμβρακία was an ancient Corinthian colony situated about 7 miles from Potidaea ( Greek: Ποτίδαια Potidaia, modern transliteration Potidea) was a Colony founded by the Corinthians around 600 Rhodes (Ρόδος Ródos, ˈɾo̞ðo̞s Rodi ردوس Rodos; Ladino: Rodi or Rodes) is a Greek island Cytherean is an Adjective meaning pertaining to Cythera, a small island now part of Greece Argos ( Greek: Ἄργος, Árgos ˈaɾɣos is a city in Greece in the Peloponnese near Nafplio, which was its historic harbor For the Genus of Grass skipper Butterflies, see Carystus (butterfly. Syracuse (Siracusa Sicilian: Sarausa, Classical Greek: / transliterated Syrakousai) is a historic City in for the village in Tibet China see Gela Tibet Gela is a town in the Province of Caltanissetta in the south of Sicily, Agrigento ( Girgenti in Sicilian) is a city on the southern coast of Sicily, Italy, and capital of the Province of Agrigento Palazzolo Acreide ( Palazzolu in Sicilian, Palazzuolu in the local dialect is a town of in the Province of Syracuse ^[25]

He does explain with considerable dismay what happened to incite ethnic war after the unity during the Battle of Thermopylae. In the Battle of Thermopylae, which occurred in August 480 BC (and was detailed almost entirely by Herodotus) an alliance of Greek City-states fought The Congress of Corinth formed prior to it "split into two sections. " Athens headed one and Lacedaemon the other.

For a short time the league held together, till the Lacedaemonians and Athenians quarreled, and made war upon each other with their allies, a duel into which all the Hellenes sooner or later were drawn. ^[26]

He adds: "the real cause I consider to be . . . the growth of the power of Athens and the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon. . . . "

The tradition of Pausanias

The Description of Greece by Pausanias relates that the Achaeans of the Peloponnesus were driven from their lands by Dorians coming from Oeta, a mountainous region bordering on Thessaly. Pausanias ( Greek:) was a Greek traveller and Geographer of the 2nd century CE, who lived in the times of Hadrian, Antoninus Pausanias ( Greek:) was a Greek traveller and Geographer of the 2nd century CE, who lived in the times of Hadrian, Antoninus The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula Mount Oeta ( Όρος Οίτη) is a mountain to the south of Central Greece, in Greece, forming a boundary between the valleys of the Spercheius Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. ^[27] They were led by Hyllus, a son of Hercules^[28], but were defeated by the Achaeans. Hyllus is also a genus of Jumping spiders. In Greek mythology, Hyllus (also Hyllas or Hylles) was Hercules is the Roman name for the Mythical Greek hero Heracles, son of Zeus and the mortal Alcmena. Under other leadership they managed to be victorious over the Achaeans and remain in the Peloponnesus, a mythic theme called "the return of the Heracleidae. In Greek mythology, the Heracleidae or Heraclids were the numerous descendants of Heracles (Hercules especially applied in a narrower sense to the descendants "^[29] They had built ships at Naupactus in which to cross the Gulf of Corinth. Naupactus or Nafpaktos (Ναύπακτος rarely Έπαχτος Naupactus or Naupactos İnebahtı Italian Spanish and Portuguese Lepanto is the second largest town The Gulf of Corinth or the Corinthian Gulf is a deep inlet of the Ionian Sea separating the Peloponnese from western mainland Greece. ^[30] This invasion is viewed by the tradition of Pausanias as a return of the Dorians to the Peloponnesus, apparently meaning a return of families ruling in Aetolia and northern Greece to a land in which they had once had a share. Aetolia is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth forming the eastern part of the modern prefecture of Aetolia-Acarnania The return is described in detail: there were "disturbances" throughout the Peloponnesus except in Arcadia, and new Dorian settlers. Arcadia or Arkadía ( Greek Αρκαδία is a region of Greece in the Peloponnesus. ^[31] Pausanias goes on to describe the conquest and resettlement of Laconia, Messenia, Argos and elsewhere, and the emigration from there to Crete and the coast of Asia Minor. For the Laconian dialect see Doric Greek For the Ancient Kingdom see Sparta For the laconic expression see Laconic Messenia or Messinia (Μεσσηνία is a prefecture in the Peloponnese, a region of Greece. Argos ( Greek: Ἄργος, Árgos ˈaɾɣos is a city in Greece in the Peloponnese near Nafplio, which was its historic harbor Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black

The tradition of Diodorus Siculus

The scholarly concept of Dorian invasion

Main article: Dorian invasion

The Dorian invasion is a modern historical concept attempting to account for:

• at least the replacement of dialects and traditions in southern Greece in pre-classical times
• more generally, the distribution of the Dorians in Classical Greece
• the presence of the Dorians in Greece at all

On the whole, none of the objectives were met, but the investigations served to rule out various speculative hypotheses. The Dorian invasion is a concept devised by historians of Ancient Greece to explain the replacement of pre-classical dialects and traditions in southern Greece by In the context of the art architecture and culture of Ancient Greece, the classical period corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries

Post-migrational distribution of the Dorians

Though most of the Doric invaders settled in the Peloponnese, they also settled on Rhodes and Sicily, in what is now southern Italy. Rhodes (Ρόδος Ródos, ˈɾo̞ðo̞s Rodi ردوس Rodos; Ladino: Rodi or Rodes) is a Greek island Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. In Asia Minor existed the Dorian Hexapolis (the six great Dorian cities): Halikarnassos (Halicarnassus) and Knidos (Cnidus) in Asia Minor, Kos, and Lindos, Kameiros, and Ialyssos on the island of Rhodes. Halicarnassus (Άλικαρνᾱσσός &mdash Halikarnassós or Ἁλικαρνασσός &mdash Alikarnassós Halikarnas modern Cnidus or Knidos ( Greek: Κνίδος /Knidos at the modern-day locality called Tekir in Turkey) was an ancient Greek Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Kos or Cos ( Greek: Κως Turkish: İstanköy; Italian: Coo formerly Stanchio in English is a Greek Lindos (in Greek, Λίνδος) is a town and an archaeological site on the east coast of the Greek Island of Rhodes Kameiros (Κάμειρος was a city on the island of Rhodes, Greece, lying on a Peninsula on the northwest coast of the island Ialysos ( Greek: Ιαλυσός also known as Trianta, is the second-largest town on the island of Rhodes (Ρόδος Rhodos) in Greece These six cities would later become rivals with the Ionian cities of Asia Minor. Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this The Dorians also invaded Crete. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the These origin traditions remained strong into classical times: Thucydides saw the Peloponnesian War in part as "Ionians fighting against Dorians" and reported the tradition that the Syracusans in Sicily were of Dorian descent. Thucydides ( C 460 BC &ndash C 395 BC) ( Greek Θουκυδίδης Thoukydídēs) was a Greek Syracuse (Siracusa Sicilian: Sarausa, Classical Greek: / transliterated Syrakousai) is a historic City in ^[32] Other such "Dorian" colonies, originally from Corinth, Megara, and the Dorian islands, dotted the southern coasts of Sicily from Syracuse to Selinus. (EB 1911).

Notes

Additional Bibliography

• Hall, Jonathan M. (2000). Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521789990.  
• Hall, Jonathan M. (2006), “Dorians: Ancient Ethnic Group”, in Wilson, Nigel, Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece, New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, pp. 240-242, ISBN 0-415-97334-1 
• Müller, Karl Otfried, Die Dorier (1824) was translated by Henry Tufnel and Sir George Cornewall Lewis and published as The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race, (London: John Murray), 1830, in two vols. Karl Otfried Müller ( August 28, 1797 &ndash August 1, 1840) was a German scholar and Philodorian, or admirer of ancient Sir George Cornewall Lewis 2nd Baronet ( 21 April 1806 &ndash 13 April 1863) was a British statesman and Man of letters
• Drews, Robert (1993). The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe CA. 1200 B. C. . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.   Five editions between 1993 and 1995.
• Pomeroy, Sarah B. ; Stanley M. Burstein; Walter Donlan; Jennifer Tolbert Roberts (1999). Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195097424.  

See also

• Greek Dark Ages
• Sparta
• Ancient Greek dialects
• Doric Greek
• Dorus, the eponymous founder

External links

• The Dorians, University of Minnesota Ancient Greek Civilizations site
• Myres, John Linton (1910-1911). The Dark Ages (ca 1150 BC–800 BC refers to Greek history from the presumed Dorian invasion and end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 11th century The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη Ancient Greek, in Classical antiquity before the development of the Koiné (κοινή as the Lingua franca of Hellenism, was divided For the modern Doric dialect of Scotland see Doric dialect (Scotland Doric was a dialect of ancient Greek. In Greek mythology, Dorus is the name of the son of Hellen who was the eponymous founder of the Dorians. Sir John Linton Myres ( July 3, 1869 in Preston &ndash March 6, 1954 in Oxford) was a British archaeologist "Dorians". The Encyclopedia Britannica: a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information (11) 8. Cambridge, England and New York (printed): Cambridge University Press, Online Encyclopedia. Pages 425-428. Retrieved on 2008-01-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.   Note that the online edition omits the critical bibliography, which features works only in German, and includes Müller but not Kretschmer. Also the online version runs paragraphs and section headings together. The paragraph division is not the one of the article.
• S. W. J. Lamberts, THE ETHNICITY OF THE SEA PEOPLES
• George Hinge, Scythian and Spartan Analogies in Herodotos’ Representation
• Makedonia (html). Pan-Macedonian Network. Pan-Macedonian Association (1995-1998). Retrieved on 2007-12-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II