Donovanosis - Citizendia

Medical Classifications Classification and external resources
ICD-10	A 58.
ICD-9	099.2

Calymmatobacterium granulomatis

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Gamma Proteobacteria
Order:	Enterobacteriales
Family:	Enterobacteriaceae
Genus:	Calymmatobacterium or Klebsiella
Species:	granulomatis

Donovanosis, also known as granuloma inguinale, is a bacterial disease that has reached endemic proportions in many underdeveloped regions. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings A00-A79 - Bacterial infections and other intestinal infectious diseases and STDs (A00-A09 Intestinal Infectious diseases ( The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have The Proteobacteria are a major group ( Phylum) of Bacteria. They include a wide variety of Pathogens such as Escherichia, Gammaproteobacteria is a class of several medically and scientifically important groups of bacteria such as the Enterobacteriaceae ( Escherichia coli) The Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of bacteria, including many of the more familiar Pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia The Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of bacteria, including many of the more familiar Pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia Klebsiella is a Genus of non-motile, Gram-negative, Oxidase-negative Bacteria with a prominent Polysaccharide The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly In Epidemiology, an Infection is said to be endemic (from Greek en- in or within + demos people in a Population when Because of the scarcity of medical treatment, the disease often goes untreated. The disease is characterized by painless genital ulcers which can be mistaken for syphilis. Syphilis is a Sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal Bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum. ^[1] However, they ultimately progress to destruction of internal and external tissue, with leakage of mucus and blood. In vertebrates mucus is a slippery secretion produced by and covering Mucous membranes It is a viscous Colloid containing Antiseptic enzymes (such as Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells ��such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products The destructive nature of donovanosis also increases the risk of superinfection by other pathogenic microbes. In Virology, superinfection is the process by which a cell that has previously been infected by one Virus gets coinfected with another virus

1 Classification
2 Symptoms
3 Transmission
4 Diagnosis
5 Treatment
6 Prevention
7 References
8 See also
9 External links

Classification

The proper clinical designation for donovanosis is granuloma inguinale. ^[2] Granuloma is a nodular type of inflammatory reaction, and inguinale refers to the inguinal region, which is commonly involved in this infection. In Medicine ( Anatomical pathology) a granuloma (classical Latin plural granulomata; modern anglicized plural granulomas, also accepted In Anatomy, the inguinal region is one of the regions of the Abdomen, and the term inguinal refers to a structure belonging to this region The disease is commonly known as donovanosis, after the Donovan Bodies which are a diagnostic sign. Discovered by a researcher named Donovan, these intracellular inclusions represent bacteria that have been engulfed by scavenger cells called mononuclear phagocytes or histiocytes. A histiocyte is a cell that is part of the human Immune system.

The causative organism, Klebsiella granulomatis, used to be called Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, from the Greek kalymma (a hood or veil), referring to the lesions that contain the bacteria. Klebsiella is a Genus of non-motile, Gram-negative, Oxidase-negative Bacteria with a prominent Polysaccharide Prior to this it was called Donovania granulomatis, named after the Donovan Bodies. ^[3] The species name granulomatis refers to the granulomatous lesions. The organism was recently reclassified under the genus Klebsiella, a drastic taxonomic change, since it involved changing the organism's phylum. A phylum ( Plural: phyla) is a Taxonomic rank between Kingdom and above Class. However, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques using a colorimetric detection system showed a 99% similarity with other species in the Klebsiella genus.

Symptoms

Donovanosis of the penis.

Small, painless nodules appear after about 10–40 days of the contact with the bacteria. Later the nodules burst, creating open, fleshy, oozing lesions. The infection spreads, mutilating the infected tissue. The infection will continue to destroy the tissue until treated. The lesions occur at the region of contact typically found on the shaft of the penis, the labia, or the perianal region. The penis (plural penises, penes Labium (plural labia) is a Latin -derived term meaning " Lip " The anus is an opening at the opposite end of an Animal 's Digestive tract from the Mouth. Rarely, the vaginal wall or cervix is the site of the lesion. The vagina (from Latin, literally " Sheath " or " Scabbard " is a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the Uterus The cervix (from Latin "neck" is the lower narrow portion of the Uterus where it joins with the top end of the Vagina.

Transmission

The microorganism spreads from one host to another through contact with the open sores. Oral, vaginal or anal intercourse are high risk behaviors to engage in with someone who is infected. Sexual intercourse, in its biological sense is the act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals enters the female reproductive tract

Diagnosis

The patient’s sexual history is requested. Experienced doctors are able to diagnose donovanosis by only looking at the ulcers. However, it may be necessary for the health care provider to take a sample of tissue in order to correctly diagnose the disease. He or she may decide to add a Wright-Giesmsa stain in order to better view the cells. Additionally, the presence of Donovan bodies in the tissue sample confirms donovanosis.

Treatment

Three weeks of treatment with erythromycin, streptomycin, or tetracycline, or 12 weeks of treatment with ampicillin are standard forms of therapy. Erythromycin is a Macrolide Antibiotic that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of Penicillin, and is often used for people Streptomycin is an Antibiotic drug the first of a class of drugs called Aminoglycosides to be discovered and was the first antibiotic remedy for Tuberculosis This article deals with the specific antibiotic called tetracycline Ampicillin is a beta-lactam Antibiotic that has been used extensively to treat bacterial Infections since 1961 Normally, the infection will begin to subside within a week of treatment, however, the full treatment period must be followed in order to minimize the possibility of relapse.

Prevention

The disease is effectively treated with antibiotics, therefore, developed countries, like the United States, have a very low incidence of donovanosis, (approximately 100 cases reported each year in the United States. In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ) However, sexual contacts with individuals in endemic regions dramatically increases the risk of contracting the disease. Avoidance of these sexual contacts, and STD testing before beginning a sexual relationship are effective preventative measures for donovanosis.

References

^ Murray P. et al. (2005), Medical Microbiology, fifth ed. , Elsevier Mosby, p. 336.
^ Murray P. et al. (2005), Medical Microbiology, fifth ed. , Elsevier Mosby, p. 336.
^ Murray P. et al. (2005), Medical Microbiology, fifth ed. , Elsevier Mosby, p. 336.

External links

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