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For other uses, see Donor.
A talking wolf helps Prince Ivan in Tsarevitch Ivan, the Fire Bird and the Gray Wolf
A talking wolf helps Prince Ivan in Tsarevitch Ivan, the Fire Bird and the Gray Wolf

In fairy tales, a donor is a character that tests the hero (and sometimes other characters as well) and provides magical assistances to the hero while he succeeds. Tsarevitch Ivan, the Fire Bird and the Gray Wolf is a Russian Fairy tale collected by Alexander Afanasyev in Narodnye russkie skazki

The fairy godmother is a well-known form of this character. In Fairy tales a fairy godmother is a Fairy with magical powers who acts as a Mentor or Parent to someone in the role that an actual Many other supernatural patrons feature in fairy tales; these include various kinds of animals and the spirit of a dead mother. [1]

In fairy tale and legend

In his analysis of fairy tales, Vladimir Propp identified this role as the donor and listed it as one of the eight roles found in fairy tales. Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp (Владимир Яковлевич Пропп &mdash 22 August 1970) was a Russian formalist scholar who Before giving the hero magical support or advice, the donor may also test the hero, by questioning him, setting him tasks, or making requests of him. [2] Then, the donor may directly give the hero a magical agent, advise him on how to find one, or offer to act on his behalf. [3] If the character itself acts on behalf of the hero, it also takes on the role of helper in Propp's analysis. [4] Because a donor is defined by acts, other characters may fill the role, even the villain; a boy escaping a witch may steal her magical handkerchief, making the witch an involuntary donor. [5] Conversely, the donor of Rumpelstiltskin converts himself into the villain by demanding the heroine's baby as the price of his work. Rumpelstiltskin is a character in a Fairy tale of the same name that originated in Germany (where he is known as Rumpelstilzchen) [6]

In Grimm's Fairy Tales, the hero often meets the vital helper in the woods, in liminal areas between other realms. Children's and Household Tales (Kinder- und Hausmärchen is a collection of German origin Fairy tales first published in 1812 by Jacob In literature an enchanted forest is a forest under or containing enchantments. Liminality (from the Latin [7]

When more than one character attempts the tasks, such as when the youngest son sets out last, all of them commonly met the donor. The youngest son is a Stock character in Fairy tales where he features as the Hero. It is through failing in the test that the older sons are marked out as not the hero; only the youngest son passes the test and receives the aid.

There may be three donors, distinguished by the fact that the first two are unable to help and so send him on to the next. The rule of three is a principle in English Writing that suggests that things that come in threes are inherently funnier more satisfying or more effective than other A common motif, as in Farmer Weathersky, is that one can consult all the beasts, the next all the fish, the third all the birds, and only the last can discover what he needs. Farmer Weathersky is a Norwegian Fairy tale collected by Peter Chr In other cases, each of the three may give her something, but only the third has the information as well.

Types of donors

Baba Yaga, though often the villain, acts as a donor in some fairy tales, as in The Death of Koschei the Deathless
Baba Yaga, though often the villain, acts as a donor in some fairy tales, as in The Death of Koschei the Deathless

The characters of donors are numerous. Baba Yaga (Ба́ба-Яга́ Баба Рога Баба Яга Баба Рога Polish, Czech, Baba Jaga Baba Roga is in Slavic folklore, a witch-like The Death of Koschei the Deathless or Marya Morevna is a Russian Fairy tale collected by Alexander Afanasyev in Narodnye russkie skazki Fairy godmothers were added to Sleeping Beauty by Perrault; no such figures appeared in his source, "Sole, Luna, e Talia" by Giambattista Basile. Sleeping Beauty ( "La Belle au Bois dormant" (The Beauty asleep in the wood is a Fairy tale classic the first in the set published in 1697 by Giambattista Basile (1566 or 1575 – February 23, 1632) was an Italian Poet, Courtier, and Fairy tale collector [8] In the Grimm Brothers' variant of Cinderella, Aschenputtel is aided not by her fairy godmother but by her dead mother,[9] as is the heroine of the Finnish variant, The Wonderful Birch. The Wonderful Birch is a Finnish Fairy tale. A variant on Cinderella, it is Aarne-Thompson folktale type 510A the persecuted heroine A great variety of other figures may also take this place. In Vasilissa the Beautiful, the heroine is aided by a wooden doll that her dying mother had given her; in Rushen Coatie, by a red calf sent to her by her dead mother, a calf that can continue to aid her after its death; in Katie Woodencloak by a mysterious dun bull; in Tattercoats, by a gooseherd who is her friend for a long time before his mysterious powers are revealed. Rushen Coatie or Rashin-Coatie is a Scottish Fairy tale collected by Joseph Jacobs in his More English Fairy Tales. Katie Woodencloak or Kari Woodengown is a Norwegian Fairy tale collected by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe in Norske Folkeeventyr Tattercoats is an English Fairy tale collected by Joseph Jacobs in his More English Fairy Tales. In East of the Sun and West of the Moon, the heroine is given vital gifts by three old women she meets on the way. East of the Sun and West of the Moon is the Norwegian version of an old Scandinavian Fairy tale. [10]

Heroes seldom have actual fairy godmothers, but similar figures are common. [11] In The Golden Bird, the hero is aided by a fox whose advice he takes; in The Red Ettin, by a fairy not his godmother; in Puddocky, by an enchanted frog that takes pity on him; in Prince Ring, by an enchanted dog; in Fair Brow and The Bird 'Grip', by a dead man whom he had aided; in The Horse Gullfaxi and the Sword Gunnfoder, in an unusual reversal, by his stepmother. " The Golden Bird " is a Brothers Grimm Fairy tale, number 57 about the pursuit of a golden bird by a king's three sons The Red Ettin or The Red Etin is a Fairy tale collected by Joseph Jacobs. " Puddocky " is a German Fairy tale. A variant " Cherry," was collected by the Brothers Grimm, and in French, Prince Ring is an Icelandic Fairy tale. Andrew Lang included it in The Yellow Fairy Book. Fair Brow is an Italian Fairy tale collected by Thomas Frederick Crane in his Italian Popular Tales. The Bird 'Grip' is a Swedish Fairy tale. Andrew Lang included it The Pink Fairy Book. Grateful dead (or grateful ghost) is a folktale present in many cultures throughout the world The Horse Gullfaxi and the Sword Gunnfoder is an Icelandic Fairy tale from Islandische Märchen.

The hero may also meet up with several extraordinary men who will help him as in The Fool of the World and the Flying Ship, How the Hermit helped to win the King's Daughter, Long, Broad and Sharpsight, and The King Of Lochlin's Three Daughters. The Flying Ship or The Fool of the World and the Flying Ship is a Russian Fairy tale. How the Hermit helped to win the King's Daughter is an Italian Fairy tale, collected by Laura Gonzenbach in Sicilianische Märchen. Long Broad and Sharpsight or Long Broad and Quickeye is a Bohemian Fairy tale, collected by Louis Léger in Contes Populaires Slaves. The King Of Lochlin's Three Daughters is a Scottish Fairy tale collected by John Francis Campbell in his Popular Tales of the West Highlands, Each one has an ability, such as seeing things miles off, hearing things miles off, an extraordinary shot, ability to drink a river, or others that allow them to fulfill the hero's tasks. [12]

Talking animals are often the hero's helpers, perhaps more than any other type. The talking animal or speaking animal term in general refers to any form of animal which can speak human languages [13] The most common motivation of the animals is gratitude, after protection, receiving food, or (less commonly) settling a quarrel between several animals. [14] In another variation, featured in The Three Enchanted Princes and The Death of Koschei the Deathless, the hero's three sisters have been married to animals. The Three Enchanted Princes is an Italian literary Fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work The Pentamerone. The Death of Koschei the Deathless or Marya Morevna is a Russian Fairy tale collected by Alexander Afanasyev in Narodnye russkie skazki These prove to be shape-shifted men, who aid their brother-in-law in a variant of tale types. Shapeshifting is a common theme in Mythology and Folklore, as well as in Science fiction and Fantasy. [15] Because of its retelling by Perrault, Puss in Boots is among the best known animal helpers, although in other variants of the tale, the hero (or heroine) is helped sometimes by a fox and occasionally by other animals. [16] Horses, as in The Firebird and Princess Vasilisa, Făt-Frumos with the Golden Hair, The Magician's Horse, The Princess on the Glass Hill, and Ferdinand the Faithful and Ferdinand the Unfaithful, are popular in the oral tradition; several tale types normally feature a horse almost as important as the hero. The Firebird and Princess Vasilisa is a Russian Fairy tale collected by Alexander Afanasyev in Narodnye russkie skazki. Făt-Frumos with the Golden Hair or The Foundling Prince is a Romanian Fairy tale collected by Petre Ispirescu in Legende sau basmele românilor The Magician's Horse is a Greek Fairy tale. Andrew Lang included it in The Grey Fairy Book. The Princess on the Glass Hill is a Norwegian Fairy tale collected by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe in Norske Folkeeventyr Ferdinand the Faithful and Ferdinand the Unfaithful is a German Fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm, tale number 126 [17]

This magical helper is often long faithful to the hero; the hero may fail many times after the initial test, often by not respecting the helper's advice. In The Golden Bird, the fox declares that the hero does not deserve his help after his disobedience, but still aids him. " The Golden Bird " is a Brothers Grimm Fairy tale, number 57 about the pursuit of a golden bird by a king's three sons [18]

References

  1. ^ Katharine Briggs, An Encyclopedia of Fairies, Hobgoblins, Brownies, Boogies, and Other Supernatural Creatures, "Fairy godmother", p147. Katharine Mary Briggs should not be confused with the psychologist Katharine Cook Briggs. ISBN 0-394-73467-X
  2. ^ Vladimir Propp, Morphology of the Folk Tale, p 39-43, ISBN 0-292-78376-0
  3. ^ Vladimir Propp, Morphology of the Folk Tale, p 44-45, ISBN 0-292-78376-0
  4. ^ Vladimir Propp, Morphology of the Folk Tale, p 80-81, ISBN 0-292-78376-0
  5. ^ Vladimir Propp, Morphology of the Folk Tale, p 81, ISBN 0-292-78376-0
  6. ^ Maria Tatar, The Annotated Brothers Grimm, p 259 W. Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp (Владимир Яковлевич Пропп &mdash 22 August 1970) was a Russian formalist scholar who Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp (Владимир Яковлевич Пропп &mdash 22 August 1970) was a Russian formalist scholar who Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp (Владимир Яковлевич Пропп &mdash 22 August 1970) was a Russian formalist scholar who Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp (Владимир Яковлевич Пропп &mdash 22 August 1970) was a Russian formalist scholar who W. Norton & company, London, New York, 2004 ISBN 0-393-05848-4
  7. ^ Jack Zipes, The Brothers Grimm: From Enchanted Forests to the Modern World, p 115, ISBN 0-312-29380-1
  8. ^ Jane Yolen, p 23, Touch Magic ISBN 0-87483-591-7
  9. ^ Max Lüthi, Once Upon A Time: On the Nature of Fairy Tales, p 60, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. Jack David Zipes is a Professor of German at the University of Minnesota whose Publications and Lectures on Fairy tales have transformed research , New York, 1970
  10. ^ Maria Tatar, p 193, The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales, ISBN 0-393-05163-3
  11. ^ Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism, p 191, ISBN 0-691-01298-9
  12. ^ Stith Thompson, The Folktale, p 53-4, University of California Press, Berkeley Los Angelos London, 1977
  13. ^ Stith Thompson, The Folktale, p 55, University of California Press, Berkeley Los Angeles London, 1977
  14. ^ Stith Thompson, The Folktale, p 56, University of California Press, Berkeley Los Angeles London, 1977
  15. ^ Stith Thompson, The Folktale, p 55-6, University of California Press, Berkeley Los Angeles London, 1977
  16. ^ Stith Thompson, The Folktale, p 58, University of California Press, Berkeley Los Angeles London, 1977
  17. ^ Stith Thompson, The Folktale, p 59, University of California Press, Berkeley Los Angeles London, 1977
  18. ^ Maria Tatar, p 264, The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales, ISBN 0-393-05163-3
Herman Northrop Frye, CC, MA (Oxon, DD, DLitt, FRSC ( July 14, 1912 &ndash January 23, 1991 Herman Northrop Frye 's Anatomy of Criticism Four Essays (Princeton University Press 1957 attempts to formulate an overall view of the scope theory principles
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