Dongyi (東夷) was a collective term for people in Eastern China and in the east of China. East China ( is a geographical and a loosely-defined cultural region that covers the eastern coastal area of China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National People referred to as Dongyi vary across the ages.
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The character 夷
Chinese dictionaries give various meanings of yi. Chinese dictionaries date back over two millennia to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which is a significantly longer Lexicographical history than any other language Besides "Dongyi", it also means "foreign" (外夷), "flat and safe" (化险为夷), "calm (and composed)" (夷然自若), "to level" (夷为平地), "same kind" (夷等:同辈), "kill" (族夷), "name" (伯夷), "joyful" (通“怡” as in 我心则夷), "hoe" (锄), etc. Hoes are Bladed Tools used to agitate the surface of the Soil around Plants to remove weeds pile soil around the base [1]
The first Chinese dictionary, Shuowen Jiezi by Xu Shen interpretated "夷" as "big bow". The Shuōwén Jiězì ( "Explaining Simple and Analyzing Compound Characters" was an early 2nd century CE Chinese dictionary from the Han Dynasty Xǔ Shèn ( ca 58 CE – ca 147 CE was a Chinese philologist of the Han Dynasty. The character itself consists of two Chinese characters: "大", meaning "big" and depicting a frontal view of a person with arms outstretched, and "弓", meaning "bow". Dongyi people are usually referred to as the eastern bowmen, who also first invented the bow in China. [2] [3] Houyi, one of the legendary leaders of Dongyi, is the Chinese God of Archery. Houyi (后羿 also simply called Yi was a mythological Chinese Archer and the leader of Dongyi. [4]
Historical usages
Pre-Qin usages
It is not easy to determine the times of people that a Classical Chinese document reflects. Classical Chinese or Literary Chinese is a traditional style of Written Chinese based on the Grammar and Vocabulary of ancient Chinese
Literature describing a pre-Xia Dynasty period does not use the character yi. The Xia Dynasty ( of China is the first dynasty to be described in ancient historical records such as Records of the Grand Historian and A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( As for the Xia Dynasty, some groups of people are referred to as the Yi. For example, "Yu Gong" (禹貢) of the Classic of History calls people in Qingzhou and Xuzhou as Laiyi (萊夷), Yuyi (嵎夷) and Huaiyi (淮夷). The Classic of History ( is a compilation of documentary records related to events in ancient history of China Another yi-related term is Jiu-yi (九夷), literally Nine Yi, which could have also had the connotation The Numerous Yi or The Many Different Kinds of Yi, and which appears in the famous passage in The Analects that reads, "The Master (i. e. , Confucius) desired to live among the Nine Yi. Confucius ( lit " Master Kung " September 28, 551 BC - 479 BC) was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher " The term "Dongyi" is not used for this period.
The Shang Dynasty has contemporary sources, in other words, oracle bone inscriptions. The Shang Dynasty ( Chinese: 商[[wiktionary 朝|朝]] or Yin Dynasty ( 殷[[wiktionary 代|代]] was according to traditional sources the These records state that King Wu Ding (reign c. Wu Ding ( Chinese: 武丁 born Zi Zhao, Chinese 子昭 was a Shang Dynasty 1250 BC-1192 BC) made military expeditions to the Yi. The enclave of the Yi people is considered to have been located to the southeast of the Shang Dynasty. King Di Xin, the last king, made a massive military campaign against the Yifang (夷方). King Di Xin of Shang ( Chinese: 帝辛 born Zi Shou (Chinese 子受 was the last The word "yifang" is often interpreted as "renfang" (人方) because the pictures of "夷" and "人" (meaning: person, humans) look alike in oracle script. Some history books use "Dongyi" for Shang-related episodes, but judging from oracle bone inscriptions, the Shang people themselves did not use this term.
It appears that the Yifang were the same people as Huaiyi (Huai River Yi), Nanhuaiyi (Southern Huai Yi), Nanyi (Southern Yi) and Dongyi in bronzeware inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The Huai River ( is a major river in China. The Huai River is located about mid-way between the Yellow River and Yangtze River, the two largest rivers The Zhou Dynasty attempted to keep the Yi under its control. The Zhou Dynasty ( POJ: Chiu Tiau 1122 BC to 256 BC was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. The most notable is the successful campaign against the Huaiyi and the Dongyi by the Duke of Zhou. God of Dreams Duke of Zhou is also known as the 'God of Dreams'
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Jin, Zheng, Qi and Song tried to seize control of the Huai River basin, which was occupied by the Huaiyi. The Spring and Autumn Period ( was a period in Chinese history which roughly corresponds to the first half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty (from the second half of the 8th century BC Jin ( Traditional Chinese: 晉 Simplified Chinese: 晋 Pinyin: Jìn was one of the most powerful states in the Spring and Autumn Period Zheng (鄭 was a Zhou city-state in the middle of ancient China, modern Henan Province. Qín or Ch'in ( Wade-Giles) (秦 ( 778 BC - 207 BC) was a State during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods Sòng (宋國 was a state during the Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Period ( 770 - 476 BC) But the region finally fell under the influence of Chu in the south. Chǔ ( 楚) was a kingdom in what is now central and southern China during the Spring and Autumn period ( 722 - 481 BC) and At the same time, people in the east and south ceased to be called Dongyi as they founded their own states.
References to Dongyi became ideological during the Warring States period probably because selves and others had subtle cultural differences among Chinese. The Warring States Period ( also known as the Era of Warring States covers the period from some time in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by the The Classic of Rites (early 4th BC) made the first reference to the combination of "Dongyi" (east), "Xirong" (west), "Nanman" (south) and "Beidi" (north) in fixed four directions. The Classic of Rites ( was one of the Five Classics of the Confucian canon At the same time "Dongyi" acquired a clearly pejorative nuance.
Post-Qin usages
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The more "China" expanded, the further east the term "Dongyi" was applied to. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian uses the term "Manyi" (蠻夷), but not "Dongyi". The Records of the Grand Historian, also known in English by the Chinese name 史記 or Shiji, written from 109 BC to 91 BC Early life and education Sima Qian was born and grew up in Longmen, near present-day Hancheng Shaanxi. It puts the section of "Xinanyi (southwestern Yi) liezhuan (biographies)", but not "Dongyi liezhuan". The Book of Han does not put this section either but calls a Dongye (濊) chief in the Korean Peninsula as Dongyi. The Book of Han ( is a classic Chinese Historical writing completed in 111 CE covering the history of Western Han from 206 BCE to Dongye was a state which occupied portions of the northeastern Korean peninsula from roughly 150 BCE to around 400 CE The Book of Later Han puts the section of "Dongyi liezhuan" and covers Buyeo, Yilou, Goguryeo, Dongwozu, Hui, Samhan and Wa, in other words, eastern Manchuria, Korea, Japan and some other islands. The Book of the Later Han ( is one of the official Chinese Historical works which was compiled by Fan Ye in the 5th century, using Buyeo, Puyŏ, or Fuyu was an ancient Korean kingdom located from today's Manchuria to northern North Korea, from around the 2nd Sushen was an ancient ethnic group or people who dwelt in the northeastern part of China and the Russian Maritime Province. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Samhan refers to the ancient confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan in central and southern Korean peninsula Japanese, is the oldest recorded name of Japan. Chinese Korean and Japanese scribes regularly wrote Wa or Yamato "Japan" with the Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Book of Jin positioned Dongyi inside the section of "Siyi" (barbarians in four directions) along with "Xirong", "Nanman" and "Beidi". The Book of Jin ( is one of the official Chinese historical works The Book of Sui, the Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang adopt the section of "Dongyi" and covers eastern Manchuria, Korea, Japan and optionally Sakhalin and Taiwan. During the Song Dynasty, the official history books replaced Dongyi with Waiguo (外國) and Waiyi (外夷).
The Usage of Dongyi in Chinese history books
1) Records of the Grand Historian and Book of Han
These two history books do not assign many chapters to describe the history of Dongyi. The Records of the Grand Historian, also known in English by the Chinese name 史記 or Shiji, written from 109 BC to 91 BC The Book of Han ( is a classic Chinese Historical writing completed in 111 CE covering the history of Western Han from 206 BCE to However, it includes the simple description Wiman Joseon. Wiman Joseon (194 - 108 BC was the part of the Gojoseon period (2333 BC - 108 BC of Korean history. Wiman fled from Han dynasty to Kojoseon, and he diguised as if he was Kojoseon people. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom considered the first proper nation of the Korean people. Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom considered the first proper nation of the Korean people. As decribing the disguise of Wiman, Sima Qian says that that Kojoseon people are Manyi(蠻夷) instead of Dongyi. Book of Han uses the same term as Records of the Grand Historian. The Book of Han ( is a classic Chinese Historical writing completed in 111 CE covering the history of Western Han from 206 BCE to
This book was written by Fan Ye (historian). The Book of the Later Han ( is one of the official Chinese Historical works which was compiled by Fan Ye in the 5th century, using Fan Ye ( 398–445 Courtesy name Weizong (蔚宗 was a Chinese Historian and the compiler of Book of Later Han of This book contains the chapter of 'Dongyi', which describes the history of Korea and Japan such as Buyeo, Goguryeo, Okjeo, Dongye, Samhan, Wa (Japan). Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Okjeo was a small tribal state which arose in the northern Korean peninsula from perhaps 2nd century BCE to 5th century CE Dongye was a state which occupied portions of the northeastern Korean peninsula from roughly 150 BCE to around 400 CE Samhan refers to the ancient confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan in central and southern Korean peninsula Japanese, is the oldest recorded name of Japan. Chinese Korean and Japanese scribes regularly wrote Wa or Yamato "Japan" with the [5]
This book was written by Chen Shou, and also contains the chapter about 'Dongyi'. The Records of Three Kingdoms ( is the official and authoritative historical text on the period of Three Kingdoms covering from 189 to 280, The chapter of "Wuwan Xianbei Dongyi" describes the Wuwan tribes, Xianbei tribes, and Dongyi tribes respectively. In the section of Dongyi, this book explains the Korean and Japanese ancient kingdoms such as Buyeo, Goguryeo, Okjeo, Dongye, Samhan, and Wa (Japan). Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Okjeo was a small tribal state which arose in the northern Korean peninsula from perhaps 2nd century BCE to 5th century CE Dongye was a state which occupied portions of the northeastern Korean peninsula from roughly 150 BCE to around 400 CE Samhan refers to the ancient confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan in central and southern Korean peninsula Japanese, is the oldest recorded name of Japan. Chinese Korean and Japanese scribes regularly wrote Wa or Yamato "Japan" with the [6]
4) Book of Jin
This book was written by Fang Xuanling at Tang dynasty. The Book of Jin ( is one of the official Chinese historical works It has the chapter of 'Four Yi', and describes the Korean, Manchurian, and Japanese history such as Buyeo, Mahan confederacy, Jinhan confederacy, Sushen, and Wa (Japan) [7]
5) Book of Song
This history book describes the history of Liu Song Dynasty, but also contains the simple explanation the neighbor states. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Mahan was a loose confederacy of statelets that existed from around the 100BCE-300CE in the southern Korean peninsula in the Chungcheong Jinhan was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 4th century CE in the southern Korean peninsula, to the east of the Nakdong Sushen was an ancient ethnic group or people who dwelt in the northeastern part of China and the Russian Maritime Province. Japanese, is the oldest recorded name of Japan. Chinese Korean and Japanese scribes regularly wrote Wa or Yamato "Japan" with the The Book of Song ( also called "The History of the Song" is a historical text of the Liu Song Dynasty of the Southern Dynasties of The Song Dynasty (宋朝 Pinyin: Sòng cháo Wade-Giles: Sung ( 420 – 479) was first of the four Southern Dynasties in China The Chapter of Dongyi of this book describes the ancient history of Korea and Japan such as Goguryeo, Baekje and Wa (Japan). Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE or Paekche, was a kingdom located in southwest Korea Japanese, is the oldest recorded name of Japan. Chinese Korean and Japanese scribes regularly wrote Wa or Yamato "Japan" with the [8]
6) Book of Qi
The Book of Qi is the history book of Southern Qi. The Book of Qi or Book of Southern Qi ( is a history of the Chinese dynasty Southern Qi covering the period from 479 to The Southern Qi Dynasty 齊朝 ( Pinyin: Qí cháo ( 479 - 502) was the second of the Southern dynasties in China, followed by the In the 58th volume, the history of Dongyi's history is described, which includes the ancient Korean and Japanese history such as Goguryeo, Baekje, Gaya and Wa (Japan). Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE or Paekche, was a kingdom located in southwest Korea Japanese, is the oldest recorded name of Japan. Chinese Korean and Japanese scribes regularly wrote Wa or Yamato "Japan" with the [9]
7) History of Southern Dynasties
This book is about the history of Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang Dynasty, and Chen Dynasty, but also includes the history of Dongyi. The History of Southern Dynasties ( is one of the official Chinese historical works in the Twenty-Four Histories canon In the chapter of Dongyi, this book describes the Korean and Japanese history such as Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla, Wa (Japan), and so on. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE or Paekche, was a kingdom located in southwest Korea Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Japanese, is the oldest recorded name of Japan. Chinese Korean and Japanese scribes regularly wrote Wa or Yamato "Japan" with the [10]. Interestingly, this book says that Dongyi's state was Gojoseon while Sima Qian says that Gojoseon people is Manyi. Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom considered the first proper nation of the Korean people. [11].
8) Book of Sui
The Book of Sui describes the history about the Sui Dynasty, and was compiled at Tang dynasty. The Book of Sui ( was the official history of the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty, and it ranks among the official Twenty-Four Histories of imperial The Book of Sui ( was the official history of the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty, and it ranks among the official Twenty-Four Histories of imperial The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by The chapter of Dongyi's history describes the history of Korean, Manchurian and Japanese such as Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla, Mohe, Liuqiu, and Wa (Japan). Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE or Paekche, was a kingdom located in southwest Korea Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The Mohe (or Malgal, Mogher) were a Tungusic people in ancient Manchuria. Liuqiu (流求 琉求 or 琉球 pinyin "Liúqiú" was the name given by the Chinese to some island(s in the East China Sea and nearby waters usually Japanese, is the oldest recorded name of Japan. Chinese Korean and Japanese scribes regularly wrote Wa or Yamato "Japan" with the [12]
Modern usages
China
Some Chinese scholars extend the historical use of Dongyi to prehistoric times. Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" They consider Dongyi as one of the origins of Chinese people, based on the hypothesis of the pluralistic origins of Chinese culture that became popular in 1980s. The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following A person who resides in and holds citizenship of the People's Republic of China (including Hong The Culture of China (traditional Chinese 中國文化 simplified Chinese 中国文化 is home to one of the world's oldest and most complex Civilizations covering a history
People called Dongyi in this sense lived in Haidai (海岱) region, the lower reaches of the Yellow and Huai Rivers, from the Neolithic period. The Yellow River or Huang He / Hwang Ho ( Hatan Gol Queen river) is the second-longest river in China (after the Yangtze River) and the
The cultural evolution in Haidai region is considered as follows:
- Houli culture (6400 BC - 5700 BC)
- Beixin culture (5300 BC - 4100 BC)
- Dawenkou culture (4100 BC - 2600 BC)
- Longshan culture (3200 BC - 1900 BC)
- Yueshi culture (2000 BC - 1600 BC)
The ages differ among scholars
The Shandong Longshan culture was characterized by large-scale hierarchical groups of walled settlements. The Houli culture ( 6500-5500 BC was a Neolithic culture in Shandong, China. The Beixin culture ( 5300 - 4100 BC) was a Neolithic culture in Shandong, China. The Dawenkou culture ( is a name given by archaeologists to a group of Neolithic communities who lived primarily in Shandong, but also appeared in Longshan culture ( was a late Neolithic culture in China, centered on the central and lower Yellow River and dated from about 3000 BC to The Yueshi culture which replaced the Longshan culture around 2000 B. C. saw a decline of civilization. Groups of settlements were dissolved and the highly-developed pottery technology of the Shandong Longshan culture was lost.
(Note: The Longshan Culture was not just Dongyi and did not just exist in Shandong and other eastern coastal areas of China. Areas further west, including much of the middle and lower Yellow River Valley region, was also a part of the Longshan Culture area. Historians such as Jacques Gernet think that the Longshan Culture was also culturally ancestral to the Erlitou Culture and the later Shang dynasty in the middle Yellow River Valley region. There are some good evidence for this claim, for both the Longshan and Shang cultures shared the following basic elements:
- A similar technical of divination based on heating animal bones and shells until they crack.
- Similar construction techniques for city-walls, fortifications and building platforms using rammed earth.
- Similar artistic styles.
Furthermore, the Shang dynasty technology of bronze metallurgy seems to be the descendant of high temperature ceramic-making techniques used by the late Neolithic Longshan Culture.
The Longshan Culture might have been replaced by the Yueshi Culture in Shandong but further to the west it continued and developed into the Erlitou Culture around 1900 - 1800 BC. )
During the Yueshi culture in Shandong, the Erlitou culture and the subsequent Erligang culture gradually stretched from the Yellow River valley in the west. The Erlitou culture (simplified Chinese 二里头文化 traditional Chinese 二里頭文化 Pinyin: èrlǐtóu wénhuà ( 2100 BC to 1800 BC or 1500 The Erligang culture (二里岡文化 (1600 - 1400 BC is the term used by archaeologists to refer to a Bronze Age archaeological culture in China. Since sites of the Yueshi culture distributed complementarily with those of the Erligang culture, the traditional theory that the Shang Dynasty originated in the east was shattered. Shang civilization extended to central Shandong at the end of the Shang Dynasty and it was during the middle Western Zhou Dynasty that the central civilization covered the entire Haidai region.
.PNG/180px-Eleven_characters_found_at_Dinggong_in_Shandong_(China).PNG)
It is notable that Longshan people seemingly had their own writing system. A pottery inscription of the Longshan culture discovered in Dinggong Village, Zouping County, Shandong Province contains eleven characters and they do not look like the direct ancestor of Chinese characters. A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( Chinese scholar Feng Shi (馮時) argued in 1994 that this inscription can be interpreted as written by the Longshan people. [13] Other scholars, like Ming Ru, are doubtful about attributing a Neolithic date to the inscription. Some other scholars also claim a connection between ancient Dongyi and the modern Yi people in southwestern China. The Yi people (own name in the Liangshan dialect ꆈꌠ official transcription Nuosu, nɔ̄sū; the older name " Lolo " or " Luoluo " [14]
South Korea
In South Korea, the Chinese characters for Dongyi is pronounced dong-i (동이). South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː It is considered by Koreans as the name that the Chinese used to call the people to its east. It is thought to refer to the various peoples of this geographic region, rather that a specific ethnicity, although the term later expanded to include specific ethnic groups. [15]
Silhak scholars of later Joseon period studied mentions of Dongyi in Chinese texts, to connect it with ancient Korean history, such as with Han Chi-yun's Haedong Yeoksa. Silhak was a Confucian social reform movement in late Joseon Dynasty Korea. Some modern Korean scholars continue to examine the ethnic characteristics, geography, and cultural development of the Dongyi as they may relate to Korean history. [16]
Some have attempted to explain Gija Joseon with a theory of Dongyi migration, but many reject this as unsupported by archeology. Gija Joseon (? - 194 BC describes the period after the alleged arrival of Gija in northern (or in the northwest of Korean peninsula. [17]
See also
Footnotes
- ^ [http://www.uname.cn/html/dic/5/62_19415.shtml Online Chinese dictionary. Houyi (后羿 also simply called Yi was a mythological Chinese Archer and the leader of Dongyi. Shun ( was a legendary 23rd -22nd century BC leader of ancient China, among the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, whose half-century of rule was one of Sinocentrism is any Ethnocentric perspective that regards China to be central or unique relative to other countries Huawaizhidi (zh 化外之地 is a collective term for the land outward of Chinese culture which literally means outer fringe of Chinese civilization.
- ^ [http://www.infobase.gov.cn/history/preqin/200707/article_108.html Dongyi Culture
- ^ [http://www.qi86.com/display.asp?id=3139 Legendary leaders of Dongyi.
- ^ [http://www.qi86.com/display.asp?id=3139 Legendary leaders of Dongyi.
- ^ Book of the Later Han (後漢書); 欽定四庫全書, 後漢書卷一百十五, 東夷傳, 第七十五
- ^ Records of Three Kingdoms (欽定四庫全書, 魏志卷三十, 烏丸鮮卑東夷 (夫餘 髙句麗 東沃沮 挹婁 濊 馬韓 辰韓 弁辰 倭人)
- ^ 欽定四庫全書, 晉書卷九十七, 列傳第六十七, 四夷
- ^ 欽定四庫全書, 宋書卷九十七, 列傳第五十七, 東夷
- ^ 欽定四庫全書, 南齊書卷五十八, 蠻, 東南夷, 東夷
- ^ 欽定四庫全書, 南史卷七十九, 列傳第六十九, 夷貊下, 東夷
- ^ 欽定四庫全書, 南史卷七十九, 列傳第六十九, 夷貊下, 東夷. "東夷之國朝鮮". This sentence is interpreted into "The state of Dongyi is Gojoseon"
- ^ 欽定四庫全書, 隋書卷八十一, 列傳第四十六, 東夷
- ^ Feng Shi, "Shandong Dinggong Longshan shidai wenzi jiedu" in Kaogu 1:37-54
- ^ [Cai 2003]
- ^ http://kr.dic.yahoo.com/search/enc/result.html?p=%B5%BF%C0%CC&pk=12741200&subtype=&type=enc&field=id Yahoo Korea Encyclopedia article
- ^ http://enc.daum.net/dic100/contents.do?query1=b05d1611a Korea Britannica article
- ^ http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=50396 EnCyber Doosan Encyclopedia article
References
- Cai Fengshu 蔡鳳書, Kodai Santō bunka to kōryū 古代山東文化と交流, Higashi Ajia to hantō kūkan 東アジアと『半島空間』, pp. Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom considered the first proper nation of the Korean people. 45-58, 2003.
- Luan Fengshi 栾丰实, 论"夷"和"东夷" (On "Yi" and "Dong Yi"), Zhongyuan Wenwu 中原文物 (Cultural Relics of Central China), 2002. 1, pp. 16-20.
- Matsumaru Michio 松丸道雄, Kanji kigen mondai no shintenkai 漢字起源問題の新展開, Chūgoku kodai no moji to bunka 中国古代の文字と文化, 1999.
- Matsumaru Michio 松丸道雄 and Takashima Ken'ichi 高嶋謙一 ed. , Kōkotsumoji Jishaku Sōran 甲骨文字字釋綜覽, 1994.
- Shirakawa Shizuka 白川静, Jitō 字統, 2004.
- Tang Jiahong 唐嘉弘, 东夷及其历史地位, Shixue yuekan 史学月刊, 1989. 4, pp. 37-46.
- Xu Guanghui 徐光輝, Kodai no bōgyo shūraku to seidōki bunka no kōryū 古代の防御集落と青銅器文化の交流, Higashi Ajia to hantō kūkan 東アジアと『半島空間』, pp. 21-44, 2003.
- Yoshimoto Michimasa 吉本道雅. Chūgoku Sengoku jidai ni okeru "Shii" kannen no seiritsu 中国戦国時代における「四夷」観念の成立. Retrieved on 2006-03-04. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth
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