Donald Rumsfeld
21st United States Secretary of Defense
In office January 20, 2001 – December 18, 2006
President	George W. Bush
Deputy	Paul Wolfowitz (2001-2005) Gordon R. England (2005-2007)
Preceded by	William Cohen
Succeeded by	Robert Gates
13th United States Secretary of Defense
In office November 20, 1975 – January 20, 1977
President	Gerald Ford
Deputy	Bill Clements
Preceded by	James R. Schlesinger
Succeeded by	Harold Brown
6th White House Chief of Staff
In office September 1974 – November 20, 1975
President	Gerald Ford
Preceded by	Alexander Haig
Succeeded by	Dick Cheney
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois's 13th Congressional district
In office January 3, 1963 – March 20, 1969
Preceded by	Marguerite S. Church
Succeeded by	Phil Crane
Born	July 9, 1932 (1932-07-09) (age 75) Evanston, Illinois, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Net Worth	$57-174 million (USD) [1]
Religion	Presbyterian

Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9, 1932) is a United States businessman, politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President Gerald Ford from 1975 to 1977, and the 21st Secretary of Defense under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2006. The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (born December 22, 1943) is a former United States Ambassador to Indonesia, U Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Gordon Richard England ( September 15, 1937) is an American Businessman who currently serves as the United States Deputy Secretary of Defense Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. William Sebastian Cohen (born 28 August 1940) is an author and American politician from the U Robert Michael Gates (born September 25 1943) is currently serving as the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense. The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President William Perry "Bill" Clements Jr (born April 17, 1917) is the first Republican to have served as Governor of the U James Rodney Schlesinger (born February 15, 1929) was United States Secretary of Defense from 1973 to 1975 under presidents Richard Nixon and Harold Brown (born September 19, 1927) American scientist was U The White House Chief of Staff is the highest-ranking member of the Executive Office of the President of the United States and a senior aide to the President Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President Alexander Meigs Haig Jr (born December 2 1924 is a retired four-star General in the United States Army who served as the U Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The 13th Congressional District of Illinois covers the southwest suburbs of Chicago, including portions of the Cook, DuPage, Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Marguerite Stitt Church ( New York, September 27, 1892 - Chicago, May 26, 1990) was a psychologist by profession who was Philip Miller "Phil" Crane (born November 3, 1930, in Chicago Illinois) is a former American politician Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Evanston Illinois is an affluent suburban Chicago Municipality on Lake Michigan on the North Shore in Cook County, Illinois directly The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A businessperson (also businessman or businesswoman) is someone who is employed at usually a profit-oriented enterprise, or more specifically someone A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. He is both the youngest (43 years old) and the oldest (68 years old) person to have held the position, as well as the only person to have held the position for two non-consecutive terms, and the second longest serving, behind Robert McNamara. Robert Strange McNamara (born June 9 1916 in Oakland, California) is an American business executive and former United States Secretary of Defense

Rumsfeld has also served in various positions under President Richard Nixon, served four terms in the United States House of Representatives, and served as United States Ambassador to NATO. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The United States Permanent Representative to NATO (commonly called the US Ambassador to NATO is the official representative of the United States to the North Atlantic Treaty The North Atlantic Treaty Rumsfeld was an aviator in the United States Navy between 1954 and 1957 before transferring to the Reserve. The United States Navy Reserve, until 2005 known as the United States Naval Reserve, is the reserve component of the United States Navy. In public life, he has also served as an official in numerous federal commissions and councils. The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. ABC and BBC news consider Rumsfeld to be the most controversial defense secretary in US history. This article is about the American news organization See also ABC News (disambiguation ABC News is a division of American ^[2][3][4]

Background and family

Youth

Donald Rumsfeld was born on July 9, 1932 in Evanston, Illinois, to George Donald Rumsfeld (Illinois, 10 October 1904 – September 1974) and Jeannette Huster (Illinois, 27 May 1903 – 3 May 1988). Evanston Illinois is an affluent suburban Chicago Municipality on Lake Michigan on the North Shore in Cook County, Illinois directly The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) His great-grandfather Johann Heinrich Rumsfeld emigrated from Weyhe near Bremen in Northern Germany in 1876. Weyhe is a municipality in the district of Diepholz, Lower Saxony, Germany. Bremen (ˈbʁeːmən is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany (official name Stadtgemeinde Bremen / City Municipality of Bremen Northern Germany is the geographic area in the north of Germany. ^[5] Rumsfeld grew up in Winnetka, Illinois. Winnetka is a Village located approximately 19 mi (30 km north of downtown Chicago in Cook County, Illinois.

Rumsfeld became an Eagle Scout in 1949 and is the recipient of both the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. Eagle Scout is the highest rank attainable in the Boy Scouting program of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA The Distinguished Eagle Scout Award (DESA is a distinguished service award of the Boy Scouts of America. The Boy Scouts of America ( BSA) is the largest youth organization in the United States with over five million ^[6] and their Silver Buffalo Award in 2006. The Silver Buffalo Award is the national-level distinguished service award of the Boy Scouts of America. He was a ranger at Philmont Scout Ranch in 1949. ^[7] Rumsfeld would later buy a vacation house 30 miles (48 km) west of Philmont at Taos, New Mexico. Taos (ˈtaʊs is a town in Taos County in the north-central region of New Mexico. ^[8]

Education

Rumsfeld went to Baker Demonstration School for middle school and graduated from New Trier High School. Baker Demonstration School is a Private school located in Wilmette Illinois. New Trier High School (also known as New Trier Township High School or NTHS) is a public four-year High school with its major campus located He attended Princeton University on academic and NROTC scholarships (A. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. The Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps ( NROTC) program is a College -based Commissioned officers recruitment tool of the United States Navy B. , 1954). In extracurricular activities he was an accomplished amateur wrestler and a member of the Lightweight Football team playing defensive back. Sprint football, formerly known as "150 pound football" is a varsity Sport played by United States colleges and universities under rules similar to In American football and Canadian football, defensive backs are the players on the defensive team who take positions somewhat back from the line of scrimmage they While at Princeton his roommate was another future Secretary of Defense Frank Carlucci. Frank Charles Carlucci III (born October 18 1930) is a former government official in the United States, associated with the Republican Party

His Princeton University senior thesis was titled "The Steel Seizure Case of 1952 and Its Effects on Presidential Powers. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co v Sawyer, 343 US 579 ( 1952) (also commonly referred to as The Steel Seizure Case), was a United "^[9]

In 1956 he attended Georgetown University Law Center, but did not graduate. Georgetown University Law Center ( Georgetown Law) is Georgetown University 's Law school, located in Washington D

Domestic life

Rumsfeld married Joyce H. Pierson (born September 18, 1932) on December 27, 1954. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) They have three children and six grandchildren. Their three children are psychologist Valerie J. Rumsfeld Richard (born March 3, 1956), housewife Marcy K. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Rumsfeld Walczak (born March 28, 1960), and Internet entrepreneur Donald Nicholas "Nick" Rumsfeld (born June 26, 1967). Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks An entrepreneur is a person who has possession over a company enterprise, or Venture, and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar.

Rumsfeld lives in St. Michaels, Maryland, in a former bed-and-breakfast that began its history as a plantation home named "Mount Misery. Bed and breakfast, also known as B&B, is a term originating in the United Kingdom, but now also used all over the world for an establishment that offers accommodation "^[10] The plantation is infamous as the site of the captivity of Frederick Douglass at the hands of the "slave breaker" Edward Covey. Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, February 14 1818 February 20 1895 was an American abolitionist, editor, Orator Edward Covey (1800s Edward Covey was an early 19th-century American slaveholder.

Military service

Rumsfeld served in the U.S. Navy from 1954 to 1957 as a naval aviator and flight instructor. A United States Naval Aviator is a pilot in the United States Navy, Marine Corps or Coast Guard. His initial training was in the North American SNJ Texan basic trainer after which he transitioned to flying the Grumman F9F Panther fighter. North American Aviation was a major US Aircraft manufacturer, responsible for a number of historic aircraft including the T-6 Texan trainer the WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, later Grumman Aerospace Corporation, was a leading 20th century U WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout In 1957, he transferred to the Naval Reserve and continued his naval service in flying and administrative assignments as a drilling reservist until 1975. The United States Navy Reserve, until 2005 known as the United States Naval Reserve, is the reserve component of the United States Navy. He transferred to the Individual Ready Reserve when he became Secretary of Defense in 1975 and retired with the rank of Captain in 1989. The Individual Ready Reserve ("IRR" is a category of the Reserve Component of the Armed Forces of the United States composed of former active duty or reserve military For information specifically on the Royal Navy rank of captain see Captain (Royal Navy. "^[11]

Early political career

In 1957, during the Eisenhower administration, he served as Administrative Assistant to David S. Dennison, Jr., a Congressman representing the 11th district of Ohio. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general David Dennison redirects here For the Irish cricketer called David Dennison see David Dennison (cricketer David Short Dennison Jr In 1959, Rumsfeld then moved on to become a staff assistant to Congressman Robert P. Griffin of Michigan. Robert Paul Griffin (born November 6, 1923) was a US Representative and U Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. ^[12]

After a two-year stint with investment banking firm A. G. Becker from 1960 to 1962,^[13] he was elected to the United States House of Representatives for Illinois' 13th congressional district in 1962, at the age of 30, and was re-elected by large majorities in 1964, 1966, and 1968. A G Becker & Co Inc was an Investment bank based in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The 13th Congressional District of Illinois covers the southwest suburbs of Chicago, including portions of the Cook, DuPage, ^[14]

In the Congress, he served on the Joint Economic Committee, the Committee on Science and Aeronautics, and the Government Operations Committee, as well as the Subcommittees on Military and Foreign Operations. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses He was also a co-founder of the Japanese-American Inter-Parliamentary Council. ^[15]

Rumsfeld, who used to attend seminars at the University of Chicago, early became a staunch supporter of the economist Milton Friedman and the Chicago School of Economics^[16] and can be seen in Friedman's PBS series Free to Choose. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. Milton Friedman (July 31 1912 November 16 2006 was an American Nobel Laureate Economist and Public intellectual. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Free to Choose is both a book (ISBN 978-0-15-633460-0 and a ten-part Television series, advocating US Free market policy ^[17]

Career

Nixon Administration

Rumsfeld resigned from Congress in 1969 — his fourth term — to serve in the Nixon administration as Director of the United States Office of Economic Opportunity, Assistant to the President, and a member of the President's Cabinet (1969–1970); named Counselor to the President in December 1970, Director of the Economic Stabilization Program; and member of the President's Cabinet (1971–1972). The Office of Economic Opportunity was the agency responsible for administering most of the War on Poverty programs created as part of United States President The Executive Office of the President ( EOP) consists of the immediate staff of the President of the United States, as well as multiple levels of support staff reporting The Economic Stabilization Act of 1970 was a United States law that authorized the President to stabilize Prices, Rents, Wages

In 1971 President Nixon was recorded saying about Rumsfeld "at least Rummy is tough enough" and "He's a ruthless little bastard. You can be sure of that. "^[18] In February 1973, Rumsfeld left Washington to serve as U.S. Ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Brussels, Belgium. This article contains several lists of Ambassadors from the United States. The North Atlantic Treaty Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those He served as the United States' Permanent Representative to the North Atlantic Council and the Defense Planning Committee, and the Nuclear Planning Group. In this capacity, he represented the United States in wide-ranging military and diplomatic matters.

Ford Administration

Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld (left) and White House Chief of Staff Dick Cheney (right) meeting with President Gerald Ford, April 1975. Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President

In August, 1974, he was called back to Washington to serve as transition chairman for the new president, Gerald R. Ford. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President He had been Ford's confidant since their days in the U. S. House when Ford was House minority leader. Later in Ford's presidency, Rumsfeld became White House Chief of Staff, where he served from 1974 to 1975. The White House Chief of Staff is the highest-ranking member of the Executive Office of the President of the United States and a senior aide to the President In October of 1975, Ford named Rumsfeld to become the 13th U. S. Secretary of Defense at the same time he nominated George H. W. Bush to become Director of the CIA. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all According to Bob Woodward's 2002 book "Bush at War," a rivalry developed between the two men and "Bush senior was convinced that Rumsfeld was pushing him out to the CIA to end his political career. Robert "Bob" Upshur Woodward (born March 26, 1943) is an assistant managing editor of The Washington Post. "^[19]

At the Pentagon, Rumsfeld oversaw the transition to an all-volunteer military and, although he supported the Ford administration's efforts at détente, he sought to reverse the gradual decline in the defense budget and to build up U. Détente is a French term meaning a relaxing or easing the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s S. strategic and conventional forces. He asserted, along with Team B (which he helped to set up^[20]), that trends in comparative U. Team B was a competitive analysis exercise commissioned by the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1970s to analyze threats the Soviet Union posed to the S. -Soviet military strength had not favored the United States for 15 to 20 years and that, if continued, they "would have the effect of injecting a fundamental instability in the world. "^[11]

Secretary Rumsfeld, seated at the Cabinet table, laughing with President Gerald Ford in 1975. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President

In 1977, Rumsfeld was awarded the nation's highest civilian award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. The Presidential Medal of Freedom is a decoration bestowed by the President of the United States and is along with the equivalent Congressional Gold Medal bestowed ^[21]

Private career

In early 1977 Rumsfeld briefly lectured at Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School and Northwestern's Kellogg School of Management, in Evanston, Illinois. The Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs (often truncated to Woodrow Wilson School or abbreviated WWS; known as "Woody Woo" in The Kellogg School of Management ( The Kellogg School or Kellogg) is the Business school of Northwestern University located in Evanston Evanston Illinois is an affluent suburban Chicago Municipality on Lake Michigan on the North Shore in Cook County, Illinois directly

From 1977 to 1985 Rumsfeld served as Chief Executive Officer, President, and then Chairman of G.D. Searle & Company, a worldwide pharmaceutical company based in Skokie, Illinois, whose products included, among others, Metamucil, Dramamine, Aspartame, and the oral contraceptive pill Enovid. GD Searle & Company or just Searle was a company focusing on life sciences specifically pharmaceuticals agriculture and animal health Skokie (formerly Niles Center is a Village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. Metamucil is a bulk-producing Laxative and fiber supplement manufactured by Procter & Gamble. Dimenhydrinate (marketed under brand names Dramamine, Gravol and Vertirosan) is an Over-the-counter drug used to prevent Nausea Aspartame (or APM) (ˈæspɚteɪm or /əˈspɑrteɪm/ is the name for an artificial non- Saccharide Sweetener, aspartyl-phenylalanine-1-methyl During his tenure at Searle, Rumsfeld led the company's financial turnaround that in turn earned him awards as the Outstanding Chief Executive Officer in the Pharmaceutical Industry from the Wall Street Transcript (1980) and Financial World (1981). Rumsfeld is believed to have earned around $12 million from Searle's sale to Monsanto. The Monsanto Company ( is a multinational Agricultural biotechnology Corporation. ^[22]

It was under Rumsfeld that Searle got the Food and Drug Administration's approval for the controversial artificial sweetener, aspartame, which it marketed as NutraSweet. The Artificial sweetener Aspartame has been the subject of public Controversy regarding its safety and the circumstances around its approval Aspartame (or APM) (ˈæspɚteɪm or /əˈspɑrteɪm/ is the name for an artificial non- Saccharide Sweetener, aspartyl-phenylalanine-1-methyl NutraSweet is a company that makes and sells Aspartame, an artificial Sugar substitute. This was despite a previous 1980 FDA Board of Inquiry, composed of three independent scientists, which confirmed that it "might induce brain tumors. " It was given the go ahead after Reagan's new FDA commissioner, Arthur Hayes Hull, Jr added a 6th member to the review board, after the initial 5 members voted 3-2 to uphold the ban. ^{[22][23][24][25]}

From 1985 to 1990 he was in private business. During his business career, Rumsfeld continued public service in various posts, including:

• Member of the President's General Advisory Committee on Arms Control—Reagan Administration (1982–1986);
• President Reagan's Special Envoy on the Law of the Sea Treaty (1982–1983);
• Senior Advisor to President Reagan's Panel on Strategic Systems (1983–1984);
• Member of the U. S. Joint Advisory Commission on U. S. /Japan Relations—Reagan Administration (1983–1984);
• President Reagan's Special Envoy to the Middle East (1983–1984);
• Member of the National Commission on the Public Service (1987–1990);
• Member of the National Economic Commission (1988–1989);
• Member of the Board of Visitors of the National Defense University (1988–1992);
• Chairman Emeritus, Defense Contractor, Carlyle Group (1989–2005);
• Member of the Commission on U. S. /Japan Relations (1989–1991);
• Member of the Board of Directors for ABB Ltd. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. (1990–2001);
• FCC's High Definition Television Advisory Committee (1992–1993);
• Chairman, Commission on the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States (1998–1999);
• Member of the U. S. Trade Deficit Review Commission (1999–2000);
• Member of the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR);
• Chairman of the U. S. Commission to Assess National Security Space Management and Organization (2000);
• Honorary Vice-Chancellor of Yale University (2001), honoring Rumsfeld's U. S. foreign policy work.

Rumsfeld, at the time Ronald Reagan's special envoy to the Middle East, meeting with Saddam Hussein during a visit to Baghdad, Iraq in December, 1983, during the Iran-Iraq War. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. In later years, this image was downplayed by Rumsfeld and highlighted by his opponents, as relations with Hussein's regime deteriorated. (Video frame capture; see the complete video here. )

Rumsfeld served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of General Instrument Corporation from 1990 to 1993. General Instrument (GI was an Electronics Manufacturer based in Chicago, IL specializing in Semiconductors and Cable television A leader in broadband transmission, distribution, and access control technologies for cable, satellite and terrestrial broadcasting applications, the company pioneered the development of the first all-digital high-definition television (HDTV) technology. High-definition television (HDTV is a Digital television Broadcasting system with higher resolution than traditional television systems (standard-definition High-definition television (HDTV is a Digital television Broadcasting system with higher resolution than traditional television systems (standard-definition After taking the company public and returning it to profitability, Rumsfeld returned to private business in late 1993. From January 1997 until being sworn in as the 21st Secretary of Defense in January 2001, Rumsfeld served as Chairman of Gilead Sciences, Inc. He was also a board member of the RAND Corporation. Gilead Sciences is a Biopharmaceutical company that discovers develops and commercializes Therapeutics to advance the care of patients suffering from life-threatening The RAND Corporation ( R esearch AN d D evelopment is a Nonprofit global policy Think tank first formed to offer research and analysis

Rumsfeld served as United Way Inter-governmental Affairs Director in Washington, D.C. from 1986 to 1989. United Way of America, based in Alexandria Virginia, is a Non-profit organization that works with nearly 1300 local United Way offices throughout the country in Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D He was asked to serve the U.S. State Department as a "foreign policy consultant," a role he held from 1990 to 1993 concurrently with General Instrument Corporation CEO and ABB corporate board member. General Instrument (GI was an Electronics Manufacturer based in Chicago, IL specializing in Semiconductors and Cable television } ABB, formerly Asea Brown Boveri, is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Zürich, Switzerland, operating mainly in the power

ABB and North Korea

Rumsfeld sat on ABB's board from 1990 to 2001. } ABB, formerly Asea Brown Boveri, is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Zürich, Switzerland, operating mainly in the power ABB is a European engineering giant based in Zürich, Switzerland; formed through the merger between ASEA of Sweden and Brown Boveri of Switzerland. Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the ASEA ( Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget) was a Swedish industry company Brown Boveri & Cie (BBC was a Swiss group of Electrical engineering company In 2000 this company sold two light water nuclear reactors to KEDO for installation in North Korea, as part of the 1994 agreed framework reached under President Bill Clinton. Executive Directors Stephen W Bosworth 1995-1997 * Desaix Anderson 1997-2001 * Charles Kartman 2001-2005 See also North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, The Agreed Framework between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was signed on October 21 1994 between North Korea ( DPRK) and William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States

The sale of the nuclear technology was a high-profile contract. ABB's then chief executive, Göran Lindahl, visited North Korea in November 1999 to announce ABB's "wide-ranging, long-term cooperation agreement" with the communist government. Rumsfeld's office said that the Secretary of Defense did not "recall it being brought before the board at any time. " But ABB spokesman Björn Edlund told Fortune that "board members were informed about this project. Fortune is a Global Business Magazine published by Time Inc's Fortune|Money Group "^[26]

Reagan Administration

During his period as Reagan's Special Envoy to the Middle East (November 1983–May 1984), Rumsfeld was the most senior conduit for crucial American military intelligence, hardware and strategic advice to Saddam Hussein, then fighting Iran in the Iran-Iraq war. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The United States' pro-Iraq policy was adopted when the tide of the Iran-Iraq war turned strongly in Iran's favor, and it looked as if Iran might overrun Iraq completely. Although the United States was hesitant to support a Soviet client state, the prospect of greatly expanded Shia influence in the region outweighed these concerns. When Rumsfeld visited Baghdad on December 19–December 20, 1983, he and Saddam Hussein had a 90-minute discussion that covered Syria's occupation of Lebanon, preventing Syrian and Iranian expansion, preventing arms sales to Iran by foreign countries, increasing Iraqi oil production via a possible new oil pipeline across Jordan. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern According to declassified U. S. State Department documents Rumsfeld also informed Tariq Aziz (Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister) that: "Our efforts to assist were inhibited by certain things that made it difficult for us . Mikhail Yuhanna (ميخائيل يوحنا Mīḫāʾīl Yūḥannā) later and more popularly known as Tariq Aziz or Tareq Aziz, (طارق عزيز . . citing the use of chemical weapons. "^[27] Rumsfeld brought many gifts from the Reagan administration to Saddam Hussein. These gifts included pistols, medieval spiked hammers and a pair of golden cowboy spurs. Until the 1991 Gulf war these were all displayed at Saddam Hussein's Victory Museum in Baghdad which held all the gifts bestowed on Saddam by friendly national leaders. ^[28]

During his brief bid for the 1988 Republican nomination, Rumsfeld stated that restoring full relations with Iraq was one of his best achievements. This was not a particularly controversial position at the time, when U. S. policy considered supporting a totalitarian yet secular Iraq an effective bulwark against the expansion of Iranian revolutionary Islamist influence. Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private Secularity ( adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from Religion. A revolutionary when used as a noun is a person who either actively engages in some kind of Revolution, or advocates the revolution with recognition from some government or Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only

George H. W. Bush and Clinton years

As a member of the National Academy of Public Administration and a member of the boards of trustees of the Gerald R. Ford Foundation, the Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships, the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, and the National Park Foundation. The Hoover Institution on War Revolution and Peace is a libertarian Public policy Think tank and Library founded in 1919 by U Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in The National Park Foundation, was given a Congressional charter on December 18 1967 in. He was also a member of the U. S. /Russia Business Forum and Chairman of the Congressional Leadership's National Security Advisory Group.

Rumsfeld was a founder and active member of the Project for the New American Century, a neo-conservative think tank dedicated to maintaining US Primacy. The Project for the New American Century (PNAC was an American neoconservative Think tank based in Washington D On January 29, 1998, he signed a PNAC letter calling for President Bill Clinton to implement "regime change" in Iraq. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States ^[29]

From January to July 1998 Rumsfeld chaired the nine-member Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States. The Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States, also called the Rumsfeld Commission, was an independent commission formed by the US Congress They concluded that Iraq, Iran, and North Korea could develop intercontinental ballistic missile capabilities in five to ten years and that U. S. intelligence would have little warning before such systems were deployed. ^[30]

Opposing effort to release Jonathan Pollard

Rumsfeld has long been an opponent of the release or sentence commutation of convicted spy Jonathan Pollard. Jonathan Jay Pollard (born August 7, 1954 in Galveston, Texas) is a convicted Israeli Spy and a former United States In late 1998, in response to media reports that President Clinton was considering issuing a pardon to Pollard, Rumsfeld sent a letter to President Clinton, urging him not to grant clemency. According to Rumsfeld, seven former U. S. Secretaries of Defense signed the letter urging Clinton not to pardon Pollard or commute his sentence. Eventually, President Clinton decided against granting Pollard clemency. (See letter on right. )

Presidential and Vice Presidential aspirations

During 1976 Republican National Convention Secretary Rumsfeld received one vote for Vice President of the United States, although he did not seek office, and nomination went easily for Ford's choice, Senator Bob Dole. The 1976 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States met at Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri, from The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (born July 22 1923 is an attorney and retired United States Senator from Kansas from 1969–1996 serving part of that time ^[31] During 1980 Republican National Convention he also received one vote for V. The 1980 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States convened at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit Michigan, from July 14 P. ^[32]

Rumsfeld briefly sought Presidential nomination in 1988, but withdrew from race before primaries began and received no vote. -->The United States presidential election of 1988 featured an open primary for both major parties ^[33]

During 1996 election he initially formed a presidential campaign exploratory committee, but declined to formally enter the race. The United States presidential election of 1996 was a contest between the Democratic national ticket of President Bill Clinton of Arkansas and Vice

George W. Bush Administration

Rumsfeld is sworn in by David O. Cooke as Secretary of Defense, January 20, 2001. David O "Doc" Cooke ( August 31, 1920 &ndash June 22, 2002) was a United States Department of Defense civilian administrator Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.

Rumsfeld was named Defense Secretary soon after President George W. Bush took office in 2001. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. He immediately announced a series of sweeping reviews intended to transform the U. S. military into a lighter force. These studies were led by Pentagon analyst Andrew Marshall. Andrew W Marshall (born 1921 is the director of the United States Department of Defense 's Office of Net Assessment.

Donald Rumsfeld with Dick Cheney. Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States.

Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, Rumsfeld led the military planning and execution of the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan and the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia Rumsfeld pushed hard to send as small a force as possible to both conflicts, a concept codified as the Rumsfeld Doctrine. The " Rumsfeld Doctrine " named after former United States Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, is a Neologism created by journalists concerned

Rumsfeld's plan resulted in a lightning invasion that took Baghdad in well under a month with very few American casualties. Many government buildings, plus major museums, electrical generation infrastructure, and even oil equipment were looted and vandalized during the transition from the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime to the establishment of the Coalition Provisional Authority. The Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA سلطة الائتلاف الموحدة was established as a Transitional government following the A violent insurrection began shortly after the occupation started. The Iraqi insurgency is composed of diverse mix of militias foreign fighters all Iraqi units or mixtures using violent measures against the US-led Coalition in Iraq

After the German and French governments voiced opposition to invading Iraq, Rumsfeld labeled these countries as part of "Old Europe", implying that countries that supported the war were part of a newer, modern Europe. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Old Europe is a term that was popularized in January 2003 after then-U ^[34]

Rumsfeld is received by Vladimir Putin at the Kremlin in November 2001. Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, USSR; now Saint Petersburg, Russia was the second President of Russia

He gave more press conferences than his predecessors. The BBC Radio 4 current affairs program Broadcasting House had been so taken by Rumsfeld's various remarks that it once held a regular slot called "The Donald Rumsfeld sound bite of the Week" in which they played his most amusing comment from that week. Broadcasting House is a current affairs programme on BBC Radio 4, presented by Paddy O'Connell. A sound bite is an audiolinguistic and social communications phenomenon whose nature was recognized in the late 20th century helped by people such as Marshall McLuhan.

Bush retained Rumsfeld after his 2004 presidential re-election. In December 2004, Rumsfeld came under fire after a "town-hall" meeting with U. S. troops where he responded to a soldier's comments about inferior military equipment by saying "you go to war with the Army you have, not the Army you want. "

September 11, 2001

Rumsfeld and New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani speak at the site of the World Trade Center disaster in Lower Manhattan, on November 14, 2001. The City of New York A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government KBE Per, "Postnominal letters should be included when they are issued by a country or organization the subject has been closely associated with Lower Manhattan (or downtown Manhattan) is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan, the main island and center of business and government of the Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.

Rumsfeld with former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher General Peter Pace. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 Peter Pace (born November 5, 1945 in Brooklyn, New York) was the 16th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the

Rumsfeld's activities during the September 11, 2001 attacks were outlined in a Pentagon press briefing on September 15, 2001. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Within three hours of the start of the first hijacking and two hours of American Airlines Flight 11 striking the World Trade Center, Rumsfeld raised the defense condition signaling of the United States offensive readiness to DEFCON 3; the highest it had been since the Arab-Israeli war in 1973. The DEFense readiness CONdition ( DEFCON) is a measure of the activation and readiness level of the United States Armed Forces. The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום ^[35]

Run-up to Iraq

Approximately five hours after the attack on the World Trade Center, Rumsfeld told aides he wanted the; "best info fast. Judge whether good enough hit S. H. [Saddam Hussein] at same time. Not only OBL [Osama bin Laden]. "^[36][37]

Rumsfeld also made many public statements regarding Iraq's alleged weapons of mass destruction, weapons which were never found. ^[38]

Curiously, Rumsfeld has attempted to escape responsibility for the Iraq War, stating he was only carrying out the policies of others. But the record is clear from beginning to end that Rumsfeld was one of the lead drivers in the decision to invade Iraq.

Military decisions

Rumsfeld stirred controversy by quarreling for months with the CIA over who had the authority to fire Hellfire missiles from Predator drones, although according to The 9/11 Commission Report, the armed Predator was not ready for deployment until early 2002. The AGM-114 Hellfire is a multi-platform multi-target United States modular Missile system WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[39]

Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon note:

Following September 11, 2001, Rumsfeld was in a meeting whose subject was the review of the Department of Defense's (Contingency) Plan in the event of a war with Iraq (U. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. S. Central Command OPLAN 1003-98). The plan (as it was then conceived) contemplated troop levels of up to 500,000, which Rumsfeld opined was far too many. Gordon and Trainor wrote:

In Rumsfeld's final television interview as Secretary of Defense, he responded to a question by Brit Hume as to whether he pressed General Tommy Franks to lower his request for 400,000 troops for the Iraq War by stating:

Rumsfeld told Hume that Franks ultimately decided against such a troop level. By 2007 it had become commonly accepted amongst Army leadership that the war in Iraq had been initiated with too few troops. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/13/us/13cnd-army.html?pagewanted=1&hp

Role in US public relations effort

An April 2006 memo lists instructions to Pentagon staff including:

Rumsfeld was deliberate in crafting the propaganda message to target the public. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people People will "rally" to the word "sacrifice," Rumsfeld noted after a meeting. "They are looking for leadership. Sacrifice = Victory. " In May 2004, Rumsfeld considered whether to redefine the war on terrorism as a fight against "worldwide insurgency. " He advised aides "to test what the results could be" if the war on terrorism were renamed. ^[44] Rumsfeld also ordered specific public Pentagon attacks and responses to US newspaper columns that reported the negative aspects of the war, which he often personally reviewed before being sent. ^[45]

In October 2003, Rumsfeld personally approved a secret Pentagon "roadmap" on war propaganda, which calls for "boundaries" between information operations abroad and the news media at home, but provides for no such limits. The Roadmap advances a policy according to which as long as the US government does not intentionally target the American public, it does not matter that psychological operations, PSYOP, reaches the American public. Psychological Operations ( PSYOP, PSYOPS) are techniques used by Military and Police forces to influence a target audience's value The Roadmap acknowledges that "information intended for foreign audiences, including public diplomacy and PSYOP, increasingly is consumed by our domestic audience" but argues that "the distinction between foreign and domestic audiences becomes more a question of USG [U. S. government] intent rather than information dissemination practices. "^[46]

Prisoner abuse

Rumsfeld vigorously defended the Bush administration's decision to detain alleged illegal enemy combatants without protection under the Third Geneva Convention, because the Article 4 of the Convention limits rights to those who fight in uniform, under a defined command structure, and carry arms openly. The Third Geneva Convention (or GCIII) of 1949 one of the Geneva Conventions, is a treaty agreement that primarily concerns the treatment of Prisoners of There was nonetheless a large amount of pressure to apply the Geneva Conventions to cover these illegal combatants by many international bodies. The Geneva Conventions consist of four Treaties formulated in Geneva, Switzerland, that set the standards for International law for humanitarian An unlawful combatant or unprivileged combatant/belligerent is a Civilian who directly engages in armed conflict under the International Humanitarian Law Critics feel that Rumsfeld should have been held personally responsible for the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal. Beginning in 2004 accounts of Abuse, Torture, Sodomy and Homicide of Prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq Rumsfeld himself said, "These events occurred on my watch as secretary of defense. I am accountable for them. "^[47] US military investigations into the matters did not find him responsible for any wrongdoing.

In November 2006, the former U. S. Army Brigadier General Janis Karpinski, in charge of Abu Ghraib prison until early 2004, told Spain's El Pais newspaper she had seen a letter apparently signed by Rumsfeld that allowed civilian contractors to use techniques such as sleep deprivation during interrogation. Janis Leigh Karpinski (born May 25, 1953, Rahway New Jersey) is a central figure in the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal The city of Abu Ghraib ( Arabic: أبو غريب Abū Ghurayb Sleep deprivation is a general lack of the necessary amount of Sleep. "The methods consisted of making prisoners stand for long periods, sleep deprivation . . . playing music at full volume, having to sit in uncomfortably . . . Rumsfeld authorised these specific techniques. " She said that this was contrary to the Geneva Convention and quoted from the same "Prisoners of war who refuse to answer may not be threatened, insulted, or exposed to any unpleasant or disadvantageous treatment of any kind". The Geneva Conventions consist of four Treaties formulated in Geneva, Switzerland, that set the standards for International law for humanitarian According to Karpinski, the handwritten signature was above his printed name and in the same handwriting in the margin was written: "Make sure this is accomplished". According to the February 16th 2008 edition of The Economist magazine, Rumsfeld also wrote in a 2002 memo; "I stand for 8-10 hours a day. The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London Why is standing (by prisoners) limited to four hours?" There have been no comments from either the Pentagon or U. The Pentagon is the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia. S. Army spokespeople in Iraq on Karpinski's accusations. ^[48]

Condolence letters

In December 2004, Rumsfeld was heavily criticized for using a signing machine instead of personally signing over 1000 letters of condolence to the families of soldiers killed in action in Iraq and Afghanistan. An Autopen is a machine for automatically signing a signature as an Autograph. He promised to personally sign all letters in the future. ^[49][50]

Tamiflu

Rumsfeld, then-National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice, and then-Secretary of State Colin Powell listen to President George W. Bush speak. Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary MSC, (born April 5, 1937) is a retired General in the United States Army. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States.

From January 1997 until being sworn in as the 21st Secretary of Defense in January 2001, Rumsfeld was Chairman of the Board of Gilead Sciences, which is the developer of Tamiflu (Oseltamivir), which is used in the treatment of bird flu. Gilead Sciences is a Biopharmaceutical company that discovers develops and commercializes Therapeutics to advance the care of patients suffering from life-threatening Oseltamivir ( INN) (ɒsəlˈtæmɨvɪr is an Antiviral drug that is used in the treatment and Prophylaxis of both Influenzavirus A and Influenzavirus Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause ^[51] Several news sources have published stories implying that Rumsfeld profits from sales of Tamiflu to the U. Oseltamivir ( INN) (ɒsəlˈtæmɨvɪr is an Antiviral drug that is used in the treatment and Prophylaxis of both Influenzavirus A and Influenzavirus S. Government while he is in office, although they note that he has recused himself from any decisions involving Gilead and also had the Pentagon's General Counsel issue additional instructions outlining what he could and could not be involved in if there were an avian flu pandemic and the Pentagon had to respond. Judicial disqualification, also referred to as recusal, refers to the act of abstaining from participation in an official action such as a legal proceeding A general counsel is the chief Lawyer of a legal department usually in a corporation or government department ^[52][53][54]

War critics

Rumsfeld has come under fire for his remarks at the American Legion's national convention when he accused critics of the Bush administration's Iraq and counter-terrorism policies of "trying to appease a new type of fascism. For other uses of American Legion see American Legion (disambiguation The American Legion was chartered by the U The Presidency of George W Bush began on his inauguration on January 20, 2001 as the 43rd and current President of the United States of America Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology "^[55] Also, Rumsfeld claimed that the administration's critics have "moral and intellectual confusion" about what threatens the nation's security and accused them of lacking the courage to fight back. ^[56][57]

Ray McGovern

In May 2006, Rumsfeld was grilled during a question and answer session in Atlanta by Ray McGovern, an anti-war activist who spent 27 years as a CIA analyst. For the New York politician see J Raymond McGovern. Raymond McGovern (born 1939 is a retired CIA officer turned political activist The session was aired on national television. [3][4]

RAY McGOVERN: And so, I would like to ask you to be up front with the American people. Why did you lie to get us into a war that was not necessary and that has caused these kinds of casualties? Why?

DONALD RUMSFELD: Well, first of all, I haven’t lied. I did not lie then. Colin Powell didn't lie. He spent weeks and weeks with the Central Intelligence Agency people and prepared a presentation that I know he believed was accurate, and he presented that to the United Nations. The President spent weeks and weeks with the Central Intelligence people, and he went to the American people and made a presentation. I'm not in the intelligence business. They gave the world their honest opinion. It appears that there were not weapons of mass destruction there.

RAY McGOVERN: You said you knew where they were?

DONALD RUMSFELD: I did not. I said I knew where suspect sites were, and we were --

RAY McGOVERN: You said you knew where they were, “near Tikrit, near Baghdad, and northeast, south and west of there. Tikrit (تكريت Tikrīt also transliterated as Takrit or Tekrit) is a town in Iraq, located ” Those were your words. (McGovern was quoting a 2003 Rumsfeld appearance on ABC‘s This Week[5]

Rumsfeld's original remarks in his 2003 ABC appearance included the following addition:

I would also add, we saw from the air that there were dozens of trucks that went into that facility after the existence of it became public in the press and they moved things out. They dispersed them and took them away. So there may be nothing left. I don't know that. But it's way too soon to know. The exploitation (sic) is just starting. [6][7]

Calls for resignation

In an unprecedented move in modern US history, eight retired generals and admirals called for Rumsfeld to resign in early 2006 in what was called the "Generals Revolt", mostly because of disgust at what they regarded as his abysmal military planning and lack of strategic competence. ^[58][59][60] Rumsfeld rebuffed these criticisms, stating that "out of thousands and thousands of admirals and generals, if every time two or three people disagreed we changed the secretary of defense of the United States, it would be like a merry-go-round. "^[61] Conservative commentator Pat Buchanan reports that "Washington Post columnist David Ignatius, who travels often to Iraq and supports the war, says that the generals' and admirals' views mirror those of 75 percent of the officers in the field, and probably more. Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (born November 2 1938 is an American Political commentator, Author, syndicated Columnist David R Ignatius (born May 26, 1950) an American Journalist and Novelist. "^[62] President Bush responded to the criticism by stating that Rumsfeld is "exactly what is needed,"^[63] and also defended him in his controversial decider remark. A Bushism is any of a number of peculiar Words Phrases Pronunciations Malapropisms semantic or linguistic errors and gaffes that have occurred

Astroturf Generals

In 2008 the New York Times reported that Rumsfeld responded to the Generals Revolt by using a number of high ranking retired members of the Military as puppets. [8][9]

Resignation

Rumsfeld shakes President Bush's hand as he announces his resignation, November 8, 2006. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

On November 1, 2006, President Bush stated he would stand by Rumsfeld as defense secretary for the length of his term as president. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[64] Rumsfeld wrote a resignation letter dated November 6, and, per the stamp on the letter, Bush saw it on Election Day, November 7. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat ^[65] In the elections, the House and the Senate shifted to Democratic control. The 2006 United States midterm elections were held on Tuesday November 7 2006. After the elections, on November 8, Bush announced Rumsfeld would resign his position as Secretary of Defense. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Many Republicans were unhappy with the delay, believing they would have won more votes if voters had known Rumsfeld was resigning. ^[65]

Investigative journalist Robert Perry reported that Bush had asked Rumsfeld to resign because he disagreed with Bush's "surge" plan to escalate the war in Iraq, and had suggested in his November 6, 2006 memorandum to the president considering “an accelerated drawdown of U. Robert Perry (born South Wales is a television writer He was script-editor on the BBC Soap opera EastEnders, as well as writing for the television S. bases" and withdrawal of U. S. troops from their vulnerable locations^[66]

Bush nominated Robert Gates for the position. Robert Michael Gates (born September 25 1943) is currently serving as the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense. ^{[67][68][69][70]} At a press conference announcing the resignation of Rumsfeld and the nomination of Bob Gates, Bush claimed, "America is safer and the world is more secure because of the service and the leadership of Donald Rumsfeld. "^[71]

On December 18, 2006, Rumsfeld's resignation took effect and Robert Gates was sworn in as his successor. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Robert Michael Gates (born September 25 1943) is currently serving as the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense. One of his last actions as defense secretary was to pay a surprise visit to Iraq on December 10, 2006 to bid farewell to the United States military serving in Iraq. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[72]

Including his time serving as the 13th Secretary of Defense under President Ford from 1975 to 1977, Rumsfeld is the second-longest-serving Secretary of Defense in history, falling nine days short of becoming the longest-serving Pentagon chief (after the Vietnam-era Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara). Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Robert Strange McNamara (born June 9 1916 in Oakland, California) is an American business executive and former United States Secretary of Defense

In a farewell ceremony attended by President Bush on December 16, 2006, Rumsfeld's long-time political collaborator Vice President Dick Cheney called the secretary "the finest secretary of defense this nation has ever had. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States. "

Post-resignation activities

In the months after his resignation, Rumsfeld toured the New York publishing houses in preparation for a potential memoir[10]. The City of New York Such a book would reportedly be used by Rumsfeld to justify the military strategy used in Iraq under his watch. Military strategy is a National defence policy implemented by Military organisations to pursue desired strategic goals Derived from the Greek An agreement on a book deal has not been announced.

According to Time magazine, Rumsfeld is also in the early stages of establishing an educational foundation that would provide fellowships to talented individuals from the private sector who want to serve for some time in government. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Rumsfeld would finance the foundation. ^[73]

In September 2007, Rumsfeld received a one year appointment as a fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University,^[74] joining (among others) retired Army Gen. The Hoover Institution on War Revolution and Peace is a libertarian Public policy Think tank and Library founded in 1919 by U Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in John P. Abizaid, former commander of US forces in Iraq, and fellow conservatives George Shultz and Newt Gingrich. John Philip Abizaid (born 1 April 1951 جون أبي زيد is a retired General in the United States Army and former Commander of the United States Central George Pratt Shultz (born December 13 1920 served as the United States Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970 as the U Newton "Newt" Leroy Gingrich, (born Newton Leroy McPherson on June 17, 1943) is an American politician and author who served as the Speaker He will participate in the institution's new task force studying post-September 11 ideology and non-state terror.

Lawsuits

Pentagon database

Several New York teenagers brought a lawsuit against Rumsfeld in federal court over a Pentagon database of potential military recruits. The Pentagon defended the database as critical to national security, but the plaintiffs argue that the database retains information on people as young as 16 in violation of federal privacy laws. New York Civil Liberties Union director Donna Lieberman said, "On the one hand Congress has afforded broad latitude to collect information but on the other hand the Department of Defense has completely flouted those limits. "^[75]

Alleged torture

Civil actions

On March 1, 2005, the American Civil Liberties Union and Human Rights First filed a lawsuit against Rumsfeld in a federal court in Illinois on behalf of eight detainees who they say were subjected to torture and abuse by U. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU) consists of two separate Non-profit organizations the ACLU Foundation a 501(c(3 organization which focuses Human Rights First is a New York City -based association formerly known as the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. S. forces. It seeks compensatory damages on behalf of the eight men allegedly tortured and abused by U. S. military forces after being captured in Iraq and Afghanistan. ^[76] A federal judge dropped the charges against Rumsfeld citing the legal precedent that U. S. Government officials cannot be held personally responsible for actions committed while in office. ^[77]

On December 18, 2006, U. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. S. citizen Donald Vance filed suit against Rumsfeld and the U. Donald Vance is an American Navy veteran who was held in detention at Camp Cropper, the United States military 's maximum-security detention site S. government alleging illegal incarceration and torture he endured in Iraq. Vance, a former U. S. Navy sailor, went to Iraq as a civilian security-contractor for Shield Group Security (SGS). Shield Groups Security (SGS was an Iraqi company that provided protection for businesses and organizations He became an unpaid informant for the FBI, passing them evidence over a period of several months suggesting that SGS was engaged in illegal weapons trading with the Iraqi Interior Ministry. When Vance felt he was in grave danger, U. S. forces retrieved him from the Red Zone but subsequently detained him without charges for 97 days at Camp Cropper. Red Zone is a term designating unsafe areas in Iraq after the 2003 invasion by the United States, Britain, and other allies Camp Cropper Theater Internment Facility is a holding facility for security detainees operated by the United States Army near Baghdad International Airport in Vance's lawsuit against Rumsfeld and the U. S. Government alleges that during his detention he was tortured and his rights of habeas corpus were violated. Habeas corpus (ˈheɪbiəs ˈkɔɹpəs ( Latin: command that you have the body is the name of a legal action or Writ, through which a person can seek relief

Criminal charges sought

Criminal charges were sought in 2004 by Wolfgang Kaleck as well as Michael Ratner and Peter Weiss of the U. Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9 1932 is a United States Businessman, Politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President Michael Ratner (born 1943 Cleveland Ohio) is an Attorney, adjunct professor of Law at Columbia University Law School and president of the Peter Ulrich Weiss ( November 8, 1916 – May 10, 1982) was a German Writer, painter, and Artist S. -based Center for Constitutional Rights in German courts against Donald Rumsfeld for war crimes. The Center for Constitutional Rights ( CCR) is a non-profit legal advocacy organization based in New York City, New York, U Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. They were rejected by German Federal Public Prosecutor Kay Nehm with the explanation that criminal prosecution in the nations of the accused and the victims should be given priority. ^[78][79]

On 14 November 2006, 11 former prisoners of Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo were backed by over 30 human rights organizations in support of charges by Wolfgang Kaleck and the CCR lodged at the German Federal Attorney General (Generalbundesanwalt) against Rumsfeld, former CIA Director George Tenet, Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, Lieutenant General Ricardo Sanchez and a number of other high U. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Director of the Central Intelligence Agency ( D/CIA) serves as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency, which is part of the United States Intelligence George John Tenet (born January 5, 1953) was the Director of Central Intelligence for the United States Central Intelligence Agency The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement Alberto R Gonzales (born August 4 1955) was the 80th Attorney General of the United States. Lieutenant General is a Military rank used in many countries The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages where the title of Lieutenant General was held by the Lieutenant General Ricardo S Sanchez (born 1951 is a retired United States Army general who served as the V Corps commander of coalition forces S. officials. They invoke command responsibility in blaming the accused officials for various alleged human rights violations in Abu Ghraib in Iraq and Guantanamo Bay. Command responsibility, sometimes referred to as the Yamashita standard or the Medina standard, is the doctrine of hierarchical accountability in cases of The city of Abu Ghraib ( Arabic: أبو غريب Abū Ghurayb The Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp is a controversial United States Detention center operated by Joint Task Force Guantanamo since 2002 in Guantanamo According to a spokesmen of the agency Federal Public Prosecutor Monika Harms will examine the statement of claim now. ^[80][79] Notable co-plaintiffs include 1980 Nobel Peace Prize winner Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (Argentine), 2002 Nobel Peace Prize winner Martín Almada (Paraguay), Theo van Boven, the former United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (born November 26, 1931 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) was the recipient of the 1980 Nobel Peace Prize. Martín Almada (born 30 January 1937) is a lawyer writer and educationalist from Paraguay. Theo van Boven (born 1934) is a Dutch Jurist and Professor emeritus in International law. Special Rapporteur is a title given to individuals working on behalf of the United Nations who bear a specific mandate from the UN Human Rights Council (or the former Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally On March 15, 2007, the city council of Berkeley, California endorsed the war crimes complaint from Germany. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in Northern California, in the United States. [11]

Similar criminal charges are being sought in France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A complaint has been filed before a French court accusing Rumsfeld of authorizing and ordering torture. The complaint invokes the provisions of the United Nations Convention Against Torture, ratified by both the United States and France, which provides that signatory countries must prosecute a torturer or someone who knowingly oversees torturers, irrespective of where the torture occurred. The United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment is an international human rights instrument, under the purview of The complaint argues that both the U. S. and Iraq have failed to independently investigate the matter and therefore France is obligated to prosecute Rumsfeld. International Federation for Human Rights (La Fédération internationale des ligues des droits de l’Homme, FIDH) president Souhayr Belhassen said that “[France] has no choice but to open an investigation. The International Federation of Human Rights aka Fédération internationale des droits de l'homme (FIDH is a federation of non-governmental human rights organizations ”^[81] The complaint was registered at the office of the prosecutor of the Court of First Instance in Paris when Rumsfeld's personal presence in the city for a talk sponsored by the magazine Foreign Policy provided for French jurisdiction. Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P ^[81] Former U. S. Army Brigadier General Janis Karpinski, former commander of Abu Ghraib and other U. Janis Leigh Karpinski (born May 25, 1953, Rahway New Jersey) is a central figure in the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal The city of Abu Ghraib ( Arabic: أبو غريب Abū Ghurayb S. -run prisons in Iraq, submitted written testimony to the Paris Prosecutor for the plaintiffs’ case on Rumsfeld’s personal responsibility for the abuse of detainees. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. ^[82]

Ratner said of these developments that “We will not rest until those U. S. officials involved in torture are brought to justice. Rumsfeld must understand that he has no place to hide. ”^[81]

Human rights advocates pressing criminal charges against Rumsfeld are concerned that politics will trump the legal obligation of countries to prosecute torturers, and that thus, bowing to US government pressure, French prosecutors might refuse to lodge charges in court notwithstanding the law requiring that they do so. "I hope that the fight against impunity will not be sacrificed in the name of politics. We call on France to refuse to be a safe haven for criminals. ” said FIDH President Souhayr Belhassen.

Rumsfeld however left France two days later without being worried by the authorities. The prosecutor of Paris sent a letter several weeks later to the lawyers, alleging that according to current jurisprudence by the International Court of Justice, Rumsfeld could not be pursued. See also International Commission of Jurists The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; Cour The lawyers immediately pointed out that, in reality, the jurisprudence invoked was the ICJ Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), which concerned an incumbent minister, which was not Rumsfeld's case, while other jurisprudence (Pinochet's arrest) demonstrated the reverse. Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v General Augusto Pinochet was indicted in 1998 by the Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón, arrested in London and finally released by the UK government ^[83]

Criminal charges against Rumsfeld were also pressed in Sweden in 2007 and in Argentina in 2005. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. ^[82]

Electoral history

Illinois' 13th congressional district, 1962 (Republican primary)^[84]:

• Donald Rumsfeld - 47,037 (67. The 13th Congressional District of Illinois covers the southwest suburbs of Chicago, including portions of the Cook, DuPage, Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 71%)
• Marion E. Burks - 19,037 (27. 40%)
• Raymond Albert Morley - 2,187 (3. 15%)
• Edward L. Gordy

Illinois' 13th congressional district, 1962^[85]:

• Donald Rumsfeld (R) - 139,230 (63. The 13th Congressional District of Illinois covers the southwest suburbs of Chicago, including portions of the Cook, DuPage, Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 52%)
• John A. Kennedy (D) - 79,419 (36. 23%)
• Write-ins - 542 (0. A write-in candidate is a candidate in an Election whose name does not appear on the Ballot, but for whom voters may Vote nonetheless by writing in the 25%)

Illinois' 13th congressional district, 1964^[86]:

• Donald Rumsfeld (R) (inc. The 13th Congressional District of Illinois covers the southwest suburbs of Chicago, including portions of the Cook, DuPage, Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. ) - 165,129 (57. 82%)
• Lynn A. Williams (D) - 120,449 (42. 18%)

Illinois' 13th congressional district, 1966^[87]:

• Donald Rumsfeld (R) (inc. The 13th Congressional District of Illinois covers the southwest suburbs of Chicago, including portions of the Cook, DuPage, Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ) - 158,769 (76. 01%)
• James L. McCabe (D) - 50,107 (23. 99%)

Illinois' 13th congressional district, 1968^[88]:

• Donald Rumsfeld (R) (inc. The 13th Congressional District of Illinois covers the southwest suburbs of Chicago, including portions of the Cook, DuPage, Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ) - 186,714 (72. 74%)
• David C. Baylor (D) - 69,987 (27. 26%)

1976 Republican National Convention (Vice Presidential tally)^[89]:

• Bob Dole - 1,921 (85. The 1976 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States met at Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri, from Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (born July 22 1923 is an attorney and retired United States Senator from Kansas from 1969–1996 serving part of that time 04%)
• Abstaining - 103 (4. 56%)
• Jesse Helms - 103 (4. Jesse Alexander Helms Jr (October 18 1921 – July 4 2008 was a five-term Republican United States Senator from North Carolina who served as chairman 56%)
• Ronald Reagan - 27 (1. 20%)
• Phil Crane - 23 (1. Philip Miller "Phil" Crane (born November 3, 1930, in Chicago Illinois) is a former American politician 02%)
• John Grady - 19 (0. John Grady (June 18 1860 - July 15 1893 played one year of professional baseball for the 1884 Altoona Mountain Citys. 84%)
• Louis Frey - 9 (0. Louis Frey Jr, a Republican Politician and former member of the US House of Representatives from Florida 40%)
• Anne Armstrong - 6 (0. Anne Legendre Armstrong ( December 27 1927 - July 30 2008) was a United States Diplomat and Politician, and the 27%)
• Howard Baker - 6 (0. Howard Henry Baker Jr (born November 15, 1925) is a former Senate Majority Leader, Republican U 27%)
• William F. Buckley - 4 (0. William Frank Buckley Jr ( November 24 1925  – February 27 2008) was an American Author and conservative 18%)
• John B. Connally - 4 (0. John Bowden Connally Jr ( February 27 1917 June 15 1993) was a powerful American politician, serving as Governor 18%)
• David C. Treen - 4 (0. David Conner Treen Sr (born July 16, 1928) is a retired Attorney and Politician from Mandeville in St 18%)
• Alan Steelman - 3 (0. Alan Watson Steelman (born March 15, 1942) is a Dallas businessman who was a Republican congressman from Texas between 1973 and 1977 13%)
• Edmund Bauman - 2 (0. 09%)
• Bill Brock - 2 (0. William Emerson "Bill" Brock III (born November 23, 1930) is a former Republican United States Senator from Tennessee 09%)
• Paul Laxalt - 2 (0. Paul Dominique Laxalt (born August 2, 1922) was a Republican Governor and U 09%)
• Elliot Richardson - 2 (0. Elliot Lee Richardson ( July 20, 1920 &ndash December 31, 1999) was an American lawyer and politician who was a member of the cabinet 09%)
• Richard Schweiker - 2 (0. Richard Schultz Schweiker (born June 1 1926) is a former US Congressman and Senator representing the state of Pennsylvania 09%)
• William E. Simon - 2 (0. William Edward Simon ( November 27 1927 &ndash June 3 2000) was a businessman a Secretary of Treasury of the U 09%)
• Jack Wellborn - 2 (0. 09%)
• James Allen - 1 (0. James or Jim Allen may refer to James Allen (American football (b 04%)
• Ray Barnhardt - 1 (0. 04%)
• George H. W. Bush - 1 (0. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 04%)
• Pete Domenici - 1 (0. Pietro Vichi "Pete" Domenici (born May 7, 1932) is an American politician currently serving as a Republican Senator 04%)
• James B. Edwards - 1 (0. James Burrows Edwards (born June 24, 1927) is a Politician and administrator from South Carolina. 04%)
• Frank S. Glenn - 1 (0. 04%)
• David Keane - 1 (0. 04%)
• James McClure - 1 (0. Several notable people have been named James McClure: James H 04%)
• Nancy Palm - 1 (0. 04%)
• Donald Rumsfeld - 1 (0. 04%)
• John W. Sears - 1 (0. 04%)
• Roger Staubach - 1 (0. Roger Thomas Staubach, also known as Roger the Dodger, Captain Comeback, and Captain America, (born February 5, 1942 in Cincinnati 04%)
• Steve Symms - 1 (0. Steven Douglas Symms (born April 23 1938 in Nampa, Idaho) was a four-term congressman (1973–81 and two-term U 04%)

1980 Republican National Convention (Vice Presidential tally)^[90]:

• George H. W. Bush - 1,832 (93. The 1980 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States convened at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit Michigan, from July 14 George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 33%)
• Jesse Helms - 54 (2. Jesse Alexander Helms Jr (October 18 1921 – July 4 2008 was a five-term Republican United States Senator from North Carolina who served as chairman 75%)
• Jack Kemp - 42 (2. Jack French Kemp Jr (born July 13 1935 is an American politician and former professional American football player 14%)
• Phil Crane - 23 (1. Philip Miller "Phil" Crane (born November 3, 1930, in Chicago Illinois) is a former American politician 17%)
• James R. Thompson - 5 (0. James Robert Thompson Jr (born May 8, 1936) also known as "Big Jim Thompson" was the longest-serving Governor of the U 26%)
• John M. Ashbrook - 1 (0. John Milan Ashbrook ( September 21, 1928 – April 24, 1982) was an American Politician of the Republican Party 05%)
• Howard Baker - 1 (0. Howard Henry Baker Jr (born November 15, 1925) is a former Senate Majority Leader, Republican U 05%)
• Henry J. Hyde - 1 (0. Henry John Hyde ( April 18, 1924 &ndash November 29, 2007) an American politician was a Republican member of the 05%)
• Donald Rumsfeld - 1 (0. 05%)
• Eugene Schroeder - 1 (0. 05%)
• William E. Simon - 1 (0. William Edward Simon ( November 27 1927 &ndash June 3 2000) was a businessman a Secretary of Treasury of the U 05%)
• Guy Vander Jagt - 1 (0. Guy Adrian Vander Jagt ( August 26 1931 – June 22 2007) was a Republican member of the U 05%)

Awards

• The Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Ford (1977)
• From 1977 to 1985 he served as Chief Executive Officer, President, and then Chairman of G. The Presidential Medal of Freedom is a decoration bestowed by the President of the United States and is along with the equivalent Congressional Gold Medal bestowed D. Searle & Co. , a worldwide pharmaceutical company. The successful turnaround there earned him awards as the Outstanding Chief Executive Officer in the Pharmaceutical Industry from the Wall Street Transcript (1980) and Financial World (1981).
• Royal Order of the Intare by King Kigeli V of Rwanda. Royal Order of the Intare (Lion is the dynastic order of the Rwandan Monarchy King Kigeli V Ndahindurwa (born 1935 was the ruling King ( Mwami) of Rwanda from 1959 to 1961
• George C. Marshall Medal by the U. George Catlett Marshall Jr (December 31 1880 &ndash October 16 1959 was an American military leader Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of S. Army Association (1984)
• Woodrow Wilson Medal by Princeton University (1985)
• Dwight D. Eisenhower Medal (1993)
• Lone Sailor Award by the U. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general S. Navy Memorial Foundation (2002)
• Statesmanship Award by the U. S. Assoc of Former Members of Congress (2003)
• James H. Doolittle Award by the Hudson Institute (2003)
• Golden Raspberry Worst Supporting Actor Award for Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004)
• Gerald R. General James Harold "Jimmy" Doolittle USAF (14 December 1896 &ndash 27 September 1993 was an American Aviation pioneer The Hudson Institute is an American, non-profit, conservative Think tank founded in 1961 in Croton-on-Hudson New York, by Ford Medal presented by President Ford and the Ford Foundation (2004)^[91]
• Distinguished Eagle Scout Award by the Boy Scouts of America
• Union League of Philadelphia Gold Medal for Citizenship (2006)
• Claremont Institute Statesmanship Award (2007)
• Rumsfeld has been awarded 11 honorary degrees. The Ford Foundation is a Private foundation incorporated in Michigan and based in New York City created to fund programs that were chartered in 1936 by The Distinguished Eagle Scout Award (DESA is a distinguished service award of the Boy Scouts of America. The Boy Scouts of America ( BSA) is the largest youth organization in the United States with over five million A Union League is one of a number of organizations established in 1863 and 1864 during the American Civil War to promote loyalty to the Union The Claremont Institute is a conservative Think tank based in Claremont California.

Affiliation history

Institutional affiliations

• Center for Security Policy: Longtime associate; winner of the CSP's 1998 "Keeper of the Flame" award (5)
• Hoover Institution: Member, board of trustees
• Project for the New American Century: Signed PNAC's founding statement of principles as well as two policy letters on Iraq
• Freedom House: Board member
• RAND Corporation: Board member
• Committee for the Free World: Former chairman
• Bohemian Club: Member

Government posts, panels, and commissions

• Secretary of Defense (2001–06)
• U. The Center for Security Policy (CSP is a Washington DC Think tank that focuses on National security issues The Hoover Institution on War Revolution and Peace is a libertarian Public policy Think tank and Library founded in 1919 by U The Project for the New American Century (PNAC was an American neoconservative Think tank based in Washington D Freedom House is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Democracy, political The RAND Corporation ( R esearch AN d D evelopment is a Nonprofit global policy Think tank first formed to offer research and analysis The Committee for the Free World (CFW according to the August 1998 update by Group Watch, was founded in 1981 by Midge Decter who was the organization's executive The Bohemian Club is a prominent private club in San Francisco, California, USA. S. Commission to Assess National Security Space Management and Organization: Chairman (2000)
• U. S. Ballistic Missile Threat Commission: Chairman (1998)
• Secretary of Defense (1975–77)
• White House Chief of Staff in Ford administration (1974–75)
• U.S. Ambassador to NATO (1973–74)
• U.S. Congress: Representative from Illinois (1962–69)
• U.S. Navy: Various posts, including aviator (1954–57); reserves (1957–1975) Retired as a Navy Captain (1989)

Corporate connections and business interests

• Gilead Sciences: joined Gilead as a director in 1988 Chairman (1997–2001)
• General Instrument Corporation: Chairman and CEO (1990–93)
• G.D. Searle pharmaceutical company: CEO/Chairman/President (1977–1985)
• Bechtel Corporation: Was involved in Iraq-Bechtel negotiations in the 1980s on a pipeline project
• Gulfstream Aerospace: Former director
• Tribune Company: Former director
• Metricom, Inc. The White House Chief of Staff is the highest-ranking member of the Executive Office of the President of the United States and a senior aide to the President Gerald Ford served 29 months as President from 1974 to 1977 Accession When President Richard Nixon resigned in the wake of the Watergate scandal The United States Permanent Representative to NATO (commonly called the US Ambassador to NATO is the official representative of the United States to the North Atlantic Treaty The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. For information specifically on the Royal Navy rank of captain see Captain (Royal Navy. Gilead Sciences is a Biopharmaceutical company that discovers develops and commercializes Therapeutics to advance the care of patients suffering from life-threatening General Instrument (GI was an Electronics Manufacturer based in Chicago, IL specializing in Semiconductors and Cable television GD Searle & Company or just Searle was a company focusing on life sciences specifically pharmaceuticals agriculture and animal health Bechtel Corporation ( Bechtel Group) is the largest Engineering company in the United States, ranking as the 9th-largest privately owned company in the Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation is a producer of several models of jet Aircraft. The Tribune Company is a large American Multimedia Corporation based in Chicago Illinois. : Former director
• Sears, Roebuck and Co.: Former director
• ABB AB: Former director
• Kellogg Company: director 1985–199? while Carlos Gutierrez (x Cuba 1960) president CEO and chairman Kellogg until named Secretary Commerce under Bush from 2005

Education

• Princeton University: A. Sears Roebuck and Company, commonly known as Sears, is an American mid-range chain of International Department stores founded by Richard } ABB, formerly Asea Brown Boveri, is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Zürich, Switzerland, operating mainly in the power Kellogg Company (often referred to as simply Kellogg or Kellogg's, or even more formally Kellogg's of Battle Creek) is an American multinational Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. B. (1954)

Intellectual heritage

• John Boyd of OODA Loop fame. Colonel John (Richard Boyd ( January 23, 1927 &ndash March 9, 1997) was a United States Air Force fighter The OODA Loop (for Observe, Orient, Decide and Act) is a concept applied to the Combat operations process, often at Strategic

See also

• Agathidium rumsfeldi — a slime-mold beetle named after Rumsfeld
• U.S. Congressional Delegations from Illinois
• Old Europe — comment by Rumsfeld regarding Iraq-war participation
• Winkler v. Rumsfeld
• Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
• List of US Cabinet Secretaries who have held multiple cabinet positions
• Hillbilly armor — Rumsfeld questioned by a soldier about the use of "ad hoc" armor
• 'Known knowns' - quotation

References

External links

Works

• U.S. Secretary of Defense official transcripts archive
• Rumsfeld's Rules advice on government, business and life, January 29, 2001
• Strategic Imperatives in East Asia by Donald Rumsfeld (Heritage Foundation, 1998) ISBN B0006FCPRU
• Donald Rumsfeld's Project Syndicate op/eds

Biographies

• Donald Rumsfeld at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• White House Biography
• Department of Defense Biography
• Rumsfeld's War: The Untold Story of America's Anti-Terrorist Commander by Rowan Scarborough (Regnery Publishing, 2004) ISBN 0-89526-069-7
• Rumsfeld: A Personal Portrait by Midge Decter (Regan Books, 2003) ISBN 0-06-056091-6
• The Rumsfeld Way: The Leadership Wisdom of a Battle-Hardened Maverick by Jeffrey A. Krames (McGraw-Hill, 2002) ISBN 0-07-140641-7
• Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy by Andrew Cockburn (Scribners, 2007) ISBN 1-4165-3574-8

Documentary video

• PBS Frontline — Rumsfeld's War October 2004 documentary
• Video clip of Rumsfeld (as special U.S. envoy to Middle East) meeting Hussein

Articles profiling Rumsfeld

• The Life and Times of Donald Rumsfeld, PBS
• Washington Post — Rumsfeld's War archives 2001–2004
• Close-Up: Young Rumsfeld, James Mann, The Atlantic Monthly, November 2003
• Donald Rumsfeld: a Machiavellian Artist in Power Voltaire Network, October 2004
• The Donald Rumsfeld Library of Quotations, BBC Radio 4
• Biographer Andrew Cockburn on Rumsfeld at London Frontline Club May 2007. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Rue 89 is a French Website created by former journalists from Libération. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress is a Biographical dictionary of all present and former members of the United States Congress as Jeffrey A Krames is an American business author and the editorial director of Portfolio the business book imprint of The Penguin Group second largest trade The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the