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This article refers to the opera Don Carlos by Giuseppe Verdi (and its revised version, known in Italian as Don Carlo).
For other uses, see Don Carlos (disambiguation).

Don Carlos is a five-act Grand Opera composed by Giuseppe Verdi to a French language libretto by Camille du Locle and Joseph Méry, based on the dramatic play Don Carlos, Infant von Spanien ("Don Carlos, Infante of Spain") by Friedrich Schiller. Grand Opera is a genre of 19th-century Opera generally in four or five acts characterised by large-scale casts and orchestras and (in their original productions lavish and French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people A libretto is the text used in an extended Musical work such as an Opera, Operetta, Masque, sacred or secular Oratorio and Joseph Méry ( 1798 - June 16 1866) was an ardent Romanticist. Don Carlos ( German: Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien) is a historical Tragedy in five acts by Friedrich Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller krɪstɔf friːtʁɪç fɔn ʃɪləʁ/ʃɪlɐ (10 November 1759 9 May 1805 was a German Poet, Philosopher The story is based on conflicts in the life of Carlos, Prince of Asturias (1545-1568) after his betrothed Elisabeth of Valois was married instead to his father Philip II of Spain as part of the peace treaty ending the Italian War of 1551-1559 between the Houses of Habsburg and Valois. Several of the Carlist pretenders to the Spanish throne were also known as Don Carlos. Élisabeth of Valois ( April 2 1545 &ndash October 3 1568) was the eldest daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 The Italian War of 1551 ( 1551 – 1559) sometimes known as the Habsburg-Valois War, began when Henry II of France, who had succeeded See also France in the Middle Ages, Early Modern France Unexpected inheritance The Capetian dynasty seemed secure both during and It received its first performance at the Paris Opéra on 11 March 1867. The Académie Royale de Musique (French - Royal Academy of Music; first known as the Académie d’opéra) was the Music academy of Ancien regime Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting

Over the next twenty years, a number of cuts and additions were made to the opera, in consequence of which all sorts of permutations are available to directors and conductors. No other Verdi opera exists in so many versions. At its full-length (including the ballet and the cuts made before the first performance), it contains about four hours of music, and is easily Verdi's longest opera. [1]

Contents

Revisions and translation

Pre-première cuts and first published edition

Verdi made a number of cuts in 1866, after finishing the opera but before composing the ballet, simply because the work was becoming too long[2]. These comprised:

After the ballet had been composed, it emerged during the 1867 rehearsal period that, without further cuts, the opera would not finish before midnight (the time by which patrons would need to leave in order to catch the last trains to the Paris suburbs). South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. Verdi then authorised some further cuts, as follows:[3]

The opera, as first published at the time of the première, consisted of Verdi's original conception, minus all of the above cuts but including the ballet.

Further authorised and unauthorised Paris cuts

After the première and before leaving Paris, Verdi authorised the Opéra authorities to end Act 4, Scene 2 with the death of Posa (thus omitting the insurrection scene) if they thought fit. After his departure, further (unauthorised) cuts were apparently made during the remaining performances. [4]

First translation into Italian

A translation of Don Carlos into Italian was in preparation by Achille de Lauzières as early as the autumn of 1866, and Verdi insisted that the opera, still referred to as Don Carlos, be given in the same five act version plus ballet as at the Paris Opera. [5] This Italian translation - with some cuts and alterations - was presented first at the Royal Italian Opera House, Covent Garden in London (now the Royal Opera House) on 4 June 1867 (conductor: Michael Costa), and received its Italian premiere - uncut - at the Teatro Comunale di Bologna on 27 October of that year. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. WikipediaWikiProject Opera --> The Royal Opera House is an Opera house and major performing Sir Michael Andrew Angus Costa ( 14 February 1808 - 29 April 1884) was an Italian -born conductor and Composer The Teatro Comunale di Bologna is an Opera house in Bologna, Italy, and is one of the most important opera venues in Italy

Further revisions to the music and the text

Following an unsuccessful performance in Naples in 1871, Verdi was persuaded to visit the city for further performances in 1872-3, and he made two more modifications to the score:[6]

The idea of reducing the scope and scale of Don Carlos had originally come to Verdi in 1875, partly as a result of his having heard reports of productions, such as Costa's, which had removed Act 1 and the ballet and introduced cuts to other parts of the opera. By April 1882, he was in Paris where he was ready to make changes. He was already familiar with the work of Charles-Louis-Etienne Nuitter, who had worked on French translations of Macbeth, La forza del destino, and Aida with du Locle, and the three proceeded to spend nine months on major revisions of the French text and the music to create a 4-act version. Macbeth is an opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi, with an Italian Libretto by Francesco Maria Piave and additions by Andrea Maffei La forza del destino ( The Force of Destiny) is an Italian Opera by Giuseppe Verdi. This article is about the marketing term AIDA For other uses of the term see Aida (disambiguation. This omitted Act 1 and the ballet, and was completed by March 1883. [7]

Revised Italian translation

Don Carlo
Don Carlo

An Italian translation of this revised French text, re-using much of the original 1866 translation by de Lauzières, was made by Angelo Zanardini. The La Scala, Milan, première of the revision, now re-titled Don Carlo, took place on 10 January 1884. The Teatro alla Scala (or La Scala, as it is known in Milan, Italy, is one of the world's most famous Opera houses The theatre was Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year

Although Verdi had accepted the need to remove the first act, it seems that he changed his mind and allowed a performance on 29 December 1886 in Modena which presented the “Fontainebleau’’ first act along with the revised 4-act version. Modena (ˈmɔːdena Mòdna in Modenese dialect is a city and a Comune ( Municipality) on the south side of the Po valley, in the This version was published by Ricordi as “a new edition in five acts without ballet”. Giulio Ricordi ( December 19 1840 - June 6 1912) was an Italian editor and Musician. [8]

Subsequent performance history

Performances of Don Carlos/Don Carlo in the first half of the twentieth century were rare, but in the post Second World War period it has been regularly performed, particularly in the four-act 1883 'Milanese' version. Following the notable 1958 staging of the 1886 five-act Italian version at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden (director Luchino Visconti), this version has increasingly been performed elsewhere and has been recorded by, among others, Georg Solti and Carlo Maria Giulini. Luchino Visconti di Modrone, Count of Lonate Pozzolo ( November 2, 1906 - March 17, 1976) was an Italian WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Sir Georg Solti, KBE ( 21 October 1912 Carlo Maria Giulini ( May 9, 1914 &ndash June 14, 2005) was an Italian conductor, and violist.

Finally, stagings and recordings of the original five-act French version of the opera have become more frequent, performances having been given at the Teatro alla Scala in 1970 featuring Plácido Domingo with Katia Ricciarelli, at the Théâtre du Châtelet in 1996, with Roberto Alagna as Don Carlos (which has been released on CD and DVD), and at the San Francisco Opera in 2003. The Teatro alla Scala (or La Scala, as it is known in Milan, Italy, is one of the world's most famous Opera houses The theatre was WikipediaWikiProject Opera#Infoboxes --> José Plácido Domingo Embil KBE (born January 21, 1941) better Katia Ricciarelli (born January 16, 1946) is an Italian Soprano. The Théâtre du Châtelet is a Theatre and Opera house in Paris, France. WikipediaWikiProject Opera#Infoboxes --> Roberto Alagna (born June 7, 1963) is an French Operatic San Francisco Opera (SFO is the second largest Opera company in North America. A five-act version with the parts not performed in the first Paris première (all the pre-première cuts) was staged at Staatsoper, Vienna (2006) and at Liceu, Barcelona; its conductor was Bertrand de Billy. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Bertrand de Billy, (born 1965 in Paris) is a French conductor.

Roles

Role Voice type Premiere Cast
March 11, 1867[9]
(Conductor: Hainl)		 Revised version
Première Cast
January 10, 1884[10]
(Conductor: - )
Philip II, King of Spain bass Louis-Henri Obin Alessandro Silvestri
Don Carlos (Don Carlo), Infante of Spain tenor A. The tenor is the highest male voice within the Modal register, just above the Baritone voice Morère Francesco Tamagno
Rodrigue (Rodrigo), Marquis of Posa baritone Jean-Baptiste Faure Paolo Lhérie
The Grand Inquisitor bass David Francesco Navarini
Elisabeth of Valois soprano Marie-Constance Sass Abigaille Bruschi-Chiatti
Princess Eboli mezzo-soprano Pauline Gueymard-Lauters Giuseppina Pasqua
A monk bass Armand Castelmary Leopoldo Cromberg
Thibault (Tebaldo), page to Elisabeth soprano Leonia Leveilly Amelia Garten
A Voice from Heaven soprano
The Count of Lerma tenor Gaspard Angelo Fiorentini
Royal Herald tenor Mermant Angelo Fiorentini
Countess of Aremberg Silent Dominique
Flemish deputies, Inquisitors, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Spanish Court, the people, Pages, Guards, Monks, Soldiers - chorus

Synopsis

This synopsis is based on the original five-act version composed for Paris and completed in 1866. Francesco Tamagno ( 28 December 1850 &ndash 31 August 1905) was an Italian Operatic singer This article is related to a series of articles under the main article Voice type. Jean-Baptiste Faure ( 15 January, 1830 - 9 November, 1914) was a celebrated French Baritone and Composer This article is related to a series of articles under the main article Voice type. This article is related to a series of articles under the main article Voice type. Important changes for subsequent versions are noted in italics. First lines of arias, etc. , are given in French and Italian

Act 1

This Act was omitted in the 1883 revision

The Forest of Fontainebleau, France in winter

A prelude and chorus of woodcutters and their wives is heard. Fontainebleau is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. They complain of their hard life, made worse by war with Spain. Elisabeth, daughter of the King of France, arrives with her attendants. She reassures the people that her impending marriage to Don Carlos, son of the King of Spain, will bring the war to an end, and departs (This was cut before the Paris première and replaced by a short scene in which Elisabeth crosses the stage and hands out money to the woodcutters). Carlos, coming out from hiding, has seen Elisabeth and fallen in love with her (Aria: "Je l'ai vue" / "Io la vidi"). When she reappears, he initially pretends to be a member of the Count of Lerma's delegation, but then reveals his identity and his feelings, which she reciprocates (Duet: "De quels transports poignants et doux" / "Di quale amor, di quanto ardor"). A cannon-shot signifies that peace has been declared between Spain and France, and Thibault informs Elisabeth that her hand is to be claimed not by Carlos but by his father, Philip II. Lerma and his followers confirm this, and Elisabeth feels bound to accept, in order to consolidate the peace. She departs for Spain, leaving Carlos devastated.

Act 2

This Act is Act 1 in the 1883 revision

Scene 1: The monastery of Saint-Just (San Jerónimo de Yuste) in Spain

Monks pray for the soul of the Emperor Charles V. Yuste (aka Cuacos de Yuste, St Yuste, or St Just) is a small village in the province of Cáceres in the autonomous community of His grandson Don Carlos enters, anguished that the woman he loves is now married to his father. In the 1883 revision, he sings the aria "Je l'ai vue" / "Io la vidi", salvaged from the omitted first Act. A monk resembling the former emperor offers him eventual consolation of peace through God. Carlos's friend Rodrigue, Marquis of Posa, has just come from the oppressed land of Flanders (Aria: "J'étais en Flandres", cut during the pre-première rehearsals). He asks for the Infante's aid on behalf of the suffering people there. Carlos reveals that he loves his stepmother. Posa encourages him to leave Spain and go to Flanders. The two men swear eternal friendship (Duet: "Dieu, tu semas dans nos âmes" / "Dio, che nell'alma infondere"). King Philip and his new wife, with their attendants, enter to do homage at Charles V's tomb, while Don Carlos laments his lost love.

Scene 2: A garden near Saint-Just

Princess Eboli sings the Veil Song ("Au palais des fées" / "Nel giardin del bello") about a Moorish King and an alluring veiled beauty that turned out to be his neglected wife. Elisabeth enters. Posa delivers a letter from France (and secretly a note from Don Carlos). At his urging (Aria: "L'Infant Carlos, notre espérance" / "Carlo ch'è sol il nostro amore"), Elisabeth agrees to see the Infante alone. Meanwhile, Eboli is hopeful that it is her that Carlos loves.

When they are alone, Don Carlos asks Elisabeth to request Philip to send him to Flanders. She promptly agrees, provoking Carlos to renew his declarations of love, which she resists because they are now mother and son. After the Infante leaves, the King finds the Queen unattended, and orders her lady-in-waiting, the Countess of Aremberg, to return to France. Elisabeth asks the Countess to say farewell to France on her behalf, and comforts her by telling her that at least she will be returning to her homeland (Aria: "Oh ma chère compagne" / "Non pianger, mia compagna"). The King approaches Posa. Refusing to listen to the latter's pleas for Flanders, he nevertheless places his trust in him, while advising him to beware of the Grand Inquisitor. This duologue was revised three times by Verdi.

Act 3

This Act is Act 2 in the 1883 revision

Scene 1: Evening in the Queen's garden in Madrid

Elisabeth is tired, and wishes to concentrate on the following days's coronation of the King. To avoid the divertissement planned for the evening, she exchanges masks with Eboli, assuming that thereby her absence will not be noticed, and leaves (this scene was omitted from the 1883 revision). Divertimento (from italian divertire - to amuse is a music genre with most of its examples stemming from the 18th century The ballet, (choreographed by Lucien Petipa and entitled "La Peregrina") took place at this point in the première. Lucien Petipa (1815 &ndash 1898 was a French Ballet dancer in the early 1800s ( Romantic period and was the brother of the famous Balletmaster of

Don Carlos enters. He has received a note suggesting a tryst in the gardens, which he thinks is from Elisabeth, but which is really from Eboli, to whom he mistakenly declares his love. The disguised Eboli realizes that he thinks that she is the Queen, and Carlos is horrified that she now knows his secret. When Posa enters, she threatens to tell the King that Elisabeth and Carlos are lovers. Carlos prevents Posa from stabbing her, and she exits in a vengeful rage. Posa asks Carlos to entrust to him any sensitive political documents that he may have, and, when Carlos agrees, they reaffirm their friendship.

Scene 2: In front of the Cathedral of Valladolid

The people rejoice at the impending coronation of the King and Queen, while monks lead in those condemned to death by the Inquisition. ||-||} is an industrial city and it is a Municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region The royal procession follows, and the King addresses the populace, but Don Carlos brings in some Flemish deputies, who plead with the King for their country's freedom. The people and the court are sympathetic, but the King, supported by the monks, orders the deputies' arrest. Carlos draws his sword against the King, whose call for the Infante to be disarmed is not obeyed until Posa steps forward. He persuades Carlos to surrender his sword, and is rewarded with a dukedom by the King. The auto-da-fe begins, and, as the flames start to rise, a heavenly voice can be heard promising peace to the condemned souls. The phrase auto de fe refers to the ritual of public Penance of condemned heretics and Apostates that took place when the Spanish Inquisition

Act 4

This Act is Act 3 in the 1883 revision

Scene 1: Dawn in King Philip's study in Madrid

Alone, the King, in a reverie, laments that Elisabeth has never loved him, that his position means that he has to be eternally vigilant, and that he will only sleep properly when he is in his tomb in the Escorial (Aria: "Elle ne m'aime pas" / "Ella giammai m'amò"). El Escorial is one of the Spanish royal sites and functions as a monastery royal palace museum and school The blind, ninety-year-old Grand Inquisitor is announced. The King asks if the Church will object to his putting his own son to death, and the Inquisitor replies that God sacrificed His own son. Ascertaining that the King has nothing more to say to him, he accuses Posa of worse crimes than Carlos, notably of being a reformist, and, when Philip protests, he implies that the Inquisition could even hold the King to account. The Inquisitor leaves, and the King reflects that he is powerless before the demands of the Church. Elisabeth enters, alarmed at the apparent theft of her jewel casket, but the King produces it and points to the portrait of Don Carlos which it contains. She protests her innocence, and, when Philip accuses her of adultery, she faints and he calls for help. Eboli and Posa appear, and a quartet ("Maudit soit le soupçon infâme" / "Ah, sii maledetto, sospetto fatale") develops. The King realises that he has wronged his wife; Posa resolves to act, though it may mean his death; Eboli feels remorse for betraying Elisabeth; the latter, recovering, expresses her despair. This quartet was revised by Verdi in 1883. The two women are left together. A duet, "J'ai tout compris", was cut before the première. Eboli confesses not only that she stole the casket because she loved Carlos and he rejected her, but, worse, she has also been the mistress of the King. Elisabeth tells her that she must go into exile or enter a convent, and exits. Eboli, alone, curses the fatal pride that her beauty has bestowed on her, chooses the convent over exile, and resolves to try to save Carlos from the Inquisition (Aria: "O don fatal" / "O don fatale").

Scene 2: A prison

Don Carlos has been imprisoned. Posa arrives to tell him that he will be saved but that he himself will have to die, incriminated by the politically sensitive documents which Carlos had entrusted to him (Aria, part 1: "C'est mon jour suprème" / "Per me giunto è il di supreme"). Two men, one dressed in the uniform of the Inquisition and the other carrying an arquebus, appear, unseen by Carlos and Posa. The Arquebus (sometimes spelled harquebus, harkbus or hackbut; from Dutch haakbus, meaning "hook gun" is The latter is shot, and the men disappear. Posa tells Carlos that Elisabeth will meet him at Saint-Just on the following day, and says that he is content to die if his friend can save Flanders and rule over a happier Spain (Aria, part 2: "Ah, je meurs, l'âme joyeuse" / "Io morrò, ma lieto in core"). After his death, Philip enters, offering his son freedom. Carlos repulses him. A duet at this point for Carlos and the King, cut before the première, was later re-used by Verdi for the Lacrimosa in his Requiem. The Lacrimosa is part of the Dies Irae sequence in the Requiem mass. The Requiem by Giuseppe Verdi is a musical setting of the Roman Catholic funeral Mass (called the Requiem from the first word of the Bells ring, and Elisabeth, Eboli and the Grand Inquisitor arrive, while a crowd demands the release of Carlos and threatens the King. In the confusion, Eboli escapes with Carlos, while the Grand Inquisitor forces the people onto their knees and order is restored. After the première, some productions ended this Act with the death of Posa; however, in 1883 Verdi provided a much shortened version of the insurrection, as he felt that otherwise it would not be clear how Eboli had fulfilled her promise to rescue Carlos.

Act 5

This Act is Act 4 in the 1883 revision

The moonlit monastery of Saint-Just

Elisabeth kneels before the tomb of Charles V. She is committed to help Don Carlos on his way to fulfil his destiny in Flanders, but she herself longs only for death (Aria: "Toi qui sous le néant" / "Tu che le vanità"). Carlos appears and they say a final farewell (Duet: "Au revoir dans un monde où la vie est meilleure" / "Ma lassù ci vedremo in un mondo migliore"). This duet was twice revised by Verdi. Philip and the Grand Inquisitor enter: the King declares that there will be a double sacrifice, and the Inquisitor confirms that the Inquisition will do its duty. A short summary trial (omitted in 1883) follows. Carlos, calling on God, draws his sword to defend himself against the Inquisitor's guards, when, from the tomb of Charles V, the Monk emerges to lead Carlos away into the safety of the monastery. Philip and the Inquisitor are convinced that it is Charles V himself.

Selected recordings

Year Cast
(Carlo, Elizabeth, Eboli, Rodrigo, Phillip)		 Conductor,
Opera House and Orchestra		 Label Version
1958 Jon Vickers
Gré Brouwenstijn
Fedora Barbieri
Tito Gobbi
Boris Christoff		 Carlo Maria Giulini,
Royal Opera House,
Covent Garden Chorus and Orchestra		 Audio CD: BBC Legends
ASIN: B000CHYH3C		 Don Carlo – 5 Act
(1886 Italian - ?? version)
1965 Carlo Bergonzi
Renata Tebaldi
Grace Bumbry
Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau
Nicolai Ghiaurov		 Sir Georg Solti,
Royal Opera House,
Covent Garden Chorus and Orchestra		 Audio CD: DECCA
ASIN: B00000E3OE		 Don Carlo – 5 Act
(1886 Italian - Unabridged Version)
1970 Plácido Domingo
Montserrat Caballé
Shirley Verrett
Sherrill Milnes
Ruggero Raimondi		 Carlo Maria Giulini,
Royal Opera House,
Covent Garden Chorus and Orchestra		 Audio CD: EMI Classics
ASIN: B00004VVZP		 Don Carlo – 5 Act
(1886 Italian - Unabridged Version)
1983 Plácido Domingo
Katia Ricciarelli
Lucia Valentini-Terrani
Leo Nucci
Ruggero Raimondi		 Claudio Abbado,
La Scala Orchestra and Chorus		 Audio CD: Deutsche Grammophon
ASIN: B000001G68		 Don Carlos - 5 Act
(Original French Version)
1984 Plácido Domingo
Mirella Freni
Grace Bumbry
Louis Quilico
Nicolai Ghiaurov		 James Levine,
Metropolitan Opera Orchestra and Chorus
(production by John Dexter)		 DVD: Deutsche Grammophon
Cat: 00440 073 4085		 Don Carlo – 3 Act with extended scenes
(Italian - Unabridged 5-Act Version,
presented by the Met in only 3 Acts)[11]
1986 José Carreras
Fiamma Izzo D'Amico
Agnes Baltsa
Piero Cappuccilli
Ferruccio Furlanetto		 Herbert von Karajan,
Salzburg Festival,
Berliner Philharmoniker		 DVD: Sony
ASIN: B00007CVRJ		 Don Carlo - 4 Act
(Italian)
1994 Luciano Pavarotti
Daniela Dessi
Luciana D'Intino
Paolo Coni
Samuel Ramey		 Riccardo Muti,
La Scala Orchestra and Chorus		 DVD: EMI Classics
ASIN: B00020HEPW		 Don Carlo - 4 Act
(Italian)
1996 Roberto Alagna
Karita Mattila
Waltraud Meier
Thomas Hampson
José van Dam		 Antonio Pappano,
Theatre du Chatelet Orchestra and Chorus		 DVD: Kultur Video
ASIN: B00008DDRK		 Don Carlos - 5 Act
(Original French Version)

Note: "Cat:" is short for catalogue number by the label company; "ASIN" is amazon. See also John Vickers, a British economist Jon S Vickers CC, D The Dutch lyric-dramatic Soprano Gré Brouwenstijn ( August 26 1915 &ndash December 14 1999 Fedora Barbieri ( 4 June 1920 - 4 March 2003) was an Italian Mezzo-soprano. Tito Gobbi ( October 24, 1913 &ndash March 5, 1984) was an Italian Baritone. Boris Christoff ( Bulgarian: bg Борис Христов ( May 18, 1914, Plovdiv, Bulgaria &ndash June 28, 1993 Carlo Maria Giulini ( May 9, 1914 &ndash June 14, 2005) was an Italian conductor, and violist. This article is about the post-1945 opera company at the Royal Opera House Covent Garden Carlo Bergonzi (born 13 July 1924) is an Italian operatic Tenor. WikipediaWikiProject_Opera#Infoboxes --> Renata Tebaldi ( Pesaro, Italy Grace Bumbry (born 4 January 1937) an American Opera Singer, was considered one The German Baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (born 28 May 1925 is a German singer and conductor of Classical music, one of the most famous Nicolai Ghiaurov (or Nikolai Gjaurov, Николай Гяуров ( September 13, 1929 &ndash June 2 2004) was a Bulgarian WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Sir Georg Solti, KBE ( 21 October 1912 This article is about the post-1945 opera company at the Royal Opera House Covent Garden Decca Records is a British Record label established in 1929 by Edward Lewis. WikipediaWikiProject Opera#Infoboxes --> José Plácido Domingo Embil KBE (born January 21, 1941) better Maria de Montserrat Viviana Concepció Caballé i Folc, better known as Montserrat Caballé (born April 12 1933) is a Spanish Catalan Shirley Verrett (born May 31 1931) is an American Operatic Mezzo-soprano and Soprano. Sherrill Milnes (born January 10, 1935) is an American operatic Baritone most famous for his Verdi roles Ruggero Raimondi (born 3 October 1941) is an Italian Bass-baritone opera singer and sometime screen actor Carlo Maria Giulini ( May 9, 1914 &ndash June 14, 2005) was an Italian conductor, and violist. This article is about the post-1945 opera company at the Royal Opera House Covent Garden Artists Composers Thomas Adès Karl Jenkins Sir Paul McCartney Ian Anderson WikipediaWikiProject Opera#Infoboxes --> José Plácido Domingo Embil KBE (born January 21, 1941) better Katia Ricciarelli (born January 16, 1946) is an Italian Soprano. Leo Nucci (born April 16, 1942, Castiglione dei Pepoli, near Bologna) is an Italian operatic Baritone, one of the leading baritones Ruggero Raimondi (born 3 October 1941) is an Italian Bass-baritone opera singer and sometime screen actor WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Claudio Abbado, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (born June The Teatro alla Scala (or La Scala, as it is known in Milan, Italy, is one of the world's most famous Opera houses The theatre was Deutsche Grammophon is a German classical Record label. The company has long been known for its high standards of audio fidelity. WikipediaWikiProject Opera#Infoboxes --> José Plácido Domingo Embil KBE (born January 21, 1941) better Mirella Freni (born 27 February 1935 as Mirella Fregni is an Italian Opera Soprano much admired for the youthful Grace Bumbry (born 4 January 1937) an American Opera Singer, was considered one Louis Quilico ( January 14, 1925 - July 15, 2000) was a Canadian Baritone, known as "Mr Rigoletto Nicolai Ghiaurov (or Nikolai Gjaurov, Николай Гяуров ( September 13, 1929 &ndash June 2 2004) was a Bulgarian James Lawrence Levine (born 23 June 1943) is an American orchestral conductor and pianist. The Metropolitan Opera Association of New York City, founded in April 1880 is a major presenter of all types of opera including Grand Opera. John Dexter ( 2 August 1925 - 23 March 1990) was an English award-winning Theatre, Opera, and Film Deutsche Grammophon is a German classical Record label. The company has long been known for its high standards of audio fidelity. WikipediaWikiProject Opera#Infoboxes --> Josep Carreras i Coll (born December 5, 1946, Barcelona Piero Cappuccilli ( November 9, 1929 - July 12, 2005) was an Italian operatic Baritone Ferruccio Furlanetto (born 16 May 1949 in Sacile, Italy is an Italian Bass-baritone. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Herbert von Karajan ( April 5 The Salzburg Festival (Salzburger Festspiele is a prominent festival of Music and Drama. The Berlin Philharmonic (in German: Die Berliner Philharmoniker) is an Orchestra based in Berlin, Germany. is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan, and one of the world's largest Media conglomerates with WikipediaWikiProject Opera#Infoboxes. Thank you--> Luciano Pavarotti, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( October 12, Daniela Dessì (born 1957 in Genoa) is an Italian lirico-spinto Soprano. The American Opera singer Samuel Edward Ramey (born March 28, 1942 in Colby Kansas) is WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Riccardo Muti, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (b The Teatro alla Scala (or La Scala, as it is known in Milan, Italy, is one of the world's most famous Opera houses The theatre was Artists Composers Thomas Adès Karl Jenkins Sir Paul McCartney Ian Anderson WikipediaWikiProject Opera#Infoboxes --> Roberto Alagna (born June 7, 1963) is an French Operatic Karita Mattila (pronounced KAH-ree-tah MAHT-ee-lah is a leading opera Soprano. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Waltraud Meier (born January 9, 1956) is a Grammy -award For the English runner see Tommy Hampson WikipediaWikiProject Opera#Infoboxes --> Thomas Hampson Joseph Baron van Damme (born August 25, 1940) known under the Pseudonym José van Dam, is a Belgian Bass-baritone. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Antonio Pappano (born 30 December 1959) is a The Théâtre du Châtelet is a Theatre and Opera house in Paris, France. com product reference number.

References

  1. ^ Budden (see below), pp. 23-25
  2. ^ Ibid
  3. ^ Budden, p. 25
  4. ^ Budden, p. 25-26
  5. ^ Budden, p. 27
  6. ^ Budden, pp. 28-9
  7. ^ Budden, pp. 31-8
  8. ^ quoted in Budden, page 39
  9. ^ singers at the première are from Budden, p. 4
  10. ^ Ibid
  11. ^ Details of 1984 The Met 3 Act and synopsis

Bibliography

External links

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