A dominance hierarchy or social hierarchy is an organizational form by which individuals within a community control the distribution of resources within the community. Social hierarchy is a multi-tiered pyramid-like social or functional structure having an apex as the centralization of power An organization (or organisation &mdash see spelling differences) is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals which controls its own performance and In biological terms a community is a group of interacting Organisms sharing an environment. Dominance hierarchies are formed when a group of individuals belonging to the same species share a territory.

Dominance hierarchies can be despotic or linear. Despotism is a Form of government by a single authority either an individual or tightly knit group, which rules with absolute political power The word linear comes from the Latin word linearis, which means created by lines. In a despotic hierarchy, one individual controls all the other individuals. In a linear hierarchy, of which the classic example of pecking order in hens is often cited, each individual has a rank in the hierarchy. Pecking Order is a Card game, where players try to claim the best feeding spots in the jungle by playing their birds on the perches and determining who's stronger

Dominance hierarchies occur in most social animal species, including primates who normally live in groups. @@@ main@@@ - title Hierarchy@@@ keywords structure; sociology; information@@@ review@@@ - A primate is a member of the biological order Primates ( Latin: "prime first rank" the group that contains Lemurs the Aye-aye Dominance hierarchies have been extensively studied in fish, birds, and mammals. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Dominance hierarchies can be simple linear structures, which often arise from the physical differences among individuals in a group in relation to their access to resources. They are also influenced by the complex social interactions among individuals in the group.

Contents 1 Determiners of the Dominance Hierarchy 2 Dominance-Charisma Relationship 3 References 4 See also 4.1 Books with this theme

Determiners of the Dominance Hierarchy

It has been postulated that paired interactions alone can not account for the emergence of dominance hierarchies. Such phenomena as the audience effect, the context-dependent audience effect in Betta splendens, the observer effect, and the winner-loser effect, may play important roles in the formation of dominance hierarchies in social groups. The audience effect is the impact that a passive audience has on a subject performing a task The Siamese fighting fish ( Betta splendens) also known as the "betta fish" or just "betta" is one of the most popular Species of Freshwater Observer Effect is the title of the 87th episode from the television series Star Trek Enterprise. The social group forms a complex signaling network: interaction that occur among just two individuals of the group are in turn affected by other signals transmitted by individuals in direct communication with them. Such signaling may be subtle, abbreviated and symbolic.

Individuals with greater hierarchical status tend to displace those ranked lower from access to space, to food and to mating opportunities. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an In Biology, mating is the pairing of opposite- Sex or hermaphroditic Organisms for copulation and in Social animals also to raise their Thus, individuals with higher social status tend to have greater reproductive success by mating more often and having more resources to invest in the survival of offspring. In Sociology or Anthropology, social status is the honor or prestige attached to one's position in Society (one's Social position) Reproductive success is defined as the passing of Genes onto the next Generation in a way that they too can pass those genes on In Biology, offspring are the product of Reproduction, a new Organism produced by one or more Parents Collective offspring may be known Hence it serves as an intrinsic factor for population control, insuring adequate resources for the dominant individuals and thus preventing widespread starvation. Territorial behavior enhances this effect. In Ethology, Sociobiology and Behavioral ecology, the term territory refers to any sociographical area that an Animal of a particular Species Ethology ( from Greek ἦθος ethos, "character" and λόγος logos, "knowledge") is the scientific study of Animal ^{[1] [2]}

These hierarchies are not fixed and depend on any number of changing factors, among them are age, gender, body size, intelligence, and aggressiveness. Ageing or aging (American English is the accumulation of changes in an organism Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social Intelligence (also called intellect) is an Umbrella term used to describe a property of the Mind that encompasses many related abilities such as the capacities In Psychology and other social and Behavioral sciences aggression refers to behavior that is intended to cause harm Status may also be affected by the ability to marshal the support of others. Indeed, the need to maintain social position and social knowledge may be an impetus for the evolution of larger brains in humans and other animals. The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain ^[3]

Dominance hierarchies, though often more subtle, can be observed in human societies and are important for understanding the organization of family, tribe or clan, work organizations, politics, etc. Family denotes a group of People affiliated by consanguinity affinity or co-residence A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use A clan is a group of People united by Kinship and descent, which is defined by perceived descent from a common ancestor Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions in normal and abnormal social situations. It is not clear how much of dominance hierarchy in humans is due to the intrinsic biology of our brains, derived from evolution, and how much is due to cultural factors. The nature versus nurture debates concern the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities ("nature" i eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic

Dominance relationships require the cooperation of both parties. The dominant party tacitly agrees not to kill or injure the submissive party provided the submitter concedes and does not interfere with the dominant party's access to resources or compete for mates. The ability to identify and remember members of the group along with their dominance status is also necessary. These hierarchies may have developed, in evolutionary terms, for the sake of efficiency and in order to reduce the likelihood of injury among group members who may share genes. As with the case of altruism in animals, the voluntary abbreviation of hostilities into symbolic form remains something of a Darwinian Puzzle. Altruism is a well-documented Animal behaviour, which appears most obviously in kin relationships but may also be evident amongst wider social groups A Darwinian puzzle is a trait that appears to reduce the fitness of individuals that possess it

Dominance-Charisma Relationship

Many psychologists and others interested in the dominance hierarchy agree that Dominance and Charisma are closely related. The word charisma (origin from the Greek word χάρισμα (kharisma, "gift" or "divine favor" from kharizesthai, "to favor"

References

See also

• Sociobiology
• Social organization
• Hierarchical organization
• Evolution of intelligence
• Pecking order

Books with this theme

• Lord of the Flies by William Golding
• Life of Pi by Yann Martel

Sociobiology is a neo-Darwinian and Socialism Synthesis of Scientific disciplines that attempts to explain Social behavior Social organization or social institution, refers to a group of Social positions connected by Social relations performing a Social role. A hierarchical organization structured in a way such that every entity in the organization except one is Subordinate to a single other entity The evolution of human intelligence refers to a set of theories that attempt to explain how human intelligence has evolved. Pecking Order is a Card game, where players try to claim the best feeding spots in the jungle by playing their birds on the perches and determining who's stronger Lord of the Flies is an allegorical Novel by Nobel Prize -winning author William Golding. Life of Pi is a fantasy adventure Novel by Canadian author Yann Martel.

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