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Dogs and sheep were among the first animals to be domesticated.
Dogs and sheep were among the first animals to be domesticated. The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order

Domestication refers to the process whereby a population of animals or plants becomes accustomed to human provision and control. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Humans have brought these populations under their care for a wide range of reasons: to produce food or valuable commodities (such as wool, cotton, or silk), for help with various types of work (such as transportation or protection), for protection of themselves and livestock, and to enjoy as pets or ornamental plants. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an A commodity is anything for which there is demand but which is supplied without qualitative differentiation across a market Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons A pet is an Animal kept for companionship and enjoyment or a househeld animal as opposed to Livestock, Laboratory animals Working animals Ornamental plants are typically grown in the flower Garden or as House plants Most commonly they are grown for the display of their Flowers Other common

Plants domesticated primarily for aesthetic enjoyment in and around the home are usually called house plants or ornamentals, while those domesticated for large-scale food production are generally called crops. Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called A distinction can be made between those domesticated plants that have been deliberately altered or selected for special desirable characteristics (see cultigen) and those domesticated plants that are essentially no different from their wild counterparts (assuming domestication does not necessarily imply physical modification). A cultigen is a plant that has been deliberately altered or selected by humans it is the result of Artificial selection. Likewise, animals domesticated for home companionship are usually called pets while those domesticated for food or work are called livestock or farm animals. A pet is an Animal kept for companionship and enjoyment or a househeld animal as opposed to Livestock, Laboratory animals Working animals Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food

Contents

Process

There is debate within the scientific community over how the process of domestication works. Some researchers give credit to natural selection, where mutations outside of human control make some members of a species more compatible to human cultivation or companionship. Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism Others have shown that carefully controlled selective breeding is responsible for many of the collective changes associated with domestication. This article focuses on selective breeding in domesticated animals These categories are not mutually exclusive and it is likely that natural selection and selective breeding have both played some role in the processes of domestication throughout history.

The domestication of wheat provides an example of how natural selection and mutation can play a key role in the process. Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Wild wheat falls to the ground to reseed itself when it is ripe, but domesticated wheat stays on the stem when it is ripe. There is evidence that this critical change came about as a result of a random mutation near the beginning of wheat's cultivation. Tillage is the agricultural preparation of the Soil by Ploughing ripping or turning it Wheat with this mutation was the only wheat harvested and became the seed for the next crop. This wheat was much more useful to farmers and became the basis for the various strains of domesticated wheat that have since been developed.

The example of wheat has led some to speculate that mutations may have been the basis for other early instances of domestication. It is speculated that a mutation made some wolves less wary of humans. The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora This allowed these wolves to start following humans to scavenge for food in their garbage dumps. Presumably something like a symbiotic relationship developed between humans and this population of wolves. This article is about the biological phenomenon for other uses see Symbiosis (disambiguation The term symbiosis (from the Greek The wolves benefited from human food scraps, and humans may have found that the wolves could warn them of approaching enemies, help with hunting, carry loads, provide warmth, or supplement their food supply. As this relationship evolved, humans eventually began to raise the wolves and breed the types of dogs that we have today.

Nonetheless, some researchers maintain that selective breeding rather than mutation or natural selection best explains how the process of domestication typically worked. Some of the most well-known evidence in support of selective breeding comes from an experiment by Russian scientist, Dmitri Belyaev, in the 1950s. Dmitri Konstantinovich Belyaev (Дмитрий Константинович Беляев 1917-1985 - a Russian scientist academician His team spent many years breeding the Silver Fox (Vulpes vulpes) and selecting only those individuals that showed the least fear of humans. The Tame Silver Fox is the result of nearly 50 years of experiments in the Soviet Union and Russia to domesticate the silver morph of the Eventually, Belyaev's team selected only those that showed the most positive response to humans. He ended up with a population of grey-coloured foxes whose behavior and appearance was significantly changed. They no longer showed any fear of humans and often wagged their tails and licked their human caretakers to show affection. More importantly, these foxes had floppy ears, smaller skulls, rolled tails and other traits commonly found in dogs. The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order

Despite the success of this experiment, some scientists believe that selective breeding cannot always achieve domestication. They point out that known attempts to domesticate several kinds of wild animals in this way have failed repeatedly. The zebra is one example. Zebras are African Equids best known for their distinctive white and black stripes It is possible that the historical process of domestication cannot be fully explained by any one principle acting alone. Some combination of natural selection and selective breeding may have played a role in the domestication of the various species that humans have come into close contact with throughout history.

Animals

According to evolutionary biologist Jared Diamond, animal species must meet six criteria in order to be considered for domestication:

Hereford cattle, domesticated for beef production.
Hereford cattle, domesticated for beef production. Evolutionary biology is a sub-field of Biology concerned with the origin of Species from a Common descent, and Descent of species TemplateInfobox writer --> Jared Mason Diamond (b 10 September, 1937) is an American Evolutionary biologist In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank.
  1. Flexible diet — Creatures that are willing to consume a wide variety of food sources and can live off less cumulative food from the food pyramid (such as corn or wheat) are less expensive to keep in captivity. This article is primarily about the human diet For a discussion of animal diets see List of feeding behaviours. An interesting face(or Trophic pyramid) is a graphical representation designed to show the Biomass or productivity at each Trophic level in a given Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Most carnivores can only be fed meat, which requires the expenditure of many herbivores. A carnivore (ˈkɑrnɪvɔər meaning 'meat eater' ( Latin carne meaning 'flesh' and vorare meaning 'to devour' is any animal with a diet consisting In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell
  2. Reasonably fast growth rate — Fast maturity rate compared to the human life span allows breeding intervention and makes the animal useful within an acceptable duration of caretaking. Large animals such as elephants require many years before they reach a useful size. Elephants ( family: Elephantidae) are large land Mammals of the order Proboscidea.
  3. Ability to be bred in captivity — Creatures that are reluctant to breed when kept in captivity do not produce useful offspring, and instead are limited to capture in their wild state. This article focuses on selective breeding in domesticated animals Creatures such as the panda and cheetah are difficult to breed in captivity. The Giant Panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca, "black-and-white cat-foot" is a Mammal classified in the Bear family ( Ursidae) native to The cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus) is an atypical member of the cat family ( Felidae) that is unique in its speed while lacking climbing abilities
  4. Pleasant disposition — Large creatures that are aggressive toward humans are dangerous to keep in captivity. In Psychology and other social and Behavioral sciences aggression refers to behavior that is intended to cause harm The African buffalo has an unpredictable nature and is highly dangerous to humans. The African Buffalo or Cape Buffalo ( Syncerus caffer) is a large African bovid. Although similar to domesticated pigs in many ways, American peccaries and Africa's warthogs and bushpigs are also dangerous in captivity. Peccaries (also known as javelinas, by the Portuguese name javali and Spanish jabalí or pecarí) are medium-sized The warthog or common warthog ( Phacochoerus africanus, "African Lens-Pig" is a wild member of the pig family that lives in Africa The Bushpig ( Potamochoerus larvatus) is a very hairy member of the pig family that lives in forest thickets riverine vegetation and reedbeds close to water in
  5. Temperament which makes it unlikely to panic — A creature with a nervous disposition is difficult to keep in captivity as they will attempt to flee whenever they are startled. In psychology temperament is the innate aspect of an individual's personality such as Introversion or Extroversion. For psychological condition see Panic attack Panic is a sudden Fear which dominates or replaces thinking and often affects groups of The gazelle is very flighty and it has a powerful leap that allows it to escape an enclosed pen. A GAZelle (ГАЗе́ль is a series of mid-sized Trucks Vans and Buses made by Russian car manufacturer GAZ. Some animals, such as Domestic sheep, still have a strong tendency to panic when their flight zone is crossed. The flight zone of an animal is the area surrounding the animal that will cause alarm and Escape behavior when encroached upon However, most sheep also show a flocking instinct, whereby they stay close together when pressed. Herding is the act of bringing individual animals together into a group ( Herd) maintaining the group and moving the group from place to place&mdashor any combination of Livestock with such an instinct may be herded by people and dogs. A herding dog is a type of Pastoral dog that either has been trained in Herding or belongs to a breed developed for herding
  6. Modifiable social hierarchy — Social creatures that recognize a hierarchy of dominance can be raised to recognize a human as its pack leader. Social hierarchy is a multi-tiered pyramid-like social or functional structure having an apex as the centralization of power The word leadership can refer to Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading Antelope and giant forest hogs are territorial when breeding and cannot be maintained in crowded enclosures in captivity. Antelope are Ruminant hoofed Mammals of the family Bovidae in the order of Even-toed ungulates. The Giant Forest Hog ( Hylochoerus meinertzhageni) is the largest wild member of the Pig family Suidae.

Plants

See also: Agriculture and Agronomy

The earliest human attempts at plant domestication occurred in Asia. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Agronomy is the science and technology of using plants for food fuel feed and fiber There is early evidence for conscious cultivation and trait selection of plants by pre-Neolithic groups in Syria: grains of rye with domestic traits have been recovered from Epi-Palaeolithic (ca. Rye ( Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain and forage crop The Epipaleolithic is a term used for the "final Upper Palaeolithic industries occurring at the end of the final glaciation which appear to merge technologically into the 11,000 BC) contexts at Abu Hureyra in Syria, but this appears to be a localised phenomenon resulting from cultivation of stands of wild rye, rather than a definitive step towards domestication. Tell Abu Hureyra ( تل أبو هريرة) (" Tell " is Arabic for "mound" was a site of an ancient settlement in the northern Levant Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية

By 10,000 BC the bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) plant, used as a container before the advent of ceramic technology, appears to have been domesticated. The calabash or African bottle gourd (not to be confused with the Calabaza) is a Vine grown for its fruit which can either be harvested young and used The domesticated bottle gourd reached the Americas from Asia by 8000 BC, probably with peoples migrating into the continent from Asia. [1]

Cereal crops were first domesticated around 9000 BC in the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East. The Fertile Crescent is a Crescent -shaped region in the Middle East, originally incorporating the Levant and Ancient Mesopotamia, and often The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The first domesticated crops were generally annuals with large seeds or fruits. These included pulses such as peas and grains such as wheat. A legume is a Plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae or a Fruit of these specific plants A pea (inaccurately called a '''sweet pea''' by food distubutors is most commonly the small spherical Seed or the seed-pod of the Legume Pisum Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East.

The Middle East was especially suited to these species; the dry-summer climate was conducive to the evolution of large-seeded annual plants, and the variety of elevations led to a great variety of species. As domestication took place humans began to move from a hunter-gatherer society to a settled agricultural society. A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild Foraging and Hunting This change would eventually lead, some 4000 to 5000 years later, to the first city states and eventually the rise of civilization itself. A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements

Domestication was gradual, a process of trial and error that occurred slowly. Over time perennials and small trees began to be domesticated including apples and olives. The apple is the pomaceous Fruit of the apple tree Species Malus domestica in the Rose family Rosaceae. The Olive ( Olea europaea) is a Species of small Tree in the family Oleaceae, native to the coastal areas of the eastern Some plants were not domesticated until recently such as the macadamia nut and the pecan. Macadamia is a Genus of nine Species of Flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, with a Disjunct distribution native The Pecan ( Carya illinoinensis, commonly misspelled illinoensis) is a species of Hickory, native to south-central North America

In different parts of the world very different species were domesticated. In the Americas squash, maize, beans, and perhaps manioc (also known as cassava) formed the core of the diet. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Squashes generally refer to four species of the genus Cucurbita native to the Mexico and Central America, also called marrows depending Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica Bean is a common name for large plant Seeds of several genera of the family Fabaceae (formerly Leguminosae used for human food or animal The cassava, yuca, manioc, or mandioca ( Manihot esculenta) is a woody Shrub of the Euphorbiaceae (spurge family native The cassava, yuca, manioc, or mandioca ( Manihot esculenta) is a woody Shrub of the Euphorbiaceae (spurge family native In East Asia millets, rice, and soy were the most important crops. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Some areas of the world such as Southern Africa, Australia and California and southern South America never saw local species domesticated. Southern Africa is the Southernmost Region of the African Continent, variably defined by Geography or Geopolitics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean.

Over the millennia many domesticated species have become utterly unlike their natural ancestors. Maize ears are now dozens of times the size of those of wild Teosinte. Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica An ear is the top part of a Grain plant such as Wheat or Maize. The teosintes are a group of large grasses of the genus Zea found in Mexico, Guatemala and Nicaragua. A similar change occurred between wild strawberries and domesticated strawberries. Garden strawberries are a common variety of strawberry cultivated worldwide

See also: Cultigen

The results/effects of plant domestication include:

Degrees

The boundaries between surviving wild populations and domestic clades of elephants, for example, can become vague. A cultigen is a plant that has been deliberately altered or selected by humans it is the result of Artificial selection. Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry This is due to their slow growth. Similar problems of definition arise when, for example, domesticated cats go feral. A classification system that can help solve this confusion might be set up on a spectrum of increasing domestication:

This classification system does not account for several complicating factors: genetically modified organisms, feral populations, and hybridization. Genetic engineering, Recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct A feral organism is one that has escaped from Domestication and returned partly or wholly to its wild state In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. Many species that are farmed or ranched are now being genetically modified. This creates a unique category because it alters the organisms as a group but in ways unlike traditional domestication. Feral organisms are members of a population that was once raised under human control, but is now living and multiplying outside of human control. Examples include mustangs. Hybrids can be wild, domesticated, or both: a liger is a hybrid of two wild animals, a mule is a hybrid of two domesticated animals, and a beefalo is a cross between a wild and a domestic animal. The liger, is a hybrid cross between a male Lion and a female Tiger (i In its common modern meaning a mule is the offspring of a male Donkey and a female Horse, which is classified as a kind of F1 hybrid. Beefalo are a fertile hybrid offspring of domestic Cattle, Bos taurus, and the American Bison, Bison bison (generally called

A great difference exists between a tame animal and a domesticated animal. The term "domesticated" refers to an entire species or variety while the term "tame" can refer to just one individual within a species or variety. Humans have tamed many thousands of animals that have never been truly domesticated. These include the elephant, giraffes, and bears. There is debate over whether some species have been domesticated or just tamed. Some state that the elephant has been domesticated, while others argue the cat has never been. One dividing line is whether a specimen born to wild parents would differ in behavior from one born to domesticated parents. For instance a dog is certainly domesticated because even a wolf (genetically the origin of all dogs) raised from a pup would be very different from a dog. The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora

Limits

Despite long enthusiasm about revolutionary progress in farming, few crops and probably even fewer animals ever became domesticated.

Domesticated species, when bred for tractability, companionship or ornamentation rather than for survival, can often fall prey to disease: several sub-species of apples or cattle, for example, face extinction; and many dogs with very respectable pedigrees appear prone to genetic problems. A genetic disorder is a condition caused by abnormalities in Genes or Chromosomes While some diseases such as Cancer, are due to genetic abnormalities acquired

One side effect of domestication has been disease. For example, cattle have given humanity various viral poxes, measles, and tuberculosis; pigs have given influenza; and horses have given the rhinoviruses. Poxviruses (members of the family Poxviridae) are viruses that can as a family infect both Vertebrate and Invertebrate animals Measles (rubeola is a Disease caused by a virus specifically a Paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Rhinovirus (from the Greek rhin - which means "nose" is a genus of the Picornaviridae family of Viruses Rhinoviruses Humans share over sixty diseases with dogs. Many parasites also have their origins in domestic animals. Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species.

Dates and places

Early domestication: cow being milked in ancient Egypt.
Early domestication: cow being milked in ancient Egypt. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now

Since the process of domestication inherently takes many generations over a long period of time, and the spread of breed and husbandry techniques is also slow, it is not meaningful to give a single "date of domestication". The methods available to estimate domestication dates introduce further uncertainty, especially when domestication has occurred in the distant past. So the dates given here should be treated with caution; in some cases evidence is scanty and future discoveries may alter the dating significantly.

Dates and places of domestication are mainly estimated by archaeological methods, more precisely archaeozoology. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Zooarchaeology, also known as Archaeozoology, is the study of Animal Remains from archaeological sites. These methods consist of excavating or studying the results of excavation in human prehistorical occupation sites. Animal remains are dated with archaeological methods, the species they belong to is determined, the age at death is also estimated, and if possible the form they had, that is to say a possible domestic form. Various other clues are taken advantage of, such as slaughter or cutting marks. The aim is to determine if they are game or raised animal, and more globally the nature of their relationship with humans. For example the skeleton of a cat found buried close to humans is a clue that it may have been a pet cat. The age structure of animal remains can also be a clue of husbandry, in which animals were killed at the optimal age.

New technologies and especially mitochondrial DNA provide an alternative angle of investigation, and make it possible to reestimate the dates of domestication based on research into the genealogical tree of modern domestic animals. Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) is the DNA located in Organelles called mitochondria.

It is admitted for several species that domestication occurred in several places distinctly. However, this does not rule out later crossing inside a species; therefore it appears useless to look for a separate wild ancestor for each domestic breed.

The first animal to be domesticated appears to have been the dog, in the Upper Paleolithic era; this preceded the domestication of other species by several millennia. The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe Africa In the Neolithic a number of important species (such as the goat, sheep, pig and cow) were domesticated, as part of the spread of farming which characterizes this period. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos The Neolithic Revolution was the first Agricultural revolution &mdashthe transition from hunting and gathering communities and bands to Agriculture and The goat, sheep and pig in particular were domesticated independently in the Levant and Asia. See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the

There is early evidence of beekeeping, in the form of rock paintings, dating to 13,000 BC. Beekeeping (or apiculture, from Latin apis, Bee) is the maintenance of Honey bee colonies commonly in Hives Cave paintings are Paintings on Cave walls and ceilings and the term is used especially for those dating to Prehistoric times

Recent archaeological evidence from Cyprus indicates domestication of a type of cat by perhaps 7500 BC. WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic

The earliest secure evidence of horse domestication, bit wear on horse molars at Dereivka in Ukraine, dates to around 4000BC. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. Dereivka is a site associated with the Sredny Stog culture dating ca The unequivocal date of domestication and use as a means of transport is at the Sintashta chariot burials in the southern Urals, ca 2000 BC. The Sintashta fortified settlement in the southern Urals is dated to ca Local equivalents and smaller species were domesticated from the 2500s BC.

The availability of both domesticated vegetable and animal species increased suddenly following the voyages of Christopher Columbus and the contact between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer This is part of what is referred to as the Columbian Exchange. The Columbian Exchange has been one of the most significant events in the history of world Ecology, Agriculture, and Culture.

Approximate dates and locations of original domestication

Conservation status
Risk of extinction
Extinction

Extinct
Extinct in the Wild
Threatened

Critically Endangered
Endangered
Vulnerable
Threatened
Lower risk

Conservation Dependent
Near Threatened
Least Concern
See also

World Conservation Union
IUCN Red List
Species Date Location
Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) 15000 BC [2] East Asia
Sheep (Ovis aries) between 9-11000 BC[3] [4] Southwest Asia
Goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) 10000 BC [5] Iran
Pig (Sus scrofa domestica) 9000 BC[6] Near East, China
Cow (Bos taurus) 8000 BC[7], [8] India, Middle East, and Sub-Saharan Africa
Cat (Felis silvestris catus) 7500 BC [9] Near East
Chicken (Gallus gallus) 6000 BC[10] India and Southeast Asia
Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) 5000 BC[11] Peru
Donkey (Equus Asinus) 5000 BC[12], [13] Egypt
Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) 4000 BC India, China
Horse (Equus caballus) 4000 BC[14] Central Asia
Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) 4000 BC Arabia
Llama (Lama glama) 3500 BC Peru
Silkworm (Bombyx mori) 3000 BC China
Rock pigeon (Columba livia) 3000 BC Mediterranean Basin
Goose 3000 BC[15] Egypt
Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) 2500 BC Central Asia
Yak (Bos grunniens) 2500 BC Tibet
Banteng (Bos javanicus) Unknown Southeast Asia, Java Island
Gayal (Bos gaurus frontalis) Unknown Southeast Asia
Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) 1500 BC Peru
Ferret 1500 BC- Europe
Domesticated duck 1000 BC China
Muscovy Duck Unknown South America
Guineafowl Unknown Africa
Common carp Unknown East Asia
Domesticated turkey 500 BC Mexico
Goldfish Unknown China
European Rabbit 1600 Europe

Second circle

Species Date Location
Zebu 8000 BC India
Honey bee 4000 BC Multiple places
Asian Elephant 2000 BC Indus Valley civilization
Fallow Deer 1000 BC Mediterranean Basin
Indian Peafowl 500 BC India
Barbary Dove 500 BC North Africa
Japanese Quail (see Quail) 1100–1900 Japan
Canary 1600 Canary Islands, Europe
Mandarin Duck Unknown China
Mute Swan 1000–1500 Europe

Modern instances

Species Date Location
Rat 1800s England
Fox 1800s Europe
Mink 1800s Europe
Budgerigar 1850s Europe
Zebra Finch 1900s Australia
Hamster 1930s United States
Silver Fox 1950s Soviet Union
Muskox 1960s United States
Deer 1970s New Zealand
Hedgehog 1980s United States

A project is underway to that is attempting to find the genetic basis for taming. The conservation status of a Species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species remaining extant either in the present day or the near future In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. Extinct in the Wild ( EW) is a Conservation status assigned to species or lower taxa the only known living members of which are being kept in captivity or as a naturalized Organisms with a conservation status of critically endangered have an extremely high risk of becoming extinct An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation A vulnerable species is a Species which is likely to become endangered unless the circumstances threatening its survival and reproduction improve Threatened species are any species (including Animals Plants fungi, etc Conservation Dependent ( LR/cd) was an IUCN category assigned to species or lower taxa which were dependent on conservation efforts to prevent the taxon becoming Near Threatened ( NT) is a Conservation status assigned to species or lower taxa which may be considered threatened with extinction in the near future although Least Concern ( LC) is an IUCN category assigned to extant species or lower taxa which have been evaluated but do not qualify for any other category The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List) created in 1963 is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The domestic Pig (or in some areas hog) is normally given the scientific name Sus scrofa scrofa, though some taxonomists use the term B Syria - Belka Woman from Damascus Arab from Baghdadjpg|thumb|Inhabitants of the Near East late nineteenth century China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Sub-Saharan Africa is a geographical term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara, or those African countries WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic B Syria - Belka Woman from Damascus Arab from Baghdadjpg|thumb|Inhabitants of the Near East late nineteenth century The chicken ( Gallus gallus, sometimes G gallus domesticus) is a domesticated Fowl which is traditionally believed to have descended from This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. The Guinea pig (also commonly called the cavy after its scientific name Cavia porcellus) is a species of Rodent belonging to the family Caviidae Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The donkey or ass, Equus asinus, is a member of the Equidae or horse family and an odd-toed ungulate. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Dromedary camel ( Camelus dromedarius) is a large Even-toed ungulate. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) The llama ( Lama glama) is a South American Camelid, widely used as a Pack animal by the Incas and other natives of the Andes Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The domestic pigeon ( Columba livia f domestica) was derived from the Rock Pigeon. The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. Domestic geese are domesticated Grey geese (either Greylag geese or Swan geese) kept as Poultry for their meat eggs and Down feathers This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Bactrian Camel ( Camelus bactrianus) is a large Even-toed ungulate native to the Steppes of north eastern Asia. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The yak ( Bos grunniens) is a long-haired Bovine found throughout the Himalayan region of south Central Asia, the Qinghai - Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European The Banteng, Bos javanicus is an Ox that is found in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Borneo Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. The gaur (ˈɡaʊɚ ( Bos gaurus, previously Bibos gauris) is a large dark-coated bovine animal of South Asia and Southeast Asia. The Alpaca ( Vicugna pacos) is a domesticated species of South American Camelid. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The ferret is a domestic Mammal of the type Mustela putorius furo. Domesticated ducks are Ducks that are raised for Meat, eggs and down. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Muscovy Duck, Cairina moschata, is a large Duck which is native to Mexico, Central and South America. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a The guineafowl (sometimes called guineahen are a family of birds in the same order as the Pheasants turkeys and other game birds and is native to The Common carp or European carp ( Cyprinus carpio) is a widespread freshwater Fish related to the common Goldfish ( Carassius auratus The domesticated turkey is a large Poultry Bird raised for food The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The goldfish, Carassius auratus, was one of the earliest Fish to be domesticated, and is still one of the most commonly kept aquarium fish and China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The European Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus) is a species of Rabbit native to south west Europe (Spain and Portugal Zebus ( Bos primigenius indicus) sometimes known as 'humped Cattle ' or 'indicus' cattle are a type of cattle better-adapted to tropical environments This article refers collectively to all true honey bees for the "common" domesticated honey bee see European honey bee Honey bees The Asian or Asiatic Elephant ( Elephas maximus) sometimes known by the name of one of its subspecies &ndash the Indian Elephant, is one of The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin The Fallow Deer ( Dama dama) is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. The Indian Peafowl, Pavo cristatus, also known as the Common Peafowl or the Blue Peafowl, is one of the Species of bird in the genus Pavo India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country This is about the bird also called the ring dove for other uses see Ring dove (disambiguation. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Japanese Quail, Coturnix japonica, is a species of Quail found in East Asia. Quail is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized Birds in the Pheasant family Phasianidae, or in the family Odontophoridae. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Canary ( Serinus canaria) also called the Island Canary, Atlantic Canary or Common Canary, is a small Passerine Bird The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish The Mandarin Duck ( Aix galericulata) or just Mandarin, is a medium-sized Perching duck, closely related to the North American Wood Duck China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Mute Swan ( Cygnus olor) is a Eurasian member of the Duck, Goose and Swan family Anatidae. Rats are various medium sized long-tailed Rodents of the superfamily Muroidea England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A fox is an Animal belonging to any one of about 27 Species (of which only 12 actually belong to the Vulpes genus or 'true foxes' of small There are two living species of " mink," the American Mink and the European Mink. The budgerigar ( Melopsittacus undulatus) commonly called parakeet, shell parakeet, budgie, or common pet parakeet in US English The Zebra Finch, Taeniopygia guttata is the most common and familiar Estrildid finch of Central Australia and ranges over most of the continent avoiding For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Hamsters are Rodents belonging to the Subfamily Cricetinae. The subfamily contains about 18 Species, classified in six or seven genera The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Tame Silver Fox is the result of nearly 50 years of experiments in the Soviet Union and Russia to domesticate the silver morph of the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The muskox ( Ovibos moschatus) is an Arctic Mammal of the Bovidae family noted for its thick coat and for the strong odor emitted by males The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island A hedgehog is any of the small spiny Mammals of the Subfamily Erinaceinae and the order Erinaceomorpha. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Researchers at the Max Planck institute have reared two sets of rats. One set has been selected for aggressive traits and another for more tame traits. The researchers hope to mimic the process by which neolithic farmers first domesticated animals. [16]

Former instances

Some species are said to have been domesticated, but are not any more, either because they have totally disappeared, or since only their domestic form no longer exists. An example would be the African and Asian elephants (See War elephant) and Bos aegyptiacus. African elephants are the species of Elephants in the Genus Loxodonta, one of the two existing genera in Elephantidae. The Asian or Asiatic Elephant ( Elephas maximus) sometimes known by the name of one of its subspecies &ndash the Indian Elephant, is one of A war elephant is an Elephant trained and guided by humans for combat The Ancient Egyptian cattle Bos aegyptiacus (name not recognized by ITIS) was a domesticated form of Ox of uncertain origin

Hybrid domestic animals

Genetic pollution

Main article: Genetic pollution

Animals of domestic origin and feral ones sometimes can produce fertile hybrids with native, wild animals which leads to genetic pollution in the naturally evolved wild gene pools, many a times threatening rare species with extinction. The Alpaca ( Vicugna pacos) is a domesticated species of South American Camelid. The llama ( Lama glama) is a South American Camelid, widely used as a Pack animal by the Incas and other natives of the Andes The vicuña ( Vicugna vicugna) is one of two wild South American Camelids along with the Guanaco, which live in the high alpineous areas of the Beefalo are a fertile hybrid offspring of domestic Cattle, Bos taurus, and the American Bison, Bison bison (generally called The Bengal is a relatively new hybrid breed of Cat developed to have a gentle and friendly temperament while exhibiting the "wild" markings (such as large A Cama is a hybrid between a Camel and a Llama, produced via Artificial insemination by a breeder in Dubai attempting to create A Chausie (aka Jungle Curl Stone Cougar Mountain Cougar is a hybrid of the Domestic cat ( Felis silvestris catus) and the Jungle Cat ( Felis chaus The Cheetoh cat is derived from crossings between specific Bengal cat and an Ocicat bloodlines A coydog is the hybrid offspring of a male Coyote ( Canis latrans) and a female Dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) A sheep–goat hybrid is the hybrid offspring of a Sheep and a Goat. The word "hinny" is also a term of endearment used in North East England, equivalent to "honey" see Geordie. A huarizo is a cross between a male Llama and a female Alpaca. The Iron age pig is a hybrid between a Wild boar, Sus scrofa and a Domestic pig, Sus scrofa domestica in order to reconstruct the European prehistoric pig that existed In its common modern meaning a mule is the offspring of a male Donkey and a female Horse, which is classified as a kind of F1 hybrid. The Savannah is a hybrid domestic Cat Breed. It is a cross between the Serval and a domestic cat A tigon or tigron is a hybrid cross between a male Tiger and a female Lion. A wholphin or wolphin is a rare hybrid, born from a mating of Bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus (mother and a False killer whale A yakalo is a hybrid of a Yak and a buffalo. The bison ( American "buffalo") has also been bred with the domestic Tibetan A zonkey (also known as zebrass zebronkeyzeasses zeedonk zedonk zebadonk zenkey donbra zebrinny or deebra) is a cross between a Zebra and A zobo is a hybrid animal the result of a cross between a Yak and a Zebu. A zorse or zebrula is the offspring of a Zebra stallion and a Horse mare; the rarer reverse pairing is sometimes called a A zony is the offspring of a Zebra stallion and a Pony mare Medium size pony mares are preferred in order to produce riding zonies but zebras have been crossed Żubroń (pronounce) or Zubron is a hybrid of domestic Cattle and Wisent. Genetic pollution is undesirable Gene flow into wild populations A feral organism is one that has escaped from Domestication and returned partly or wholly to its wild state Genetic pollution is undesirable Gene flow into wild populations In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. Cases include the mallard duck, wildcat, wild boar, the rock dove or pigeon, the Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus) (ancestor of all chickens), carp, and more recently salmon. Another example is the dingo, itself an early feral dog, which hybridizes with dogs of European origin. Description Appearance Adult dingoes are typically 48–58 cm (19–23 inches tall at the shoulders and weigh on average 23–32 kgs (50–70 pounds though specimens On the other hand, genetic pollution seems not to be noticed for rabbit. There is much debate over the degree to which feral hybridization compromises the purity of a wild species. In the case of the mallard, for example, some claim there are no populations which are completely free of any domestic ancestor.

See also

References

  1. ^ pnas.org
  2. ^ See Origin of the domestic dog
  3. ^ Krebs, Robert E. The origin of the domestic dog is the history of the ancestry and the Domestication of the Dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) & Carolyn A. (2003). Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions & Discoveries of the Ancient World. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31342-3.  
  4. ^ Simmons, Paula; Carol Ekarius (2001). Storey's Guide to Raising Sheep. North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-1-58017-262-2.  
  5. ^ Melinda A. Zeder, Goat busters track domestication (Physiologic changes and evolution of goats into a domesticated animal), April 2000, (English).
  6. ^ Giuffra E, Kijas JM, Amarger V, Carlborg O, Jeon JT, Andersson L. The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and subsequent introgression., April 2000, (English).
  7. ^ Late Neolithic megalithic structures at Nabta Playa (Sahara), southwestern Egypt.
  8. ^ Source : Laboratoire de Préhistoire et Protohistoire de l'Ouest de la France [1], (French).
  9. ^ [2], domestication of the cat on Cyprus, National Geographic.
  10. ^ West B. and Zhou, B-X. , Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication, World’s Poultry Science Journal, 45, 205-218, 1989, quotationPDF (26. 3 KiB), 8 p. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International (English).
  11. ^ History of the Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) in South America, a summary of the current state of knowledge
  12. ^ Beja-Pereira, Albano et al. , African Origins of the Domestic Donkey, Science 304:1781, 18 June 2004, cited in New Scientist, (English). Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
  13. ^ Roger Blench, The history and spread of donkeys in AfricaPDF (235 KiB) (English). A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International
  14. ^ The Domestication of the Horse; see also Domestication of the horse
  15. ^ Geese: the underestimated species
  16. ^ Nice Rats, Nasty Rats: Maybe It’s All in the Genes

External links

There are a number of hypotheses on many of the key issues regarding the domestication of the horse. Guns Germs and Steel The Fates of Human Societies is a 1997 book by Jared Diamond, professor of Geography and Physiology at UCLA

Dictionary

domestication

-noun

  1. The act of domesticating, or accustoming to home; the action of taming wild animals.
  2. The act of domesticating, or making a legal instrument recognized and enforceable in a jurisdiction foreign to the one in which the instrument was originally issued or created.
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