Domestic Asian Water buffalo
Domestic Asian Water buffaloes at a ranch in Arkansas, USA
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Bovidae Subfamily: Bovinae Tribe: Bovini Genus: Bubalus Species: B. Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. The conservation status of a Species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species remaining extant either in the present day or the near future An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List) created in 1963 is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands The even-toed ungulates form the Mammal order Artiodactyla. They are Ungulates whose weight is borne (if they have more than two toes about A bovid is any of almost 140 species of Cloven-hoofed Mammals belonging to the family Bovidae. The biological Subfamily bovines includes a diverse group of 10 species of medium to large sized Ungulates including domestic Cattle, Bison, Water The Bovini tribe is made up of large to very large grazers including large animals of great economic significance to humans in Domestic Cattle, Domestic buffalo Bubalus is a genus of Bovines the English name of which is buffalo bubalis
Binomial name
Bubalus bubalis (Linnaeus, 1758)

The domestic buffalo or domestic Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is abundant in Asia, and widely used in South America, southern Europe and elsewhere. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Year 1758 ( MDCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a It is a large ungulate and a member of the bovine subfamily. Ungulates (meaning roughly "being Hoofed quot or "hoofed animal" are several groups of Mammals most of which use the tips of their toes usually The biological Subfamily bovines includes a diverse group of 10 species of medium to large sized Ungulates including domestic Cattle, Bison, Water There are established feral populations in northern Australia, and wild populations in much of Southeast Asia. A feral organism is one that has escaped from Domestication and returned partly or wholly to its wild state All its domestic varieties and breeds descend from one common ancestor, the wild Asian water buffalo, which is now an endangered species. True Wild Asian Water Buffalo or Wild Asiatic Water Buffalo is an Endangered species. An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation

Buffalo, apart from their use as draft and dairy animals, are also used to pull bullock carts in the developing world. A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal Milk &mdashmostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, Sheep Their dung is used as a fertilizer and as a fuel when dried. Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy In Chonburi, Thailand, and in South Malabar Region in Kerala, India, there are annual water buffalo races. A few have also found use as pack animals carrying loads even for special forces. A pack animal is a Beast of burden used by Humans as means of Transporting materials by attaching them so their weight bears on the Animal

American bison are often called buffalo; however, this is technically incorrect as they are not true buffalo. This is an article about an animal For other uses see Bison (disambiguation. The bison group comprises the American bison and the European bison or wisent. The wisent (ˈviːzənt or European bison ( Bison bonasus) is a Bison Species and the heaviest surviving land animal in Europe They are a related group of wild bovines, more closely related to cattle, gaur, banteng, and yaks. The biological Subfamily bovines includes a diverse group of 10 species of medium to large sized Ungulates including domestic Cattle, Bison, Water Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family The gaur (ˈɡaʊɚ ( Bos gaurus, previously Bibos gauris) is a large dark-coated bovine animal of South Asia and Southeast Asia. The Banteng, Bos javanicus is an Ox that is found in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Borneo The yak ( Bos grunniens) is a long-haired Bovine found throughout the Himalayan region of south Central Asia, the Qinghai - The buffalo genus includes water buffalo, tamarau and anoas in Asia, but not the African buffalo (or Cape buffalo) in Africa. The Tamaraw ( Bubalus mindorensis) or Mindoro Dwarf Buffalo is a small hoofed mammal belonging to the family Bovidae. Anoa are a subgenus of buffalo comprising two species native to Indonesia: the Mountain Anoa ( Bubalus quarlesi) and the Lowland Anoa The African Buffalo or Cape Buffalo ( Syncerus caffer) is a large African bovid.

The slightly smaller African buffalo is not closely related to the water buffalo, and its ancestry remains unclear. The African Buffalo or Cape Buffalo ( Syncerus caffer) is a large African bovid. ^[1] Owing to the African buffalo’s unpredictable nature, which makes it highly dangerous to humans, it has not been domesticated, unlike its Asian counterpart. The domestic Asian water buffalo is the product of thousands of years of selective breeding carried out by ancient civilizations, particularly in the Indian subcontinent. This article focuses on selective breeding in domesticated animals This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia.

Contents 1 Endangered wild Asian water buffalo 2 Anatomy and morphology 3 Taxonomic history 4 Distribution 4.1 Asia 4.2 First cloned buffalo 4.3 Super Carabao 4.4 Australia 4.5 Europe and Middle East 4.6 Egypt 4.7 North America 5 Importance to humans 5.1 Nutrition 5.2 In culture 6 Some popular water buffalo festivals 6.1 Fighting festivals 6.2 Racing festivals 7 Modern uses 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

Endangered wild Asian water buffalo

Main article: Wild Asian Water Buffalo

True wild Asian water buffalo (or wild Asiatic water buffalo) are thought to survive in India, Nepal, Bhutan and Thailand. True Wild Asian Water Buffalo or Wild Asiatic Water Buffalo is an Endangered species. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. The Kingdom of Bhutan (buːˈtɑːn is a Landlocked nation in South Asia. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj

The IUCN Red List of threatened species classifies wild Asian water buffalo (Bubalis arnee)^[2] as an Endangered species. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List) created in 1963 is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation The total number of wild Asian water buffalo left is thought to be less than 4,000, which suggests that the number of mature individuals will be less than 2,500, and an estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within 14 years (ca. 2 generations) and at least 50% within 21 years seems likely given the severity of the threats, especially hybridization with the abundant domestic Asian water buffalo leading to genetic pollution. Genetic pollution is undesirable Gene flow into wild populations ^[3][4]

Anatomy and morphology

Adult water buffalo range in size from 300 kg to 600 kg for the domestic bred. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj In the wild, Wild Asian Water Buffalo can weigh up to 800 kg for females, and males, 1200 kg. True Wild Asian Water Buffalo or Wild Asiatic Water Buffalo is an Endangered species. They can stand as tall as 1. 8m at the shoulder, and stretch up to 2. 9m in body length. However, the wild buffalo subspecies found in the Assam state of Northern India, where they inhabit monsoon forests along the foothills of the Himalaya, are notably larger. Assam) ( Assamese: অসম Ôxôm) is a northeastern state of India with its capital at Dispur, a suburb of the city Here, the average weight of a wild adult buffalo is 900 kg, with the male considerably larger than the female. The average height at the shoulder for a male is about 1. 7m, and may reach even 2 metres. These wild buffaloes, which are of the purest breed in India, are now mostly found in the forests of Kaziranga and Manas national parks, both of which are UNESCO world heritage sites. Kaziranga National Park (কাজিৰঙা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান, pronounced) is a national park in the Golaghat and They have also been known to spread into the northwestern region of the neighboring country, Myanmar. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia.

With the establishment of the 20,000 km². Hukaung Valley tiger reserve^[5] in 2004 in Myanmar, the largest ever protected wildlife reserve, now these huge wild buffaloes may have the hope of long-term survival. ^[6] They are classified as critically endangered, suffering mainly from genetic pollution caused by interbreeding with the domestic buffaloes. Genetic pollution is undesirable Gene flow into wild populations Interbreeding with domesticated buffaloes is the major cause of extinction of wild buffaloes. Buffaloes are believed to have originated in South Asia. Today, outside India, the true wild water buffaloes can only be found in Thailand in extremely low number of about 50 individuals, and in the Annamites range (also called Truong Son range) forests running along the border of Vietnam - Laos -Cambodia. Populations found elsewhere in Asia are feral breeds, not true wild water buffalo.

Taxonomic history

The classification of the water buffalo is uncertain. Some authorities list a single species, Bubalus bubalis with three subspecies, the river buffalo (B. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. In Zoology, as in other branches of Biology, subspecies is the Taxonomic rank immediately subordinate to a Species. bubalis bubalis) of South Asia, the carabao or swamp buffalo (B. The carabao ( Filipino: kalabaw; Malay: kerbau) or Bubalus bubalis carabanesis is a domesticated bubalis carabanesis) of the Philippines and Southeast Asia, and the arni, or wild Asian water buffalo (B. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP True Wild Asian Water Buffalo or Wild Asiatic Water Buffalo is an Endangered species. bubalis arnee). Others regard these as closely-related but separate species.

The swamp buffalo is primarily found in the eastern half of Asia and has 48 chromosomes. The river buffalo is mostly found in the western half of Asia, and has 50 chromosomes. The two types do not readily interbreed, but fertile offspring can occur. Buffalo-cattle hybrids have been reported in the former U.S.S.R. and in China, but these reports are considered unlikely, as cattle have 60 chromosomes (30 pairs). Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 ^[7]

Distribution

Asia

Asia is the native home of the water buffalo, with 95% of the world population of water buffalo, with about half of the total in India. A paddy field is a flooded parcel of Arable land used for growing Rice and other semiaquatic crops. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Many Asian countries depend on the water buffalo as its primary bovine species. It is valuable for its meat and milk as well as the labour it performs. As of 1992 the Asian population was estimated at 141 million. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The fat content of buffalo milk is the highest amongst farm animals and the butterfat is a major source of ghee in some Asian countries. Ghee ( Hindi घी ghī, Urdu گھی ghī, Punjabi ਘਿਉ/گھیو ghiu, Kashmiri ग्याव/گیاو Its success in Asia is evident by its extensive range. Both variants occur in Asia. River buffalo are found in elevations of 2,800 m in Nepal, and swamp buffalo are found throughout the lowland tropics. Part of their success is due to their ability to thrive on poor foodstuffs and yet be valuable economically. Moreover they are much better suited to plough the muddy paddy fields as they are better adapted than common cattle (Bos taurus) to move in swamps. A paddy field is a flooded parcel of Arable land used for growing Rice and other semiaquatic crops. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family

Wild water buffalo are found in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Thailand, but very few pockets still exist. Like its other family members the tamaraw and the anoa, buffalo are generally found in swamplands and grass jungles and move in herds. The Tamaraw ( Bubalus mindorensis) or Mindoro Dwarf Buffalo is a small hoofed mammal belonging to the family Bovidae. Anoa are a subgenus of buffalo comprising two species native to Indonesia: the Mountain Anoa ( Bubalus quarlesi) and the Lowland Anoa The Indian buffalo has the largest horns of any living animal - the average spread is about 1 m (3 ft 3 in), but one bull shot in 1955 had horns measuring 4. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) 24 m (13 ft 11 in) from tip to tip along the outside curve across the forehead. Buffalo use their horns effectively to defend themselves against their only predators, tigers, which can kill a full-grown male weighing 1000-1200kg. The tiger ( Panthera tigris) is a member of the Felidae family the largest and the most powerful of the four " Big cats quot in the Genus However, only an experienced tiger will attempt to prey on them. When faced by a tiger, they form a line facing the predator and charge with noses out and horns laid back.

Today, the estimated population of wild Asian water buffaloes is about 4000, but, this number takes into account all wild population, including feral herds and hybrid buffaloes. In fact, it is possible that no true wild specimens exist anymore.

A smaller breed of water buffalo, the Carabao or swamp water buffalo, is the national animal of the Philippines. The carabao ( Filipino: kalabaw; Malay: kerbau) or Bubalus bubalis carabanesis is a domesticated

First cloned buffalo

On September 15, 2007, the Philippines announced its development of Southeast Asia’s first cloned buffalo. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Cloning in Biology is the process of producing populations of genetically-identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as Bacteria, Insects The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD), under the Department of Science and Technology in Los Baños, Laguna approved this project. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Laguna is a province of the Philippines found in the CALABARZON region in Luzón. For all other uses see Project (disambiguation. A project, as defined in the field of Project management, consists of a temporary The Department of Agriculture’s Philippine Carabao Center (PCC) will implement Cloning through somatic cell nuclear transfer as a tool for genetic improvement in water buffaloes. Super buffalo calves will be produced. There will be no modification or alteration of the genetic materials, as in GMOs (genetically modified organisms). This article is about organisms which have been genetically modified This article is about organisms which have been genetically modified ^[8]

Super Carabao

On January 1, 2008, the Philippine Carabao Center in Nueva Ecija, per Filipino scientists initiated a study to breed the super water buffalo that could produce 4 to 18 liters of milk/day (gene-based technology). New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The carabao ( Filipino: kalabaw; Malay: kerbau) or Bubalus bubalis carabanesis is a domesticated Nueva Ecija is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region Filipinos or the Filipino people are the citizens of the Philippines. Also, the 1st test-tube hybrid carabao was born thereat in 2004, “Glory,” named after President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. Maria Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (born Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal on April 5 1947 is a Filipina Politician. Joseph Estrada’s most successful project as an opposition senator, the PCC was created through Republic Act 3707, the Carabao Act of 1992. Jose Marcelo Ejercito (born on April 19, 1937) better known as Joseph Ejercito Estrada, or Erap, is a Film actor in the Philippines ^[9]

Australia

Introduced into the Northern Territory early in the 19th century as a beast of burden, it quickly escaped and is now feral. The Northern Territory is a federal territory of Australia, occupying much of the center of the mainland continent as well as the central northern regions A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks A feral organism is one that has escaped from Domestication and returned partly or wholly to its wild state As a result of its feral status it may be hunted. Melville Island is a popular hunting location, where a steady population of up to 4,000 individuals exist. Melville Island lies in the eastern Timor Sea, off the coast of the Northern Territory of Australia. Buffaloes are also found in Arnhem Land and the Top End. The Arnhem Land Region is one of the five regions of the Northern Territory of Australia. Safari outfits run out of Darwin to Melville Island and other locations in the Top End often with the use of bush pilots. The Top End is the second northernmost point on the continent of Australia, behind the Cape York Peninsula. Bush flying is a term for air operations carried out in remote regions of the world The government has unsuccessfully attempted several eradication programs. Their only natural predator in Australia is the saltwater crocodile. The saltwater or estuarine crocodile ( Crocodylus porosus) is the largest of all living Crocodilians and Reptiles It is found in suitable

The buffaloes live mainly in freshwater marshes and billabongs, and their range can be quite expansive during the Wet season. Billabong is an Australian English word meaning a smallish lake specifically an Oxbow lake, a stagnant pool of Water attached to a waterway A wet season or rainy season is a Season in which the average Rainfall in a region is significantly increased They have developed a different appearance from the Indonesian buffaloes from which they descend.

Europe and Middle East

Introduced into North Africa and the Near East by 600 AD, the water buffalo was brought to Europe with returning Crusaders in the Middle Ages, and herds can be found in Bulgaria, Romania and Italy. Events By Place World The population of the Earth rises to about 208 million people The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest As in Asia, buffaloes of the Middle East and Europe live on coarse vegetation on the marginal land traditionally available to peasants. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. A peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground They are an economic asset by serving as a protein source, draft animal, and storage of family or household wealth. In some areas, they also provide occasional recreation at annual racing festivals. These buffalo are mostly River Buffaloes; due to genetic isolation, they have adopted a distinct appearance. Buffalo milk is used for the production of cheese: in Campania (Italy) it is used for the production of mozzarella. Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. Campania is a region of Southern Italy in Europe. The region has a population of around 5 Mozzarella is a generic term for several kinds of originally Italian Cheeses that are made using spinning and then cutting (hence the name the Italian verb

Egypt

Egyptian farmers traditionally have water buffaloes. Egypt has a large number of them. They are used as the main source of red meat in Egypt. Cows have been introduced in modern farms, yet water buffaloes remain as the more widespread type of cattle in Egypt.

North America

There are very limited commercial herds in North America, for yogurt and cheese products. Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. ^[10]

Importance to humans

There are many breeds of domestic water buffalo. Common Domestic Asian Water buffalo are the descendants of the now designated Endangered species Wild Asian Water buffalo, bred predominantly in Asia for

Milk from these animals is used by many human populations, and is the traditional raw material for mozzarella cheese and curd due to its higher fat content. Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. Mozzarella is a generic term for several kinds of originally Italian Cheeses that are made using spinning and then cutting (hence the name the Italian verb Curd is a Dairy product obtained by curdling (coagulating Milk with Rennet or an edible Acidic substance such as Lemon juice In Africa and other locations, water buffalo milk is used for yogurt, as in Vermont, USA. Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The chief dairy breed of Buffalo is the Murrah breed. The Murrah breed of Water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis) is the premier milking buffalo Buffalo meat, sometimes called "Carabeef", is often passed off as beef in certain regions and is also a major source of export revenue for India which has the largest population of buffaloes in the world. However, in many Asian regions, buffalo meat is less preferred due to its toughness, however, recipes have evolved (Rendang for example) where the slow cooking process and spices not only make the meat palatable, but also preserves it; an important factor in hot climates where refrigeration is not always available. Rendang is a dish which originated from the Minangkabau ethnic group of Indonesia, and is now commonly served across the country Water buffalo horns are used for the embouchure of musical instruments such as ney and kaval. The ney ( Persian: نی; Arabic: ناي; also nai, nye, nay, The kaval is a chromatic End-blown flute traditionally played throughout Azerbaijan, Turkey, Bulgaria, Republic of Macedonia Water buffalo hide provides a tough and useful leather often used for shoes and motorcycle helmets. Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records. A helmet is a form of Protective gear worn on the head to protect it from injuries a variation of the hat

Nutrition

Milk Composition Analysis, per 100 grams

Constituents	unit	Cow	Goat	Sheep	Buffalo
Water	g	87. 8	88. 9	83. 0	81. 1
Protein	g	3. 2	3. 1	5. 4	4. 5
Fat	g	3. 9	3. 5	6. 0	8. 0
Carbohydrate	g	4. 8	4. 4	5. 1	4. 9
Energy	kcal	66	60	95	110
	kJ	275	253	396	463
Sugars (Lactose)	g	4. 8	4. 4	5. 1	4. 9
Fatty Acids:
Saturated	g	2. 4	2. 3	3. 8	4. 2
Mono-unsaturated	g	1. 1	0. 8	1. 5	1. 7
Polyunsaturated	g	0. 1	0. 1	0. 3	0. 2
Cholesterol	mg	14	10	11	8
Calcium	iu	120	100	170	195

Source: McCane, Widdowson, Scherz, Kloos. [1]

In culture

• Legend has it that the Chinese philosophical sage Lao Tzu left China through the Han Gu Pass riding a water buffalo. Chinese philosophy is Philosophy written in the Chinese tradition of thought Laozi ( also Lao Tse, Lao-Tzu, Laotze, Lao Zi, Laocius, and other variations was a philosopher of ancient
• According to Hindu lore, the god of death Yama, rides on a water buffalo. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical This article is about the deity Yama in Hinduism For yama in the sense of a code of conduct see Yamas.
• The carabao variant is considered as a national symbol in the Philippines. The carabao ( Filipino: kalabaw; Malay: kerbau) or Bubalus bubalis carabanesis is a domesticated A national symbol is a Symbol of any entity considering itself and manifesting itself to the world as a national community – namely sovereign states, but also The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP
• In Vietnam, water buffalo are often the most valuable possession of poor farmers: "Con trâu là đầu cơ nghiệp". Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially They are treated as a member of the family: "Chồng cày, vợ cấy, con trâu đi bừa" ("The husband ploughs, the wife sows, water buffalo draw the rake") and are friends of the children. Children talk to their water buffalo, "Bao giờ cây lúa còn bông. Thì còn ngọn cỏ ngoài đồng trâu ăn. " (Vietnamese children are responsible for grazing water buffalo. They will feed them a lot of grasses if they work laboriously for men. ) In the old days, West Lake, Hà Nội had the name of Kim Ngưu- Golden Water Buffalo. Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam According to the tale, the monk Không Lộ casted a colossal bell made of black bronze gathered from China by witchcraft. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Many golden water buffalo ran from China to Vietnam because they thought its ring was the call of their mothers. That made the soil bang shut and formed a lake. The water buffalo ran deep into the lake and became the guardian god of the lake, thereafter called Golden Water Buffalo Lake.
• A golden water buffalo is the mascot of the 22nd Southeast Asian Games held in Vietnam as it represents the strength and martial spirit of the Vietnamese people. The Southeast Asian Games (also known as the SEA Games) is a biennial Multi-sport event involving participants from the current 11 countries of Southeast

Some popular water buffalo festivals

Fighting festivals

• "Do Son" Water Buffalo Fighting Festival of Vietnam^[11][12] is held each year on the 9th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar at Do Son Township, Haiphong City in Vietnam. Do Son (Đồ Sơn- a Vietnamese resort on the bank of the South China Sea, located 22 km away from Hai Phong city which it administratively belongs Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially It is one of the most popular Vietnam festivals & events in Haiphong City. The preparations for this buffalo fighting festival begin right from the 5th and the 6th lunar month itself. The competing buffaloes are selected and methodically trained months in advance. It is a traditional festival of Vietnam attached to a Water God worshipping ceremony and the “Hien Sinh” custom to show marital spirit of the local people of Do Son, Haiphong.

• "Hai Luu" Water Buffalo Fighting Festival of Vietnam^[13][14] According to ancient records, the buffalo fighting in Hai Luu Commune has existed from the 2nd century B. C. General Lu Gia at that time, had the buffaloes slaughtered to give a feast to the local people and the warriors, and organized buffalo fighting for amusement. Eventually, all the fighting buffaloes will be slaughtered as tributes to the deities.

• "Ko Samui" Water Buffalo Fighting Festival of Thiland^[15][16] is a very popular event held on special occasions such as New Year's Day in January, and Songkran in mid-April, this festival features head-wrestling bouts in which two male Asian water buffaloes are pitted against one another. Unlike in Spanish Bullfighting, wherein bulls get killed while fighting sword-wielding men, Buffalo Fighting Festival held at Ko Samui, Thailand is fairly harmless contest. Ko Samui island of Surat Thani Province (or Koh Samui, เกาะสมุย is an Island off the east coast of the Kra Isthmus in Thailand The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The fighting season varies according to ancient customs & ceremonies. The first Buffalo to turn and run away is considered the loser, the winning buffalo becomes worth several million baht. Ko Samui is an island in the Gulf of Thailand in the South China, it is 700 km from Bangkok and is connected to it by regular flights. The Gulf of Thailand (or Gulf of Siam) is a gulf that borders but is not part of the South China Sea ( Pacific Ocean) Bangkok, known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (krūŋtʰêːp máhǎːnákʰɔn) or Krung Thep ( for short is the Capital, largest

Racing festivals

• Chon Buri Water buffalo racing festival, Thailand:^[17] Thousands of people flock to this entertainment in downtown Chonburi, 70 kilometers (44 miles) south of Bangkok, at the annual water buffalo festival. Babulang is the largest or grandest of the many rituals ceremonies and festivals of the traditional Bisaya (Borneo community of Limbang Sarawak. Chonburi is the capital of Chonburi Province in Thailand. It is located about 100km east of Bangkok at the coast to the Gulf of Thailand Bangkok, known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (krūŋtʰêːp máhǎːnákʰɔn) or Krung Thep ( for short is the Capital, largest About 300 buffaloes race in groups of five or six, spurred on by bareback jockeys wielding wooden sticks, as hundreds of spectators cheer. The water buffalo has always played an important role in agriculture in Thailand. For farmers of Chon Buri Province, near Bangkok, it is an important annual festival, beginning in mid-October. It is also a celebration among rice farmers before the rice harvest. At dawn, farmers walk their buffalo through surrounding rice fields, splashing them with water to keep them cool before leading them to the race field. This amazing festival started over a hundred years ago when two men arguing about whose buffalo was the fastest ended up having a race between them. That’s how it became a tradition and gradually a social event for farmers who gathered from around the country in Chonburi to trade their goods. The festival also helps a great deal in preserving the number of buffalo, which have been dwindling at quite an alarming rate in other regions. Modern machinery is rapidly replacing buffaloes in Thai agriculture. With most of the farm work mechanized, the buffalo-racing tradition has continued. Racing buffaloes are now raised just to race, they don't work at all. Few farm buffaloes which still do work are much bigger than the racers because of the strenuous work they perform. Farm buffaloes are in the “Buffalo Beauty Pageant”, a Miss Farmer beauty contest and a comic buffalo costume contest etc. . This festival perfectly exemplifies a favored Thai attitude to life — "sanuk," meaning fun.

• Babulang Water buffalo racing festival, Sarawak, Malaysia: Babulang is the largest or grandest of the many rituals, ceremonies and festivals of the traditional Bisaya (Borneo) community of Limbang, Sarawak. Babulang is the largest or grandest of the many rituals ceremonies and festivals of the traditional Bisaya (Borneo community of Limbang Sarawak. The Bisaya are an indigenous people of northwestern Borneo, Malaysia, concentrated around the Limbang river in northern Sarawak state Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the Island of Borneo. Highlights are the Ratu Babulang competition and the Water buffalo races which can only be found in this town in Sarawak, Malaysia. Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the Island of Borneo. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and

• Vihear Suor village Water buffalo racing festival, Cambodia:^[18] Each year, millions of Cambodians visit Buddhist temples across the country to honor their deceased loved ones during a 15-day period commonly known as the Festival of the Dead but in Vihear Suor village, about 22 miles northeast of the capital of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, citizens each year wrap up the festival with a water buffalo race to entertain visitors and honor a pledge made hundreds of years ago. Festival of the Dead is held by many cultures throughout the world in honor or recognition of deceased members of the community generally occurring after the harvest in August September The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Phnom Penh ( Khmer: ភ្នំពេញ official Romanization Phnum Pénh; pʰnum pɯɲ is the Capital There was a time when many village cattle which provide rural Cambodians with muscle power to plow their fields and transport agricultural products died from an unknown disease. The villagers prayed to a spirit to help save their animals from the disease and promised to show their gratitude by holding a buffalo race each year on the last day of “P'chum Ben” festival as it is known in Cambodian. The race draws hundreds of spectators who come to see riders and their animals charge down the racing field, the racers bouncing up and down on the backs of their buffaloes, whose horns were draped with colorful cloth.

Modern uses

Wildlife and conservation scientists have started to recommend and use introduced populations of feral Domestic Asian Water buffaloes in far away lands to manage uncontrolled vegetation growth in and around natural wetlands. Wildlife includes all non-domesticated plants animals and other organisms "Conservation Biology" redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Conservation Biology (journal. A scientist, in the broadest sense refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire Knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices A feral organism is one that has escaped from Domestication and returned partly or wholly to its wild state A wetland is an area of Land consisting of Soil that is Saturated with Moisture, such as a Swamp, Marsh, or Bog Introduced Asian Water Buffalo at home in such environs provide cheap service by regularly grazing the uncontrolled vegetation and opening up clogged water bodies for waterfowls, wetland birds and other wildlife. See also UK Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust USA Ducks Unlimited ^[19][20]

The water buffalo has also seen its appearance in a few Veggie Tales episodes, notably in the silly song "The Water Buffalo Song", though it also appears briefly in the "Song of the Cebu", when Larry says: "Oh wait - that's a water Buffalo. VeggieTales is a series of English language children's computer animated Films featuring Anthropomorphic Vegetables "

The film Apocalypse Now depicts an actual ritual slaughter of a water buffalo by a Montagnard tribe during the film's climax.

See also

• Wild Asian water buffalo
• Water buffalo rumen ecology
• List of Domestic Asian Water buffalo breeds
• Gaur
• African buffalo (Wild)
• Zebu, the common breed of domestic cattle from India
• Sacred cows of India

References

• Clutton-Brock, J. 1999. A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. Cambridge UK : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521634954.
• Guinness Book of Records, 2005
• Huffman, B. Guinness World Records, known until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records (and in previous U Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 2006. The ultimate ungulate page. UltimateUngulate. com.
• International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). 2006. Syncerus caffer, Bubalus bubalis, Bubalus quarlesi, Bubalus depressicornis Bubalus mindorensis.
• Ligda, D. J. 1996. The Water Buffalo. Website. [2]
• Massicot, P. 2004. Animal Info. Website Wild Asian (Water) Buffalo
• Nowak, R. M. and Paradiso, J. L. 1983. Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801825253
• Olson, T. J. 2006. Turkey Creek Water Buffalo Website [3] The best buffalo pictures!
• Voelker, W. 1986. The Natural History of Living Mammals. Medford, New Jersey, USA: Plexus Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0937548081.

External links

• Asian Wild Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus, 1758) by P.K.Mathur, P.K. Malik and P.D. Muley. From the “Wildlife Institute of India” website.
• Animal Info - Wild Asian (Water) Buffalo (B. arnee) - Status: Endangered; By: Paul Massicot
• Wild Water Buffalo from http://www.animalinfo.org
• Wild Water Buffalo from http://www.wildcattleconservation.org
• Pet Facts: Buffaloes
• Water Buffalo by David J. Ligda
• Asiatic Water Buffalo from Lion County Safari
• Advantages of Water Buffalo Milk Over Cow's Milk
• Clays' Water Buffalo farm near Houston, Texas, USA
• Water Buffalo Discussion Group
• Breeds of Livestock
• Do Son: buffalo fighting festival (Vietnam), 14/09/2005, VietNamNet Bridge
• Buffalo Fighting Festival Ko Samui (Thailand)
• VIDEO on You Tube: Inside Guide Water Buffalo Fight: Inside Guide host Vivien Tan takes you ring-side to a traditional water buffalo fight on the island of Koh Samui, Thailand.
• VIDEO on You Tube:Water Buffalo-fighting festival: Buffalo-fighting festival is annually held on the 15th of the lunar two month in Hai Luu (Vinhphuc City). It results in this saying: "Go everywhere you want, but come back on the 15th of the lunar two month to attend the buffalo-fighting festival". Eventually, all those fighting buffaloes will be slaughtered as tributes to the deities.
• VIDEO on You Tube: Water Buffalo fighting and Buffalo Slaughter, Sulawesi, Tana Toraja, Indonesia
• VIDEO on You Tube: Water Buffalo Racing: Funniest sport in Borneo! This is an annual sport event in Kota Belud of Sabah Borneo during Big Tamu (local market) Festival. From www.MySabah.com
• Some images of wild Water Buffalo in Australia (Northern Territory) from www.wildfoto.com.au

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