A domain name registry, also called Network Information Centre (NIC), is part of the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet which converts domain names to IP addresses. The Domain Name System (DNS is a hierarchical naming system for computers services or any resource participating in the Internet. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks In Computer networking, a domain name is a name given to a collection of network devices that belong to a domain which is an administrative space managed according An Internet Protocol ( IP) address is a numerical identification ( Logical address) that is assigned to devices participating in a Computer network It is an organisation that manages the registration of Domain names within the top-level domains for which it is responsible, controls the policies of domain name allocation, and technically operates its top-level domain. An organisation (or organization &mdash see spelling differences) is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals which controls its own performance and It is potentially distinct from a domain name registrar. A domain name registrar is a company accredited by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN) and/or by a national ccTLD authority to register
Domain names are managed under a hierarchy headed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), which manages the top of the DNS tree by administrating the data in the root nameservers. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA is the entity that oversees global IP address allocation, DNS root zone management, media types A root name server is a DNS server that answers requests for the DNS root zone, and redirects requests for a particular Top-level domain (TLD to that
IANA also operates the .int registry for intergovernmental organisations, the .arpa zone for protocol administration purposes, and other critical zones such as root-servers. net.
IANA delegates all other domain name authority to other domain name registries such as VeriSign. VeriSign Inc ( is an American company based in Mountain View California that operates a diverse array of network infrastructure including two of the
Country code top-level domains (ccTLD) are delegated by IANA to national registries such as DENIC in Germany, or Nominet in the United Kingdom. A country DENIC Verwaltungs- und Betriebsgesellschaft eG is the manager of the. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Nominet UK is the.uk domain name registry in the United Kingdom, which was founded by Dr Willie Black The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
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Operation
Some name registries are government departments (e. g. , the registry for Sri Lanka www.nic.lk ). Some are co-operatives of internet service providers (such as DENIC) or not-for profit companies (such as Nominet UK). Nominet UK is the.uk domain name registry in the United Kingdom, which was founded by Dr Willie Black Others operate as commercial organizations, such as the US registry (www.nic.us).
The allocated and assigned domain names are made available by registries by use of the WHOIS system and via their Domain name servers. WHOIS (pronounced " who is " not an acronym is a query/response protocol which is widely used for querying an official Database in order to determine The Domain Name System (DNS is a hierarchical naming system for computers services or any resource participating in the Internet.
Some registries sell the names directly (like SWITCH in Switzerland) and others rely on separate entities to sell them. SWITCH is the manager of the.ch and.li Country-code Top-level domains for Switzerland and Liechtenstein, respectively Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation For example, names in the .com TLD are in some sense sold "wholesale" at a regulated price by VeriSign, and individual domain name registrar sell names "retail" to businesses and consumers. VeriSign Inc ( is an American company based in Mountain View California that operates a diverse array of network infrastructure including two of the A domain name registrar is a company accredited by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN) and/or by a national ccTLD authority to register
Policies
Allocation policies
Generally, domain name registries operate a first-come-first-served system of allocation but may reject the allocation of specific domains on the basis of political, religious, historical, legal or cultural reasons.
For example, in the United States, between 1996 and 1998, InterNIC automatically rejected domain name applications based on a list of perceived obscenities. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) InterNIC, short for Internet Network Information Center, was the Internet governing body primarily responsible for Domain name and IP address
Registries may also control matters of interest to their local communities: for example, the German, Japanese and Polish registries have introduced internationalized domain names to allow use of local non-ASCII characters.
Dispute policies
Domains which are registered with ICANN registrars, generally have to use the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP), however, Germany's DENIC requires people to use the German civil courts, and Nominet UK deals with Intellectual Property and other disputes through its own dispute resolution service. ICANN (aɪkæn eye-can is the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. DENIC Verwaltungs- und Betriebsgesellschaft eG is the manager of the. Nominet UK is the.uk domain name registry in the United Kingdom, which was founded by Dr Willie Black Intellectual property ( IP) is a legal field that refers to creations of the mind such as musical literary and artistic works inventions and symbols names
Cost of registration
The cost of domain registration is set by each individual registry.
Second-level domains
Domain name registries may also impose a system of second-level domains on users. In the Domain Name System (DNS hierarchy a second-level domain (SLD is a domain that is directly below a Top-level domain (TLD DENIC, the registry for Germany (. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. de), does not impose second level domains. AFNIC, the registry for France (. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. fr), has some second level domains, but not all registrants have to use them, and Nominet UK, the registry for the United Kingdom (. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located uk), requires all names to have a second level domain.
Registrants of second-level domains sometimes act as a registry by offering sub-registrations to their registration. For example, registrations to . fami. ly are offered by the registrant of fami.ly and not by GPTC, the registry for Libya (. A domain hack is an unconventional Domain name that combines domain levels especially the Top-level domain (TLD to spell out the full "name" or title Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab ly).
See also
External links
The following is a list of currently existing Internet Top-level domains (TLDs)Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic