Not to be confused with the Dogrib language. Dogrib (also Tłįchǫ Yatiì, jatîː is a Language spoken by the First Nations Tłįchǫ people of the Canadian territory

Dogri डोगरी ڈوگرى ḍogrī
Spoken in:	India, Pakistan
Region:	Jammu, Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab
Total speakers:	2 million
Language family:	Indo-European  Indo-Iranian   Indo-Aryan    Northern Zone     Dogri
Writing system:	Devanagari, Takri, Perso-Arabic script
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	doi
ISO 639-3:	variously: doi – Dogri (generic) dgo – Dogri (specific) xnr – Kangri
This page contains Indic text. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and History of Jammu Many historians and locals believe that Jammu was founded by Raja Jamboolochan in 14th century BC. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश Punjabi: ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ pronounced) is a state in the Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Takri script (sometimes called Tankri) is an Abugida writing system of the Brahmic family of scripts The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages The Kangri is a dialect spoken in northern India, predominantly in the Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, by the people of Kangra valley The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, Without rendering support you may see irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. More...

Areas in India and Pakistan where Dogri and related dialects are spoken

Dogri (डोगरी or ڈوگرى) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about two million people in India and Pakistan, chiefly in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, but also in northern Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, other parts of Kashmir, and elsewhere. The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and History of Jammu Many historians and locals believe that Jammu was founded by Raja Jamboolochan in 14th century BC. ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश Punjabi: ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ pronounced) is a state in the This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Dogri speakers are called Dogras, and the Dogri-speaking region is called Duggar. The Dogras are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group in South Asia. They live predominantly in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir but also in adjoining Dogri is a member of the Western Pahari Group of languages. Pahari (or Pahaari) is a general terms for a range of dialects spoken across the Himalayan range not limited to a single country in the subcontinent The language is referred to as Pahari (पहाड़ी or پھاڑی) in Pakistan and Pakistani-administered parts of Kashmir. The Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir, usually shortened to Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK) or simply Azad Kashmir (literally "free Unusually for an Indo-European language, Dogri is tonal, a trait it shares with other Western Pahari languages and Punjabi. A tonal language is a language that uses tone to distinguish words Punjabi may refer to The Punjabi language of Pakistan and India Punjabi grammar List of Punjabi

Script

Dogri was originally written using the Takri script, which is closely related to the Sharada script employed by Kashmiri and the Gurmukhī script used to write Punjabi. The Takri script (sometimes called Tankri) is an Abugida writing system of the Brahmic family of scripts A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Śāradā, or Sharada, script (sa शारदा is an Abugida writing system of the Brahmic family of scripts developed from ca Kashmiri (कॉशुर کٲشُر Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated in the Indian state Gurmukhī (ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ Shahmukhi:) is the most common script used for writing the Punjabi language. It is now more commonly written in Devanāgarī in India, and the Nasta'liq form of Perso-Arabic in Pakistan and Pakistani-administered Kashmir. (also anglicized as Nastaleeq;) is one of the main genres of Islamic calligraphy. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet.

Some common words

Tonality

Western Pahari languages, Punjabi and Punjabi dialects are frequently tonal, which is very unusual for Indo-European languages. This tonality makes it difficult for speakers of other Indo-Aryan languages to gain facility in Dogri, though native Punjabi speakers (especially speakers of Northern dialects such as Hindko and Mirpuri) may find it easier to make the transition. Hindko (هندکو /Hindkoŭ/ also Hindku, Hinko, or Lahnda, لَیہندا is an ancient Indo-Aryan language spoken in North Western Potwari or Pothohari can refer to An inhabitant of Potwar (Pothohar a plateau in northern Pakistan The Potwari language (Pothohari Some common examples are shown below.

Historical references

The Greek astrologer Pulomi, accompanying Alexander in his 323 B. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' C. campaign into the Indian sub-continent, referred to some inhabitants of Duggar as "a brave Dogra family living in the mountain ranges of Shivalik. " [Source: (Translated from) "Dogri in the family of world languages," Balkrishan Shastri, Dogri Research-1981, Dogri Research Centre, Jammu University, Jammu]

In the year 1317, Amir Khusro, the famous poet of Hindi and Persian, referred to Duger (Dogri) while describing the languages and dialects of India as follows: "Sindhi O’ Lahori O’ Kashmiri O’ Duger. Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn al-Dīn Khusrow ( Hindi: hi अबुल हसन यमीनुद्दीन ख़ुसरो (1253-1325 CE better known as Amīr Khusrow Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is " [Source: (Translated from) "Dogri Prose Writing before Independence," Ram Nath Shastri, Dogri Research-1981, Dogri Research Centre, Jammu University, Jammu]

Theories on name origin

Intellectuals in the court of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir, described 'Duggar' as a distorted form of the word 'Dwigart,' which means "two troughs," a possible reference to the Mansar and Sruinsar Lakes. The word Mahārāja (also spelled maharajah) is Sanskrit for "great king" or " High king " (a Karmadharaya from mahānt

The linguist Drew [details needed] connected the term 'Duggar' with the Rajasthani word 'Doonger,' which means 'hill,' and 'Dogra' with 'Dongar. Rajasthani (राजस्थानी is a language or language cluster Bagri: about five million speakers in Hanumangarh and Sriganganagar districts of ' This opinion has sometimes lacked support however, because of the inconsistency of the ostensible changes from Rajasthani to Dogri (essentially the question of how Doonger became Duggar while Donger became Dogra).

Yet another proposal stems from the presence of the word 'Durger' in the Bhuri Singh Museum (in Chamba, Himachal Pradesh). The word Durger means 'invincible' in several Northern Indian languages, and could be an allusion to the ruggedness of the Duggar terrain and the historically militarized and autonomous Dogra societies.

In 1976, the experts attending the Language Session of the 'All India Oriental Conference' held in Dharwar, Karnataka could not reach consensus on the 'Dwigart' and 'Durger' hypotheses, but did manage agreement on a Doonger-Duggar connection. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India In a subsequent 'All India Oriental Conference' held at Jaipur in 1982, the linguists agreed that the culture, language and history of Rajasthan and Duggar share some similarities. Jaipur ( Hindi: जयपुर also popularly known as the Pink City, is the capital of Rajasthan state, India. It was also suggested that the words 'Duggar' and 'Dogra' are common in some parts of Rajasthan. Specifically, it was asserted that areas with a large number of forts are called Duggar, and their inhabitants are accordingly known as Dogras. The land of Duggar also has a large number of forts, which may support the opinion above. An article by Dharam Chand Prashant in the literary magazine Shiraza Dogri suggested that "the opinion that the word 'Duggar' is a form of the word 'Duggarh' sounds appropriate. " ["Duggar Shabad di Vayakha," Dharam Chand Prashant, Shiraza Dogri, April-May 1991, Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Arts, Culture and Languages]

Recent history

In modern times, a notable Dogri translation (in the Takri script) of the Sanskrit classic mathematical opus "Lilavati," by the noted mathematician Bhaskaracharya (b. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Lilavati (also Leelavati) was Indian mathematician Bhāskara II 's treatise on Mathematics in the twelfth century Bhaskara (1114 &ndash 1185 also known as Bhaskara II and Bhaskara Achārya ("Bhaskara the teacher" was an Indian mathematician 1114 A. D. ), was published by the Vidya Vilas Press, Jammu in 1873. As Sanskrit literacy remained confined to a few, the late Kashmiri Maharaja Ranbir Singh had the Lilavati translated into Dogri by Jyotshi Bisheshwar, then principal of Jammu Pathshala. (Ref.  : Century Old Printed Dogri, Literature by B. P. Sharma, Jammu & Kashmir State Research Biannual)

Dogri has an established tradition of poetry, fiction and dramatic works. Recent poets range from the 18th century Dogri poet Kavi Dattu (1725-1780) in Raja Ranjit Dev’s court to Professor Ram Nath Shastri and Mrs. Padma Sachdev. Kavi Dattu is highly regarded for his Barah Massa (Twelve Months), Kamal Netra (Lotus Eyes), Bhup Bijog and Bir Bilas. Shiraza Dogri is a Dogri literary periodical issued by the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, which is a notable publisher of modern Dogri literary work, another being the Dogri Sanstha. Popular recent songs include Pala Shpaiya Dogarya, Manney di Mauj and Shhori Deya. The noted Pakistani singer Malika Pukhraj had roots in the Duggar region and her renditions of several Dogri songs continue to be popular in the region. Malika Pukhraj (ملكہ پکھراج) (b1912 - 2004 was a highly popular singer of Pakistan. Some devotional songs, or bhajans, composed by Karan Singh have gained increasing popularity over time, including Kaun Kareyaan Teri Aarti. A Bhajan is a type of Hindu Devotional Song, often simple lyrical and expressing love for the Divine. Major-General Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Shri Dr Karan Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur Sipar-i-Sultanat (1931- is an Indian

Dogri programming features regularly on Radio Kashmir (a division of All India Radio) and Doordarshan (Indian state television) broadcasts in Jammu and Kashmir. All India Radio (abbreviated as AIR) officially known as Akashvani ( Devanagari: आकाशवाणी ākāshavānī ( Urdu: اکاشوانی Doordarshan (दूरदर्शन literally Tele-Vision) is the public television broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar Bharati, a public However, Dogri does not have a dedicated state television channel yet, unlike Kashmiri (which has the Doordarshan Koshur channel, available on cable and satellite television throughout India).

Official recognition of the language has been gradual, but progressive. On 2nd August 1969, the General Council of the Sahitya Academy, Delhi recognized Dogri as an "independent modern literary language" of India, based on the unanimous recommendation of a panel of linguists. (Indian Express, New Delhi, 3rd August, 1969). Dogri is one of the state languages of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country On 22 December 2003, in a major milestone for the official status of the language, Dogri was recognized as a national language of India in the Indian constitution. The Constitution of India ( Hindi: भारतीय़ संविधान see names in other Indian languages) is the supreme law of India. In Pakistan, the language (under the name "Pahari") continues to thrive, but is not known to have received official patronage to date. The Alami Pahari Adabi Sangat (Global Pahari Cultural Association) is a Pakistani organization dedicated to the advancement and progress of the language.

Language and dialects

Since Dogri, Kashmiri, Punjabi, Urdu and Hindi are spoken in a region that has witnessed significant ethnic and identity conflict, all have been exposed to the dialect versus language question. Kashmiri (कॉशुर کٲشُر Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated in the Indian state Punjabi may refer to The Punjabi language of Pakistan and India Punjabi grammar List of Punjabi Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of At various times, Western Pahari languages have been contended to be dialects of Punjabi, at others, some Western Pahari languages (such as Rambani) have been contended to be dialects of Kashmiri. Similarly, Punjabi has been held to be a dialect of Hindi by many Hindi-speakers. To some extent, "a language is a dialect with an army and navy. " A language is a dialect with an Army and Navy " is one of the most frequently used Aphorisms in the discussion of the distinction between " In modern linguistics, Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, Kashmiri and Dogri are each considered a distinct Indo-Iranian language. Each of these languages possesses a central standard on which its literature is based, and from which there are multiple dialectical variations.

See also

• Languages of India
• List of national languages of India
• List of Indian languages by total speakers

References

• Gopal Haldar. India is home to several hundred languages. Most languages spoken in India belong either to the Indo-European ( ca 2000. Languages of India. National Book Trust, New Delhi.
• The Dogri Language, article by Ved Kumari Ghai
• Duggar Times, http://www.duggartimes.com, for more on Dogri Language, Literature and Writers
• "One Hundredth Amendment," news report on the recognition of Dogri as a national language, http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/03dec23/news.htm
• Modifications to Devanagri to represent Dogri tones, http://www.w3cindia.in/2006/08/Talks/W3C%20Presentation%2003-08-06(MDK).ppt
• Alami Pahari Adabi Sangat (Global Pahari Cultural Association), http://www.pahari.org
• The Takri script, http://ancientscripts.com/takri.html
• Paper on Tonality and Intonation in Punjabi, http://www.crulp.org/Publication/Crulp_report/CR04_05E.pdf