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For a list of dog breeds, see List of dog breeds. Dogs have been selectively bred for thousands of years sometimes by inbreeding dogs from the same ancestral lines sometimes by mixing dogs from very different lines
Chihuahua mix and purebred Great Dane
Chihuahua mix and purebred Great Dane

Dog breeds are groups of closely related and visibly similar domestic dogs with characteristic traits that are selected and maintained by humans, bred from a known foundation stock. The (Chihuahueño is the smallest breed of Dog in the world and is named after the state of Chihuahua in Mexico. A mixed-breed dog (also called a mutt, mongrel, tyke, cur, bitzer or random-bred dog) is a Dog that has The Great Dane, Danish Hound, or German Mastiff, is a breed of Domestic dog ( The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order [1] A dog breed reproduces with young that are closely similar in appearance and other attributes to other dogs of the same breed. See Breed (song for the song by Nirvana. See Breed (video game for the video game by Brat Designs [2]

A dog breed is represented by a sufficient number of individuals to stably transfer its specific characteristics over generations. Purebred dogs of same breed have similar characteristics of appearance and behavior, primarily because they come from a select set of ancestors who had the same characteristics [3]. An individual dog is defined as a member of a breed through proof of ancestry, using genetic analysis or written records of ancestry. Without such proof, identification of a specific breed is not reliable. [4]

Contents

History of Dog Breeds

Aboriginal groups or pariah dogs establish themselves near human population, and further develop and maintain themselves without further selection. The term pariah dog is used to refer to feral dogs of a particular type, a subspecies of dog, and a purebred dog category or group Neither they carry any specialized working dog functions. Jobs performed by dogs Although most modern dogs are kept as Pets there are still a tremendous number of ways in which dogs can and do assist humans and more uses are Working, hunting and other functional breeds most likely appeared when there is a demand for certain traits that are prevalent to the extension of the point one can devote his time and efforts to establish and maintain the group of dogs that perfect in certain traits valuable for that individual.

Initially the selections would have centered on domestication and useful behavior such as barking at strange creatures, livestock guarding or hunting ability. Bark, also known as periderm is the outermost layer of stems and Roots of Woody plants such as Trees It overlays the Wood and consists Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food Hunting is the practice of pursuing Animals for Food, Recreation, or Trade. Some dog breeds, such as Saluki [5]or New Guinea Singing Dogs , have been bred for specific characteristics for thousands of years. The New Guinea Singing Dog ( Canis lupus dingo) known as NGSD, New Guinea Highland Dog, or Singer, is a type of domestic dog Some working dog breeds such as German Shepherds or Labrador Retriever [6] are established for hundreds years. Jobs performed by dogs Although most modern dogs are kept as Pets there are still a tremendous number of ways in which dogs can and do assist humans and more uses are The German Shepherd Dog ( GSD) (Deutscher Schäferhund is a breed of large-sized dog that originates from Germany. Later, dogs were also selected for attractive and distinctive forms, resulting in a vast variety of different breeds. Similar dog breeds are classified by dog registries in Dog Breeds Groups.

At a certain point of dog breed development, group of individuals that have dogs of the same breed unite into a National Breed club, describe their dogs in a specific language by writing a breed standard[7]. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered A breed club or breed association is an organization dedicated to the breeding and welfare of one single Dog breed as opposed to a diverse mixture of dogs A technical standard is an established norm or requirement It is usually a formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria methods processes and practices They describe the most desirable breed specimen and also specify working abilities, as well as undesirable traits for purebred dogs that can belong to this group of dogs. Purebreds, also called purebreeds, are cultivated varieties or cultivars of an animal Species, achieved through the process of Selective breeding National Breed Clubs promote dog breeds by joining a local popular dog breed registry, as well as internationally, by joining international organizations. A breed registry, also known as a stud book or register, in Animal husbandry and the Hobby of Animal fancy, is an official list of Many traditional dog breeds are recognized by the main breed registries are said to be "purebred".

Development of dog breeds

For the history and development of the dog, see Origin of the domestic dog, Ancient dog breeds, and Dog type. The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order The origin of the domestic dog is the history of the ancestry and the Domestication of the Dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) Fourteen ancient breeds of dog have recently been identified through advances in DNA analysis. Dog types are broad categories of dogs based on function dog types are not identical to modern ''dog breeds'' but dogs identified primarily by specific

There is much speculation but little evidence about why canids came to live with or near humans, possibly as long as 100,000 years ago. [8] With the beginnings of agriculture around 12,000 years ago, humans began making use of dogs in various ways, resulting in physical differences between dogs and their wolf ancestors. [9] In earlier times, little was written about dogs, although there were known dog types or landrace dogs, which developed over time with minimal human intervention, to fit in with the environment (including human culture) in which the dogs lived or live. Dog types are broad categories of dogs based on function dog types are not identical to modern ''dog breeds'' but dogs identified primarily by specific Landrace refers to domesticated animals or plants adapted to the natural and cultural environment in which they live (or originated and in some cases work they often develop [10] [11] Dog breeds in the modern sense date only to the accurate documenting of pedigrees with the establishment of the English Kennel Club in 1873, in imitation of other stud book registries for cattle and horses. [12]

Many dog breeds today have names of original landrace types, such as the Border Collie. Other landrace types, such as retrievers, have been made more uniform in appearance through selective breeding, and developed into a variety of distinctive breeds. [13] Varieties of purebred dogs kept for working purposes can vary in appearance from purebred dogs of the same breed kept as showdogs and pets. [14]

New dog breeds are being continually created. They are either accidentally or purposely crossbred from existing breeds, developed for a specific style of work, or created just for marketing purposes. Recently discovered semi-feral and landrace types such as the New Guinea Singing Dog have been documented and registered as breeds for purposes of preservation. The New Guinea Singing Dog ( Canis lupus dingo) known as NGSD, New Guinea Highland Dog, or Singer, is a type of domestic dog The Canadian department of agriculture has strict standards for the documenting of what it calls "emerging breeds". [15] Many registries which require minimal documentation are available for registering new and existing breeds of dog. [16] In general, a dog can only be guaranteed to be of a specific breed if it is documented in the stud book of a major dog registry or breed registry. [17]

Genetics

Dog breeds can now be analyzed through genetics. Genetic markers (microsatellite markers and single-nucleotide polymorphisms) have been analyzed and a representative sample of 85 breeds were placed into four clusters, each cluster having shared ancestors. Microsatellites, or Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs are polymorphic loci present in nuclear and organellar DNA that consist of repeating A single nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP, pronounced snip) is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single Nucleotide - A, T Cluster 1 is thought to be the oldest, including African and Asian dogs. Cluster 2 is mastiff type dogs; cluster 3 is herding dogs, and cluster 4 modern hunting type dogs (mostly developed in Europe in the 1800s. )[18]

Cluster 1: (thought to be older lineages) (Note: This is not an arbitrary grouping, but a grouping based on genetic research; it may not match preconceived ideas about how dog breeds are grouped. See references[19] (chart) and [20] (article. ) ) Shiba Inu, Chow Chow, Alaskan Malamute, Basenji, Shar Pei, Siberian Husky, Afghan Hound, Saluki, Tibetan Terrier, Lhasa Apso, Samoyed, Pekingese, Shih Tzu

Cluster 2: (mastiff-type) (Note: This is not an arbitrary grouping, but a grouping based on genetic research; it may not match preconceived ideas about how dog breeds are grouped. The is the smallest of the six original and distinct breeds of Dog from Japan. Chow Chow, or Chow, is a breed of Dog that was first developed in Mongolia about 4000 years ago and was later introduced The Alaskan Malamute is a large breed of Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) originally The Basenji is a breed of hunting Dog that originated in central Africa. The Shar Pei or Chinese Shar-Pei is a breed of Dog known for its distinctive features of deep wrinkles and a blue-black tongue The Afghan Hound is a very old Sighthound Dog breed. Distinguished by its thick fine See references[21] (chart) and [22] (article. ) ) Pomeranian, Labrador Retriever, Presa Canario, Rottweiler, Bullmastiff, Newfoundland, German Shepherd Dog, French Bulldog, Miniature Bull Terrier, Bulldog, Boxer, Mastiff, Bernese Mountain Dog, Greater Swiss Mountain Dog

Cluster 3: (herding) (Note: This is not an arbitrary grouping, but a grouping based on genetic research; it may not match preconceived ideas about how dog breeds are grouped. The Bullmastiff is a powerful Dog, which was originally a cross between the English Mastiff and the Old English Bulldog. The Newfoundland is a large usually black breed of Dog originally used as a Working dog in The German Shepherd Dog ( GSD) (Deutscher Schäferhund is a breed of large-sized dog that originates from Germany. The Bull Terrier (Miniature is a breed of Dog developed using Selective breeding to miniaturize the Bull Terrier. The Bulldog, colloquially known as the British Bulldog or English Bulldog, is a medium-size breed of Dog that originated in England Developed in Germany the Boxer is a breed of stocky medium-sized short-haired Dog. The Bernese Mountain Dog (also called Berner Sennenhund or Bouvier Bernois) is a versatile breed of farm Dog originating See references[23] (chart) and [24] (article. ) ) St. Bernard, Greyhound, Belgian sheepdog, Belgian Tervuren, Borzoi, Collie, Shetland Sheepdog, Pug

Cluster 4: (modern/hunting dogs) (Note: This is not an arbitrary grouping, but a grouping based on genetic research; it may not match preconceived ideas about how dog breeds are grouped. Appearance Temperament Belgian Shepherds are highly intelligent and are bred to be alert and sensitive to everything going on around The Borzoi is a breed of Domestic dog ( canis lupus familiaris) For the Rough Collie and Smooth Collie see their separate articles or for information on both see Scotch Collie. The Pug is a small breed of Dog with a wrinkly short muzzled face. See references[25] (chart) and [26] (article. ) ) Komondor, Whippet, Standard Poodle, Bichon Frise, Keeshond, Manchester Terrier, Norwegian Elkhound, Kuvasz, Great Dane, Welsh Springer Spaniel, Doberman Pinscher, Standard Schnauzer, Italian Greyhound, Old English Sheepdog, American Water Spaniel, Miniature Schnauzer, Australian Terrier, English Cocker Spaniel, Irish Setter, West Highland White Terrier, Pointer, Basset Hound, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Giant Schnauzer, Pharaoh Hound, Golden Retriever, Beagle, Bloodhound, Airedale Terrier, American Cocker Spaniel, American Hairless Terrier, Chesapeake Bay Retriever, Cairn Terrier, Portuguese Water Dog, German Shorthaired Pointer, Border Collie, Bedlington Terrier, Clumber Spaniel, Ibizan Hound, Rhodesian Ridgeback, Dachshund, Australian Shepherd, Chihuahua, Kerry Blue Terrier, Irish Terrier, Flat Coated Retriever, Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier [27]

Dog Breed documentation

Stud Books

Dog breeds are documented in lists of antecedents called a stud book. The Komondor (lat Canis familiaris pastorialis villosus hungaricus is a Livestock guardian dog breed originally The Great Dane, Danish Hound, or German Mastiff, is a breed of Domestic dog ( The Italian Greyhound is a small breed of Dog of the Sight hound type. The The American Water Spaniel is a Gundog breed of Dog little known outside North America. The Miniature Schnauzer is a breed of small Dog of the Schnauzer type that originated in Germany in the mid-to-late 19th century The Australian Terrier is a small breed of Dog in the Terrier family West Highland White Terriers, commonly known as Westies, are a breed of Dog known for their distinctive The Basset Hound is a short-legged breed of Dog of the Hound family The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is a small breed of Dog of Spaniel type, usually considered one of the Toy dog The The Beagle is a breed of medium-sized Dog. A member of the Hound Group, it is similar in appearance to the Foxhound but smaller A bloodhound (also known as the St Hubert hound) is a large breed of Dog bred for the specific purpose of tracking human beings The Airedale Terrier (often shortened to "Airedale" is a Terrier Dog breed originating from Airedale in Yorkshire The American Cocker Spaniel is a breed of dog that originated in the United Kingdom and was brought to Canada and then Spain The American Hairless Terrier is a breed of Dog that was formerly considered a variant of Rat Terrier. The Chesapeake Bay Retriever is a breed of Dog that was developed along the Chesapeake Bay. The Cairn Terrier is one of the oldest Terrier breeds, originating in the Scottish Highlands and recognized as one of The Border Collie is a breed of Herding dog that originated in the Border country of England and Scotland The Bedlington Terrier is a Breed of Terrier named after the Mining town of Bedlington, Northumberland The Clumber Spaniel is a breed of Dog of the Spaniel type developed in Britain. The dachshund is a short-legged elongated Dog breed of the Hound family The Australian Shepherd is a breed of Working dog that was developed on ranches in the Western United States. The (Chihuahueño is the smallest breed of Dog in the world and is named after the state of Chihuahua in Mexico. The Flat-Coated Retriever is a Gundog breed from the United Kingdom. The Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier [28]

Dog breeds that have been documented may be accepted into one of the major registries (kennel clubs) of dog breeds, such as the FCI, KC, AKC, UKC, and other national registries such as the Japan Kennel Club. A kennel club (known as a kennel council or canine council in some countries is an organization for canine affairs that concerns itself with the The registry places the breed into the appropriate category, called a Group. Some Groups may be further subdivided by some registries. When the breed is fully accepted, the stud book is closed and only dogs bred from dogs in the stud book will be accepted for registration. [29] These dogs are referred to as purebred. Purebreds, also called purebreeds, are cultivated varieties or cultivars of an animal Species, achieved through the process of Selective breeding

Dog breed clubs, especially of dogs bred for a particular kind of work, may maintain an open stud book and so may not be included in major registries. The dogs are still considered a breed. An example of this would be the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America. The Jack Russell Terrier Club of America {JRTCA is the largest Jack Russell Terrier club and registry in the world and is the National Breed Club and Registry for the Jack

Some dog breeds fit the definition of breed, especially breeds that develop naturally on islands or in isolated areas, but are few in number or have not been sufficiently documented to be registered with one of the major registries. An example of this would be the Kintamani Dog and other rare or independent breeds. The Kintamani is a Dog breed native to the Indonesian island of Bali.

Breeds of dogs can be deliberately created in a relatively short period of time. When they breed true and have been sufficiently documented, they can be accepted by major registries. An example of this is the Cesky Terrier. The Cesky Terrier is a small Terrier type dog originating in Czechoslovakia. [30]

Standards

Each dog breed has a written Standard, a list of attributes that standardises the appearance of the breed, written by the breed's founder or breed club. A breed standard (also called bench standard) in Animal fancy and Animal husbandry is a set of guidelines which is used to ensure that the animals Dog are judged in Conformation Dog Shows on the basis of how closely the individual dog conforms to the breed standard. In a conformation show, judges familiar with specific Dog breeds evaluate individual Dogs for how well they conform to published Breed standards Breeding working dogs for show competition may cause appearance to be emphasised to the detriment of working ability. Jobs performed by dogs Although most modern dogs are kept as Pets there are still a tremendous number of ways in which dogs can and do assist humans and more uses are

Groups of dogs mistaken for breeds

Groups of dogs that may be mistaken for breeds include working dogs that are categorized by working style rather than appearance, although they may be of various ancestry and may not breed true. The difference between a named group of working dogs and a breed of dogs can be unclear. Examples would be the huntaway and other livestock dogs of New Zealand, the feist dogs of the southern United States, and the Patagonian sheepdogs of Argentina, which are collies mixed with other working dogs. Feist refers to a type of small hunting dogs, developed in the rural Southern United States. [31]

Landrace dogs are another grouping that often have been named but are not considered breeds. [32] "Landrace" is a term used for early types domesticated animals, including dogs, where isolated populations of dogs are selected according to human goals; developing over time rather than through modern breeding techniques. [33] An example of a landrace dog would be the dog described as 'Basset' as early as 1585. [34] The landrace Basset was developed into the modern breeds of Dachshund and Basset Hound, as well as modern day terrier breeds. [35]

Another group of dogs that may be mistaken for breeds are first-generation crossbreds, bred for hybrid vigor (heterosis) from two purebred dogs. Heterosis is a term used in Genetics and Selective breeding. The term heterosis also known as hybrid vigor or outbreeding enhancement, [36] An example of this would be the Labradoodle. [37]

Mixed breed dogs may be offered a form of registration to allow them to participate in organized dog events. Often given the name All-American or AMBOR dog, the name does not signify that dogs so registered are a breed. The American Mixed Breed Obedience Registry ( AMBOR) is a registry for mixed-breed dogs to enable them to compete in obedience and Dog agility Dogs must be spayed or neutered to be registered. [38]

Individual dogs or small groups of dogs may use an existing breed name or be given an invented breed name and listed with little or no documentation for a fee with "registry" companies with minimal verification requirements. The dogs are then bred and marketed as a "registered" breed, sometimes as a "rare" or new breed of dogs. [39]

References

  1. ^ [1967] Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged, The Merriam-Webster Editorial Staff (in English), Springfield, MA U. S. A. : G&C Merriam Company, 274.  “A breed is a group of domestic animals related through common ancestors and visiblily similar in most characteristics, having been differentiated from others by human influence; a distinctive group of domesticated animals differentiated from the wild type under the influence of man, the sum of the progeny of a known and designated foundation stock without admixture of other blood. ” 
  2. ^ American Kennel Club. American Kennel Club Glossary. AKC. com. Retrieved on 03/26, 2008.  “A domestic race of dogs (selected and maintained by humans) with a common gene pool and a characterized appearance and function. ”
  3. ^ Donna L. Morden; Seranne, Ann; Wendell J. Sammet; Gasow, Julia (2004). The joy of breeding your own show dog. New York, N. Y: Howell Book House. ISBN 0764573020.  
  4. ^ Lynn Marmer (1984). The New Breed Of Municipal Dog Control Laws:Are They Constitutional?. first published in the University of Cincinnati Law Review. Retrieved on 04/10, 2008.  “The court found it was impossible to identify the breed of an unregistered dog. ”
  5. ^ Allan, Ken; Allan, Diana. THE COMPLETE SALUKI (Book of the Breed). Ringpress Books. ISBN 186054195X.  
  6. ^ Heather Wiles-Fone; H. Wiles-Fone (2003). The ultimate Labrador retriever. New York, N. Y: Howell Book House. ISBN 0764526391.  
  7. ^ (1992) The Complete dog book: the photograph, history, and official standard of every breed admitted to AKC registration, and the selection, training, breeding, care, andfeeding of pure-bred dogs. New York, N. Y: Howell Book House. ISBN 0876054645.  
  8. ^ Carles Vilà (et al) of the University of California, California, USA, has studied archaeological evidence (fossil bones) indicating that canids could have been living with humans 100,000 years ago. Multiple and Ancient Origins of the Domestic Dog. Science Vol. 276. no. 5319 pp. 1687 - 1689 (1997). DOI:10.1126/science.276.5319.1687. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. Retrieved on 04/20, 2008.  “The sequence divergence within this clade suggested that dogs originated more than 100,000 years before the present. ”
  9. ^ Christine Mlot (June 28, 1997). Stalking the Ancient Dog. Science News Online. Retrieved on 04/20, 2008.  “When we became an agricultural society, what we needed dogs for changed enormously, and a further and irrevocable division [between dogs and wolves] occurred at that point. ”
  10. ^ 1 Catherine Marley. What is a "Landrace". The Lhasa Apso Information Source. Retrieved on 04/08, 2008.  “These animals developed their "type" from adaptation to a mix of function and the demands of the particular physical environment. ”
  11. ^ Johan Gallant; Joseph Sithole (01/01/1999). Description of the AFRICANIS landrace. Breeders in Africa website. Retrieved on 04/08, 2008.  “The people to whom these dogs traditionally belong do not tend to make body contact with them. However their settlements are seldom deserted from humans, other dogs and livestock, ensuring adequate socialisation and environmental adaptation. ”
  12. ^ (1995) The International Encyclopedia of Dogs. New York: Howell Book House, 8. ISBN 0-87605-624-9.  “In the strictest sense, dog breeds date back only to the last couple of decades of the nineteenth century, or to more recent decades in this (the twentieth) century but distinct types of dogs have existed centuries earlier. ” 
  13. ^ D. Phillip Sponenberg, DVM. Livestock Guard Dogs: What is a Breed, and Why Does it Matter? (essay). Kangal Dogs website. Retrieved on 04/08/2004.  “The level of uniformity varies from breed to breed as the breeders' associations decide what to include and what to exclude. ”
  14. ^ Diane Jessup. "Different" breeds with the same name. Retrieved on 04/09, 2008.
  15. ^ Animal Pedigree Act 1985. Department of Justice, Canada. Retrieved on 04/09, 2008.
  16. ^ Diane Blackman. Getting a dog tips-Red Flags, Breeders you probably want to avoid (website). Dog Play. Retrieved on 04/09, 2008.  “Be especially cautious of registries that complain of some imagined difficulty or expense in registering dogs through AKC. ”
  17. ^ Purebred dog registrations. Canadian Federation of Humane Societies. Retrieved on 04/09, 2008.  “Many puppy mills and backyard breeders are registering their dogs with invalid, Internet based registries. ”
  18. ^ [Elaine A.] (September-October 2007). Genetics and the Shape of Dogs; Studying the new sequence of the canine genome shows how tiny genetic changes can create enormous variation within a single species. American Scientist (online) seven pages. www. americanscientist. org. Retrieved on 03/31, 2008.
  19. ^ Genetics and the Shape of Dogs (chart). American Scientist. Retrieved on 04/17, 2008.
  20. ^ Ostrander, Elaine A. (September-October 2007). Genetics and the Shape of Dogs; Studying the new sequence of the canine genome shows how tiny genetic changes can create enormous variation within a single species. American Scientist (online) page 2, chart page 4. www. americanscientist. org. Retrieved on 03/31, 2008.
  21. ^ Genetics and the Shape of Dogs (chart). American Scientist. Retrieved on 04/17, 2008.
  22. ^ Ostrander, Elaine A. (September-October 2007). Genetics and the Shape of Dogs; Studying the new sequence of the canine genome shows how tiny genetic changes can create enormous variation within a single species. American Scientist (online) page 2, chart page 4. www. americanscientist. org. Retrieved on 03/31, 2008.
  23. ^ Genetics and the Shape of Dogs (chart). American Scientist. Retrieved on 04/17, 2008.
  24. ^ Ostrander, Elaine A. (September-October 2007). Genetics and the Shape of Dogs; Studying the new sequence of the canine genome shows how tiny genetic changes can create enormous variation within a single species. American Scientist (online) page 2, chart page 4. www. americanscientist. org. Retrieved on 03/31, 2008.
  25. ^ Genetics and the Shape of Dogs (chart). American Scientist. Retrieved on 04/17, 2008.
  26. ^ Ostrander, Elaine A. (September-October 2007). Genetics and the Shape of Dogs; Studying the new sequence of the canine genome shows how tiny genetic changes can create enormous variation within a single species. American Scientist (online) page 2, chart page 4. www. americanscientist. org. Retrieved on 03/31, 2008.
  27. ^ [Elaine A.] (September-October 2007). Genetics and the Shape of Dogs; Studying the new sequence of the canine genome shows how tiny genetic changes can create enormous variation within a single species. American Scientist (online) page 2, chart page 4. www. americanscientist. org. Retrieved on 03/31, 2008.
  28. ^ American Kennel Club. AKC Glossary. AKC. com. Retrieved on 03/26, 2008.  “A listing of dogs that have sired or produced a litter that has been registered with the AKC. With this information, a person can use Stud Book volumes to trace a dog's lineage and to produce pedigrees. ”
  29. ^ American Kennel Club. AKC Glossary. AKC. com. Retrieved on 03/26, 2008.  “A dog whose sire and dam belong to the same breed and who are themselves of unmixed descent since recognition of the breed. ”
  30. ^ KLUB CHOVATELÙ ÈESKÝCH TERIÉRÙ (KCHCT). History of Cesky Terrier (Czech, English). Retrieved on 03/26, 2008.
  31. ^ Rorem, Linda. Herding Dog Breeds - Stockdog breeds. Herding on the Web. Retrieved on 03/26, 2008.
  32. ^ How to find a farm collie or shepherd (2001). Retrieved on 03/27/2008.
  33. ^ Don Bixby (2003). Types of Breeds. Retrieved on 03/27/2008.
  34. ^ Don Bixby (2003). History of the Basset Hound. BassetHoundRescue. com. Retrieved on 03/27/2008.
  35. ^ Marvin, John T. (1982). "2", The New Complete Scottish terrier, Second Edition, New York, New York: Howell Book House Inc. , 18. ISBN 0-87605-306-1.  
  36. ^ Trump, Oscar. A look at designer dog breeds (English). Helium. Retrieved on 03/26, 2008.  “It should be noted that it [Hybrid vigour or heterosis] is well regarded and recognised that hybrid vigour or heterosis effect is 'strongest' or 'highest' in the first generation of progeny produced from the crossing of the two purebred breeds”
  37. ^ Trivedi, Bijal (February 9, 2004). What's a Labradoodle—Designer Dog or Just Another Mutt? (English). National Geographic Channel. Retrieved on 03/26, 2008.
  38. ^ United Kennel Club. UKC Registration, Limited Privilege. Retrieved on 03/26, 2008.
  39. ^ Wray, Michelle (2000). Puppy Mills : What They Are and What You Can Do About Them. DORG Magazine. Retrieved on 03/26, 2008.  “The AKC has now started requiring DNA testing for breeding dogs and puppies, which increases the costs to the miller dramatically, and vastly increases the chances of them getting caught for their dirty dealings and losing AKC privileges. Does this deter the millers? Not really. They just turn to different registries, like the Continental Kennel Club (CKC), America’s Pet Registry (APR), and others. Purebred papers from these sources are not worth the paper they’re printed on. Millers don’t even have to prove they own the dogs they bred, or that they are the breed they claim. These registries will even register mixed breeds”

See also: Health Issues

Dog health as it relates to dog breeds is well documented in the following articles:

Conformation show

Dog

Dog health

Dog breeding

List of dog diseases

Canine reproduction

Inbreeding

Animal testing

Founder effect

See also articles about individual breeds such as the Beagle and other breeds for more on health of individual breeds. In a conformation show, judges familiar with specific Dog breeds evaluate individual Dogs for how well they conform to published Breed standards The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order The domestic Dog 's health is possibly one of the best-studied areas in Veterinary medicine, since the dog has had such a long and close relationship with humans Dog breeding is the practice of mating selected specimens with the intent to maintain or produce specific qualities and characteristics This list of dog diseases is a continuously updated selection of diseases and other conditions found in the Dog. This article focuses upon reproduction of domestic dogs Reproduction within other types of canid is not covered at present Inbreeding is breeding between close Relatives whether plant or animal Animal testing or animal research is the use of non-human Animals in scientific experimentation. In Population genetics, the founder effect refers to the loss of genetic variation when a new colony is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger The Beagle is a breed of medium-sized Dog. A member of the Hound Group, it is similar in appearance to the Foxhound but smaller

See also

External links

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