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Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt, in one fashion or another, to "document" reality. A document (noun is a bounded physical representation of body of Information designed with the capacity (and usually intent to Communicate. Although "documentary film" originally referred to movies shot on film stock, it has subsequently expanded to include video and digital productions that can be either direct-to-video or made for a television series. This focuses on Motion picture film For Still photography film see Photographic film. Video is the technology of electronically capturing, Recording, processing storing transmitting and reconstructing a sequence of Still images New media is a term meant to encompass the emergence of Digital, Computerized or Networked information and communication technologies A television program (US television programme (UK or television show (U Documentary, as it applies here, works to identify a "filmmaking practice, a cinematic tradition, and mode of audience reception" that is continually evolving and is without clear boundaries. [1]

Contents

Defining documentary

The word "documentary" was first applied to films of this nature in a review of Robert Flaherty's film Moana (1926), published in the New York Sun on 8 February 1926 and written by "The Moviegoer", a pen name for documentarian John Grierson. Robert Joseph Flaherty (16 February 1884 Iron Mountain Michigan - 23 July 1951 Dummerston Vermont) was an American Filmmaker who directed and produced Moana ( 1926) is a Documentary film, the first Docufiction in the history of cinema, directed by Robert J The Sun was a New York newspaper that was published from 1833 until 1950 Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. John Grierson ( 26 April 1898 &ndash 19 February 1972) is often considered the Father of British and Canadian

In the 1930s, Grierson further argued in his essay First Principles of Documentary that Moana had "documentary value". Grierson's principles of documentary were that cinema's potential for observing life could be exploited in a new art form; that the "original" actor and "original" scene are better guides than their fiction counterparts to interpreting the modern world; and that materials "thus taken from the raw" can be more real than the acted article. In this regard, Grierson's views align with Vertov's contempt for dramatic fiction as "bourgeois excess," though with considerably more subtlety. Grierson's definition of documentary as "creative treatment of actuality" has gained some acceptance, though it presents philosophical questions about documentaries containing stagings and reenactments.

In his essays, Dziga Vertov argued for presenting "life as it is" (that is, life filmed surreptitiously) and "life caught unawares" (life provoked or surprised by the camera). Dziga Vertov (Дзига Вертов Дзиґа Вертов January 15, 1896 &ndash February 12, 1954) was a Soviet pioneer

History

Pre-1900

The filmmaker John Grierson used the term documentary in 1926 to refer to any nonfiction film medium, including travelogues and instructional films. The earliest "moving pictures" were, by definition, documentaries. They were single-shot moments captured on film: a train entering a station, a boat docking, or a factory of people getting off work. Early film (pre-1900) was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. These short films were called "actuality" films. (The term "documentary" was not coined until 1926. ) Very little storytelling took place before the turn of the century, due mostly to technological limitations, namely, that movie cameras could hold only very small amounts of film. Thus many of the first films are a minute or less in length, as made by Auguste and Louis Lumière.

1900-1920

Travelogue films were very popular in the early part of the 20th century. Travelogue films, a form of Virtual tourism or travel documentary, have been providing information and entertainment about distant parts of the world since the late Some were known as "scenics". Scenics were among the most popular sort of films at the time. [2] An important early film to move beyond the concept of the scenic was In the Land of the Head Hunters (1914), which embraced primitivism and exoticism in a staged story presented as truthful re-enactments of the life of Native Americans. In the Land of the Head Hunters (also called In the Land of the War Canoes) is a 1914 Silent film fictionalizing the world of the Primitivism refers to a an artistic movement in particular which originated as a reaction to the Enlightenment, or b the general tendency to idealize any social behavior Exoticism (from 'exotic' is a trend in Art and Design, influenced by some ethnic groups or civilizations since the late 19th-century First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people

Also during this period Frank Hurley's documentary film about the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition South was released (1919). James Francis "Frank" Hurley OBE ( 15 October 1885 &ndash 16 January 1962) was an Australian Photographer The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1914–17 also known as the Endurance Expedition, was the last major expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration It documented the failed Antarctic expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1914. Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, CVO, OBE, (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922 was an Anglo-Irish explorer who was one of the principal figures of the period

1920s

Romanticism

Nanook of the North movie poster.
Nanook of the North movie poster. Nanook of the North ( 1922) is a silent Documentary film by Robert J A film poster is a Poster used to advertise a Film. There may be several versions for one film

With Robert J. Flaherty's Nanook of the North in 1922, documentary film embraced romanticism; Flaherty went on to film a number of heavily staged romantic films, usually showing how his subjects would have lived 100 years earlier and not how they lived right then (for instance, in Nanook of the North Flaherty did not allow his subjects to shoot a walrus with a nearby shotgun, but had them use a harpoon instead). Robert Joseph Flaherty (16 February 1884 Iron Mountain Michigan - 23 July 1951 Dummerston Vermont) was an American Filmmaker who directed and produced Nanook of the North ( 1922) is a silent Documentary film by Robert J Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the

Some of Flaherty's staging, such as building a roofless igloo for interior shots, was done to accommodate the filming technology of the time. An igloo ( Inuit language: iglu, Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᒡᓗ "house" plural iglooit or igluit, but in English

The city symphony

The continental, or realist, tradition focused on humans within human-made environments, and included the so-called "city symphony" films such as Berlin, Symphony of a City (of which Grierson noted in an article[3] that Berlin represented what a documentary should not be), Rien que les Heures, and Man with the Movie Camera. Berlin Symphony of a Great City (German Berlin Die Sinfonie der Großstadt) a 1927 German Silent film directed by Walter For the TV-series see Man with a Camera. ---- Man with a Movie Camera, sometimes The Man with the Movie Camera, These films tend to feature people as products of their environment, and lean towards the avant-garde.

Kino-Pravda

Dziga Vertov was central to the Russian Kino-Pravda (literally, "cinema truth") newsreel series of the 1920s. Dziga Vertov (Дзига Вертов Дзиґа Вертов January 15, 1896 &ndash February 12, 1954) was a Soviet pioneer Kino-Pravda ("Film Truth" was a Newsreel series by Dziga Vertov, Elizaveta Svilova, and Mikhail Kaufman. Vertov believed the camera -- with its varied lenses, shot-counter shot editing, time-lapse, ability to slow motion, stop motion and fast-motion -- could render reality more accurately than the human eye, and made a film philosophy out of it.

Newsreel tradition

The newsreel tradition is important in documentary film; newsreels were also sometimes staged but were usually re-enactments of events that had already happened, not attempts to steer events as they were in the process of happening. A newsreel is a Documentary film that is regularly released in a public presentation place containing filmed News stories For instance, much of the battle footage from the early 20th century was staged; the cameramen would usually arrive on site after a major battle and re-enact scenes to film them.

1920s-1940s

The propagandist tradition consists of films made with the explicit purpose of persuading an audience of a point. One of the most notorious propaganda films is Leni Riefenstahl's film Triumph of the Will. A propaganda film is a Film, either a documentary -style production or a fictional screenplay that is produced to convince the viewer of a certain political point Helene Bertha Amalie "Leni" Riefenstahl ( August 22 1902 – September 8 2003) was a German Film director Triumph of the Will (Triumph des Willens is a propagandistic Documentary film by the German filmmaker Pare Lorentz's The Plow That Broke the Plains and The River are notable New Deal productions, each presenting complex combinatons of social and ecological awareness, government propaganda, and leftist subversion. Frank Capra's Why We Fight series was a newsreel series in the United States, commissioned by the government to convince the U. Frank Russell Capra ( May 18, 1897 &ndash September 3, 1991) was an Academy Award winning Italian-American Film Why We Fight is a series of seven Propaganda films commissioned by the United States government during World War II to demonstrate to The United States of America —commonly referred to as the S. public that it was time to go to war. In Canada the Film Board, set up by Grierson, was created for the same propaganda reasons. The National Film Board of Canada (usually National Film Board or NFB) is Canada's public film producer and distributor John Grierson ( 26 April 1898 &ndash 19 February 1972) is often considered the Father of British and Canadian It also created newsreels that were seen by their national governments as legitimate counter-propaganda to the psychological warfare of Nazi Germany (orchestrated by Joseph Goebbels). Paul Joseph Goebbels (German pronunciation ˈɡœbəls English generally ˈɡɝbəlz (29 October 1897 1 May 1945 was a German politician and Reich Minister of Public

In Britain, a number of different filmmakers came together under John Grierson. John Grierson ( 26 April 1898 &ndash 19 February 1972) is often considered the Father of British and Canadian They became known as the Documentary Film Movement. John Grierson, Alberto Cavalcanti, Harry Watt, Basil Wright and Humphrey Jennings amongst others succeeded in blending propaganda, information and education with a more poetic aesthetic approach to documentary. John Grierson ( 26 April 1898 &ndash 19 February 1972) is often considered the Father of British and Canadian Alberto de Almeida Cavalcanti (February 6 1897 &ndash August 23 1982 was a Brazilian born Film director and producer. Harry Watt may refer to Harry Watt (director, a film director A Harry Watt drill-bit a type of Mortiser Basil Wright, ( June 12, 1907, Sutton, Surrey - 14 October, 1987, Frieth, Buckinghamshire, England Humphrey Jennings ( August 19 1907 &ndash September 24 1950) was an English Filmmaker and one of the founders of the Examples of their work include Drifters (John Grierson), Song of Ceylon (Harry Watt), Fires Were Started and A Diary for Timothy (Humphrey Jennings). The Drifters were a long-lived American Doo wop / R&B vocal group with a peak in popularity from 1953 to 1962 though several splinter Drifters continue to perform today John Grierson ( 26 April 1898 &ndash 19 February 1972) is often considered the Father of British and Canadian Song of Ceylon ( 1934) is a Documentary film directed by the British documentary filmmaker Basil Wright. Harry Watt may refer to Harry Watt (director, a film director A Harry Watt drill-bit a type of Mortiser Fires Were Started ( 1943) is a British film written and directed by Humphrey Jennings, filmed in documentary style showing the lives of firemen A Diary for Timothy (1945 is a British film directed by Humphrey Jennings. Humphrey Jennings ( August 19 1907 &ndash September 24 1950) was an English Filmmaker and one of the founders of the Their work involved poets such as W. H. Auden, composers (Benjamin Britten) and writers eg J. B. Priestley. Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973 ˈwɪstən ˈhjuː ˈɔːdən who signed his works W Edward Benjamin Britten Baron Britten, OM CH (22 November 1913 – 4 December 1976 was an English Composer, conductor, John Boynton Priestley, OM ( 13 September, 1894 &ndash 14 August, 1984) was an English Writer and broadcaster Perhaps amongst the most well known films of the movement are Night Mail and Coal Face. Night Mail is a 1936 Documentary film about a London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS mail train from London to

1950s-1970s

Cinéma-vérité

Cinéma vérité (or the closely related direct cinema) was dependent on some technical advances in order to exist: light, quiet and reliable cameras, and portable sync sound. Cinéma Vérité is the first Album by an Alternative rock group Dramarama, released in November 1985 Direct Cinema is a documentary genre that originated between 1958 and 1962 in North America chiefly in Canada ( Quebec) and in the United States

Cinéma vérité and similar documentary traditions can thus be seen, in a broader perspective, as a reaction against studio-based film production constraints. Shooting on location, with smaller crews, would also happen in the French New Wave, the filmmakers taking advantage of advances in technology allowing smaller, handheld cameras and synchronized sound to film events on location as they unfolded. "Nouvelle Vague" redirects here For the music group of the same name see Nouvelle Vague (band.

Although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there are important differences between cinéma vérité (Jean Rouch) and the North American "Direct Cinema" (or more accurately "Cinéma direct", pioneered among others by French Canadian Michel Brault, Pierre Perrault, Americans Robert Drew, Richard Leacock, Frederick Wiseman and Albert and David Maysles). Jean Rouch ( 31 May 1917 - 18 February 2004) was a French filmmaker and Anthropologist. Direct Cinema is a documentary genre that originated between 1958 and 1962 in North America chiefly in Canada ( Quebec) and in the United States Robert Lincoln Drew (born February 15, 1924) in Toledo, Ohio) is an American Writer and director. Richard Leacock (born 18 July 1921 London) is a Documentary film director and one of the pioneers of Direct Cinema. Frederick Wiseman (born 1 January 1935 in Boston Massachusetts, U Albert and David Maysles were a documentary filmmaking team whose works include Salesman, Gimme Shelter and Grey Gardens

The directors of the movement take different viewpoints on their degree of involvement. Kopple and Pennebaker, for instance, choose non-involvement (or at least no overt involvement), and Perrault, Rouch, Koenig, and Kroitor favor direct involvement or even provocation when they deem it necessary.

The films Primary and Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment (both produced by Robert Drew), Harlan County, USA (directed by Barbara Kopple), Dont Look Back (D. A. Pennebaker), Lonely Boy (Wolf Koenig and Roman Kroitor), Chronicle of a Summer (Jean Rouch) and Golden Gloves (Gilles Groulx) [3][4] are all frequently deemed cinéma vérité films. Primary is a 1960 Direct Cinema Documentary film about the 1960 Primary election between John F Robert Lincoln Drew (born February 15, 1924) in Toledo, Ohio) is an American Writer and director. Harlan County USA is a 1976 Academy Award winning Documentary film covering the efforts of 180 Coal miners on strike against Barbara Kopple (born July 30, 1946) is an American Film director primarily known for her work in Documentary film. Dont Look Back is a 1967 Documentary film by DA Pennebaker that principally covers Bob Dylan 's 1965 concert tour of the Donn Alan "D A" Pennebaker (born July 15, 1925) is an American Documentary filmmaker and one of the pioneers of Direct Cinema Roman Kroitor ( December 12, 1926 –) is a Canadian filmmaker and co-inventor of IMAX. Chronique d'un été (Chronicle of a Summer is a Documentary film made during the summer of 1960 by Sociologist Edgar Morin and Jean Rouch ( 31 May 1917 - 18 February 2004) was a French filmmaker and Anthropologist. For the honor in Major League Baseball, see Gold Glove. The Golden Gloves is the name given to annual competitions for Amateur Gilles Groulx ( 30 May 1931, Montreal, Quebec, Canada - 22 August 1994) was a Canadian film director Cinéma Vérité is the first Album by an Alternative rock group Dramarama, released in November 1985

The fundamentals of the style include following a person during a crisis with a moving, often handheld, camera to capture more personal reactions. There are no sit-down interviews, and the shooting ratio (the amount of film shot to the finished product) is very high, often reaching 80 to one. From there, editors find and sculpt the work into a film. The editors of the movement — such as Werner Nold, Charlotte Zwerin, Muffie Myers, Susan Froemke, and Ellen Hovde — are often overlooked, but their input to the films was so vital that they were often given co-director credits.

Famous cinéma vérité/direct cinema films include Les Raquetteurs [5], Showman, Salesman, The Children Were Watching, Primary, Behind a Presidential Crisis, and Grey Gardens.

Political weapons

In the 1960s and 1970s, documentary film was often conceived as a political weapon against neocolonialism and capitalism in general, especially in Latin America, but also in a changing Quebec society. Neocolonialism is a term used by post-colonial critics of Developed countries ' involvement in the developing world Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk La Hora de los hornos (The Hour of the Furnaces, from 1968), directed by Octavio Getino and Fernando E. Solanas, influenced a whole generation of filmmakers. The Hour of the Furnaces (La hora de los hornos is a 1968 film directed by Octavio Getino and Fernando Solanas. Octavio Getino (born in August 6, 1935 in León, Spain) is an Argentine film director who is best known for co-founding along with Fernando Ezequiel 'Pino' Solanas (born 16 February 1936, Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an Argentine Film director

Modern documentaries

One of 150 DV cameras used by Iraqis to film themselves and create the 2004 film Voices of Iraq.
One of 150 DV cameras used by Iraqis to film themselves and create the 2004 film Voices of Iraq. Voices of Iraq is a ground breaking 2004 documentary about Iraq, created by distributing cameras to the subjects of a film thus enabling subjects

Box office analysts have noted that this film genre has become increasingly successful in theatrical release with films such as Bowling for Columbine, Super Size Me, Fahrenheit 9/11, March of the Penguins and An Inconvenient Truth among the most prominent examples. A box office is a place where tickets are sold to the public for Admission to a venue Bowling for Columbine is a 2002 American Documentary film written directed produced by and starring Michael Moore. Super Size Me is a 2004 Documentary film written produced directed by and starring Morgan Spurlock, an American independent Fahrenheit 9/11 is an award-winning 2004 Documentary Film by American filmmaker Michael Moore which takes a critical look March of the Penguins ( French: La Marche de l'empereur; literally The Emperor's March) is a commercially and critically successful An Inconvenient Truth is an American Documentary film about Global warming, presented by former United States Vice President Compared to dramatic narrative films, documentaries typically have far lower budgets which makes them attractive to film companies because even a limited theatrical release can be highly profitable. Fahrenheit 9/11 set a new record for documentary profits, earning over US$228 million in ticket sales and selling over 3 million DVDs. Fahrenheit 9/11 is an award-winning 2004 Documentary Film by American filmmaker Michael Moore which takes a critical look [4]

The nature of documentary films has changed in the past 20 years from the cinema verité tradition. Landmark films such as The Thin Blue Line by Errol Morris incorporated stylized re-enactments, and Michael Moore's Roger & Me placed far more interpretive control with the director. The Thin Blue Line is a 1988 Documentary film concerning the November 28 1976 murder of Dallas police officer Robert W Errol Morris (born February 5, 1948) is an American Academy Award winning Documentary film director Michael Francis Moore (born April 23 1954 is an Academy Award -winning American filmmaker author and liberal Political commentator. Roger & Me is a 1989 American Documentary film directed by independent filmmaker/author Michael Moore. Indeed, the commercial success of these documentaries may derive from this narrative shift in the documentary form, leading some critics to question whether such films can truly be called documentaries; critics sometimes refer to these works as "mondo films" or "docu-ganda. A mondo film is a Documentary film, sometimes resembling a pseudo-documentary, usually depicting sensational topics scenes and situations "[5] However, directorial manipulation of documentary subjects has been noted since the work of Flaherty, and may be endemic to the form.

The recent success of the documentary genre, and the advent of DVDs, has made documentaries financially viable even without a cinema release. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is Yet funding for documentary film production remains elusive, and within the past decade the largest exhibition opportunities have emerged from within the broadcast market, making filmmakers beholden to the tastes and influences of the broadcasters who have become their largest funding source. [6]

Modern documentaries have some overlap with television forms, with the development of "reality television" that occasionally verges on the documentary but more often veers to the fictional or staged. Reality television is a genre of Television programming which presents purportedly unscripted dramatic or humorous situations documents actual events and usually features ordinary The making-of documentary shows how a movie or a computer game was produced. A video game is a Game that involves interaction with a User interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. Usually made for promotional purposes, it is closer to an advertisement than a classic documentary.

Modern lightweight digital video cameras and computer-based editing have greatly aided documentary makers, as has the dramatic drop in equipment prices. The first film to take full advantage of this change was Martin Kunert and Eric Manes' Voices of Iraq, where 150 DV cameras were sent to Iraq during the war and passed out to Iraqis to record themselves. Martin Kunert (Martin Stanislaw Kunert-Dziewanowski is a founding partner of Booya Studios and a feature film and television writer director and producer Eric Manes is a Writer and producer in the Film and Television industry Voices of Iraq is a ground breaking 2004 documentary about Iraq, created by distributing cameras to the subjects of a film thus enabling subjects

Other documentary forms

Compilation films

Compilation films were pioneered in 1927 by Esfir Schub with The Fall of the Romanov Dynasty. Esfir Shub (1894-1953 was a Soviet film director and editor Born in Ukraine Shub had a lifelong though strained friendship with Dziga Vertov, whom she met More recent examples include Point of Order (1964), directed by Emile de Antonio about the McCarthy hearings and The Atomic Cafe which is made entirely out of found footage that various agencies of the U. Emile de Antonio (1919 – December 16, 1989) was a director and producer of Documentary films, usually detailing political or social events circa 1960s The Atomic Café is an acclaimed Documentary film about the beginnings of the era of Nuclear warfare, created from a broad range of archival of film from the S. government made about the safety of nuclear radiation (e. g. , telling troops at one point that it's safe to be irradiated as long as they keep their eyes and mouths shut). Similarly, The Last Cigarette combines the testimony of various tobacco company executives before the U.S. Congress with archival propaganda extolling the virtues of smoking. Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses

Documentaries about documentary filmmakers

See also

Documentary film festivals

Main article: Documentary film festivals

Documentary Film Awards

Significant institutes dealing with documentary

Notes and references

  1. ^ Nichols, Bill. Barbara Hammer (born May 15, 1939) is an American Filmmaker in the genre of Experimental films Biography Hammer was Africa Safi Faye Sorious Samura, ( Cry Freetown, Return to Freetown, Exodus A Docudrama is a Dramatization of actual historical events Generalities Docudramas tend to demonstrate some or most of the following characteristics This is a list of Film -related topics National cinemas | glossary | Lists List of Documentaries by Alphabetical Order by Country by Topic Mockumentary (also known as a pseudo-documentary) a Portmanteau of Mock and documentary, is a film and TV Genre, or a single work A mondo film is a Documentary film, sometimes resembling a pseudo-documentary, usually depicting sensational topics scenes and situations A nature documentary is a Documentary film about Animals Plants or other non-human living creatures usually concentrating on film taken in their natural Political Cinema in the narrow sense of the term is a cinema which portrays current or historical events or social conditions in a partisan way in order to inform or to agitate the spectator Reality film or reality movie describes a genre of films that have resulted from Reality television, such as The Real Cancun, MTV 's Documentary film festivals are Film festivals devoted solely to Documentary film, which is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt in one The Academy Award for Documentary Feature is among the most prestigious awards for Documentary films Controversies Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival is North America's largest documentary Film festival, conference and market held annually in Toronto Visions du Réel is an international Film festival, specializing in Documentary films It was established in 1995 and is held each year in Nyon, The Channel 4 Sheffield Pitch is an annual competition sponsored by British public-service television broadcaster Channel 4, which seeks to offer one new documentary The Prix Jean Vigo is an award in the Cinema of France given annually since 1951 to a French film director in homage to Jean Vigo. The American Film Foundation is an award-winning production company based in Southern California. Docs in Progress is a film organization based in Washington DC which showcases works in progress by up-and-coming and established Documentary filmmakers The National Film Board of Canada (usually National Film Board or NFB) is Canada's public film producer and distributor The D-Word is a worldwide Online community for professionals in the Documentary film industry 'Foreword', in Barry Keith Grant and Jeannette Sloniowski (eds. ) Documenting The Documentary: Close Readings of Documentary Film and Video. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1997
  2. ^ Miriam Hansen, Babel and Babylon: Spectatorship in American Silent Film, 2005.
  3. ^ Grierson, John. 'First Principles of Documentary', in Kevin Macdonald & Mark Cousins (eds. ) Imagining Reality: The Faber Book of Documentary. London: Faber and Faber, 1996
  4. ^ [1] Slate, "Paranoia for Fun and Profit: How Disney and Michael Moore cleaned up on Fahrenheit 9/11". May 3, 2005.
  5. ^ Wood, Daniel B. . "In 'docu-ganda' films, balance is not the objective", Christian Science Monitor, June 2, 2006. The Christian Science Monitor (CSM is an international Newspaper published daily Monday through Friday Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2006-06-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year  
  6. ^ [2] Indiewire, "FESTIVALS: Post-Sundance 2001; Docs Still Face Financing and Distribution Challenges". February 8, 2001.

Further reading

External links

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