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Doctor of Medicine (M. D. or MD, from the Latin Medicinae Doctor meaning "Teacher of Medicine,") is an academic degree for medical doctors. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of Higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health

How the term MD is applied varies between countries - it is a first professional degree (medical diploma) in some countries, for example in the USA and Canada, while in some countries it is a higher doctoral academic research degree resembling a PhD, for example in the United Kingdom and Australia. A first professional degree is a type of Academic degree designed to prepare the holder for a particular profession by emphasizing practical skills over theory and analysis The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. [1] In the UK and countries following the British model, the equivalent of the American MD degree is the MBChB or MBBS ("Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery" - see Equivalent Degrees, below). Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, or in Latin Medicinae Baccalaureus et Baccalaureus Chirurgiae (abbreviated MB BChir, BM BCh, Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, or in Latin Medicinae Baccalaureus et Baccalaureus Chirurgiae (abbreviated MB BChir, BM BCh,

Contents

History of the medical degree

According to Sir John Bagot Glubb and Syed Farid Alatas, the first medical schools to issue academic degrees and diplomas were the Bimaristan teaching hospitals of the medieval Islamic world. Lieutenant-General Sir John Bagot Glubb KCB, CMG, DSO, OBE, better known as Glubb Pasha (born 16 April Medical education A medical school or faculty of medicine is a Tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches Medicine A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of Higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing A diploma (from Greek δίπλωµα diploma, meaning "folded paper" is a Certificate or Deed issued by an educational institution Bimaristan is a Middle Persian and modern Persian ( بیمارستان bīmārestān) word meaning Hospital, with Bimar- The first of these institutions was opened in Baghdad during the time of Harun al-Rashid. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Hārūn al-Rashīd (and Persian: هارون الرشيد) also spelled Harun ar-Rashid; English: Aaron the Upright, Aaron the They then appeared in Egypt from 872 and then in Islamic Spain, Persia and the Maghreb thereafter. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or See Also Persian Empire History of Iran and Greater Iran (also referred to as the " Iranian Cultural Continent The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset Physicians and surgeons at these hospital-universities gave lectures on Islamic medicine to medical students and then a medical diploma or degree was issued to students who were qualified to be practicing physicians. A lecture is an oral Presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject for example by a University or College [2][3]

According to Douglas Guthrie,[4] who bases his account on L Thorndike,[5] medical men were first called "Doctor" at the Medical School of Salerno. The Schola Medica Salernitana ( Italian: Scuola Medica Salernitana) was the first Medieval Medical school in the cosmopolitan coastal He states that the Emperor Frederick II decreed in 1221 that no one should practice medicine until he had been publicly examined and approved by the masters of Salerno. Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title The course lasted 5 years, and to start one had to be 21 years old and show proof of legitimacy and of three years study of logic. The course was followed by a year of supervised practice. After the laureation ceremony the practitioners could call themselves "magister" or "doctor. "

United States and Canada

Physician education and training in the United States


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The MB or Bachelor of Medicine was the first type of medical degree to be granted in the United States and Canada. Medical education in the United States includes educational activities involved in the education and training of Medical doctors (D Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, or in Latin Medicinae Baccalaureus et Baccalaureus Chirurgiae (abbreviated MB BChir, BM BCh, The first medical schools that granted the MB degree were Penn, Harvard, Toronto, Maryland, and Columbia. The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. This article is about the University of Toronto's St George Campus The University of Maryland College Park (often referred to as The University of Maryland UMD, UMCP or simply Maryland) is a public research Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. These first few North American medical schools that were established were (for the most part) founded by physicians and surgeons who had been trained in England and/or Scotland. University medical education in England culminated with the MB qualification, and in Scotland the MD, until from the mid-19th century the dual Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery degrees (MB BS/MBChB/MB BChir/BM BCh etc) took over as public bodies required practitioners to have two qualifications. Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, or in Latin Medicinae Baccalaureus et Baccalaureus Chirurgiae (abbreviated MB BChir, BM BCh, The MB was the oldest and the most traditional medical degree held by physicians and surgeons in England. North American Medical schools began granting the MD title rather than the MB mostly throughout the 1800s.

Within the United States, MDs are awarded by LCME-accredited medical schools. The Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME is an accrediting body for educational programs at schools of Medicine in the United States and Canada [6][7][8]. The Liaison Committee on Medical Education is an independent body sponsored by the Association of American Medical Colleges and the American Medical Association, the AMA. The Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME is an accrediting body for educational programs at schools of Medicine in the United States and Canada The Association of American Medical Colleges ( AAMC) is a Non-profit organization based in Washington DC and established in 1876. The American Medical Association (AMA founded in 1847 and incorporated 1897 is the largest association of Physicians and Medical students in the United States

Admissions to medical schools in the United States are competitive, with 17,800 of the approximately 47,000 applicants matriculating to a medical school. Before graduating from a medical school and achieving the degree of Medical Doctor, students have to pass the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 and to take (but not necessarily pass) both the Clinical Knowledge and Clinical Skills parts of Step 2. The United States Medical Licensing Examination or USMLE is a multi-part professional Exam sponsored by the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB and The MD degree is typically earned in four years. Following the awarding of the MD, physicians who wish to practice in the United States are required to complete at least one internship year (PGY-1) and pass the USMLE Step 3. Step 3 is the final exam in the USMLE series of examinations It is part of the licensing requirements for M In order to receive Board Eligible or Board Accredited status in a specialty of medicine such as general surgery or internal medicine, then undergo additional specialized training in the form of a residency. This page is about the surgical specialty For the goregrind band see General Surgery (band General surgery despite its name is Internal medicine is the medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis management and nonsurgical treatment of unusual or serious diseases Residency is a stage of graduate medical training. A resident physician or resident is a person who has received a Medical degree ( MD Those who wish to further specialize in areas such as cardiology or interventional radiology then complete a fellowship. Cardiology (from Greek grc καρδίᾱ kardiā, "heart" and grc -λογία -logia) is the branch of Internal medicine Interventional radiology (abbreviated IR or sometimes VIR for vascular and interventional radiology) is a subspecialty of Radiology in which Depending upon the physician's chosen field, residencies and fellowships involve an additional three to eight years of training after obtaining the MD. This can be lengthened with additional research years, which can last one, two, or more years.

In Canada, the MD is the basic medical degree required to practice medicine. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page At McGill University in Montreal, M. D. , C. M. (Medicinae Doctor et Chirurgiae Magister or a Doctor of Medicine and Master of Surgery sometimes also written MDCM) degrees are awarded. Doctor of Medicine ( MD or MD, from the Latin Medicinæ Doctor meaning "Teacher of Medicine" is a doctoral

Even though the MD is a first professional degree and not a doctorate of research (ie. A first professional degree is a type of Academic degree designed to prepare the holder for a particular profession by emphasizing practical skills over theory and analysis PhD), many holders of the MD degree conduct clinical and basic scientific research and publish in peer-reviewed journals during training and after graduation. Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. An academic journal is a peer-reviewed Periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular Academic discipline is published Some MDs choose a research career and receive funding from the NIH as well as other sources such as the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. "NIH" redirects here For other meanings of NIH see NIH (disambiguation. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI is a United States Non-profit medical Research institute based in Chevy Chase Maryland A few even go on to become Nobel Laureates. This is a list of Nobel Prize Laureates awarded for their outstanding contributions to Humanitarian causes for Peace, work in Literature [3]

Equivalent Degrees

Further information: Comparison of the MD and DO degrees

United Kingdom, Ireland and some Commonwealth countries

In the United Kingdom and Ireland (and many Commonwealth countries) the MD is a postgraduate research degree in medicine. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world At some universities, this takes the form of a first doctorate, analogous to the PhD, awarded upon submission of a thesis and a successful viva. The thesis may consist of new research undertaken on a full- or part-time basis, with much less supervision (in the UK) than for a PhD, or a portfolio of previously-published work (see, for example, [4]).

At some other universities (especially older institutions such as Oxford and Cambridge) the MD is a higher doctorate awarded upon submission of a portfolio of published work representing a substantial contribution to medical research. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the [1].

In the case where the MD is awarded (either as a first or higher doctorate) for previously-published research, the candidate is usually required to be either a graduate or a full-time member of staff, of several years' standing of the university in question (see, for example, [5]).

The University of Buckingham [6], the only private university in Great Britain, has announced an Indian-style two year full-time taught course for a "Clinical MD" in internal medicine. The University of Buckingham is the only Private university in the United Kingdom. This is designed for non-European Union graduates, who are no longer to be allowed to take accredited training posts in UK hospitals. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in This degree will be awarded first in 2010.

The entry-level professional degree in these countries for the practice of medicine is that of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS or MBChB). Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, or in Latin Medicinae Baccalaureus et Baccalaureus Chirurgiae (abbreviated MB BChir, BM BCh, This degree typically requires between four and six years of study and clinical training, and is equivalent to the North American MD.

Other postgraduate clinical degrees

There is also a similar advanced professional degree to the postgraduate MD: the Master of Surgery (usually ChM or MS, but MCh in Ireland, Wales and at Oxford and MChir at Cambridge). The Master of Surgery is an advanced qualification in surgery The Master of Surgery is an advanced qualification in surgery

In Ireland, where the basic medical qualification includes a degree in obstetrics, there is a similar higher degree of Master of the Art of Obstetrics (MAO).

India, Pakistan and Argentina

In India, an MD is a higher postgraduate degree awarded by many medical colleges to medical graduates holding the MBBS degree, after three years of study and passing an examination which includes both theory and practical, in a pre-clinical or clinical subject of a non-surgical nature. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The original research element is not as prominent here, as this is primarily a clinical qualification resembling the professional doctorates of the USA. In surgery, orthopaedics and gynaecology the equivalent degree is Master of Surgery (MS). The Master of Surgery is an advanced qualification in surgery After obtaining the first post graduate degree, that is MD/MS, one can go for further specialisation in medical or surgical fields. This requires three years of hard training and study and then passing an examination, both theory and practical, and the degree awarded is DM (Doctorate in Medicine, superspeciality) eg DM in Cardiology, Neurology, Nephrology, Gastroenterology etc. For surgical subspecialities the degree awarded is MCh, eg MCh (Cardiac Surgery), MCh (Neurosurgery) etc. The DM or MCh degrees are equivalent to the Fellowship training in the US and are considered "post-doctoral" degrees in India, similar to the [Phd].

In Pakistan an MBBS is awarded as the basic medical qualification after completing five/six years of study. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Tough entry tests are passed successfully before entering in to a medical college. Medical colleges and foreign medical qualifications are supervised by the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC). Specialized degrees are awarded by the Pakistan College of Physicians and Surgeons.

In Argentine the medical degree Título de Médico[13] are equivalent to the North American M. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. D. Degree with 6 year of intensive theoric studies followed by three years of the Residencia as a Mayor Especialidad in a particular empiric field, compounded of internships, social services and sporadic research. Residency is a stage of graduate medical training. A resident physician or resident is a person who has received a Medical degree ( MD

References

  1. ^ a b CF Hawkins, "Write the MD Thesis" in "How To Do It" London: British Medical Association 2nd ed. 1985 ISBN 0-7279-0186-9
  2. ^ Sir John Bagot Glubb (cf. Dr. Lieutenant-General Sir John Bagot Glubb KCB, CMG, DSO, OBE, better known as Glubb Pasha (born 16 April cf is an abbreviation for the Latin -derived (but also modern English) word confer, meaning "compare" or "consult" A. Zahoor (1999), Quotations on Islamic Civilization)
  3. ^ Alatas, Syed Farid, “From Jami`ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue”, Current Sociology 54 (1): 112-32 
  4. ^ Douglas Guthrie, A History of Medicine. London: Thomas Nelson 1945, p. 107
  5. ^ L Thorndike, History of Magic and Experimental Science. New York 1934 - 41, Vol. 2 of 6
  6. ^ Physician Education, Licensure, and Certification. American Medical Association. [1]
  7. ^ Registering with the NRMP. National Residency Matching Program. Accessed 15 March 2008.
  8. ^ Whorton, James. Counterculture Healing: A Brief History of Alternative Medicine in America. 4 Nov 2003. WGBH Educational Foundation. accessed 25 Dec 2007.
  9. ^ Dennis L. Kasper, Eugene Braunwald, Anthony S. Fauci, Stephen L. Hauser, Dan L. Longo, J. Larry Jameson, and Kurt J. Isselbacher, Eds. Chapter 10. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th Edition. 2005. McGraw Hill.
  10. ^ J Brodzki Polish School of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd 1942 64 pp
  11. ^ W Tomaszewski The University of Edinburgh and Poland. A historical review. Edinburgh: 1968
  12. ^ University of Edinburgh Polish School of Medicine web site [2]
  13. ^ CONEAU National Commission for University Evaluation and Accreditation.
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