Doctor of Laws (Latin: Legum Doctor, LL. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. D. ) is a doctorate-level academic degree in law. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of Higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Plural abbreviations in Latin are formed by doubling the letter, hence the double "L". Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.
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By Country
Brazil
In Brazil, the Doctor of Laws degree, known in Portuguese as Doutor em Direito or Doutor em Ciências Jurídicas is the highest academic degree in law available. The degree is awarded upon the completion and the successful defense of a thesis prepared by the doctoral candidate. A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's Research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature In most Brazilian Law Schools, the candidates are also required to earn a minimum number of credits.
Canada
The appellation of a doctorate in law in Canada depends on the institution, although most law schools in Canada are now using or have determined to use the J. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page D. (Juris Doctor) professional doctorate. Juris Doctor (abbreviated JD or JD, from the Latin, Teacher of Law) is a first professional graduate degree and Professional Of the ten+ universities in Canada that offer doctorates in law, four (University of Ottawa, University of Montreal, Laval University, and University of Quebec at Montreal) offer LL. Ds, three (University of British Columbia, Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, and University of Victoria) offer Ph. Ds, three(University of Toronto, University of Calgary and Dalhousie University) offer S. The Faculty of Law at the University of Calgary was officially opened in 1976 with a first-year class of sixty students and nine faculty members J. D degrees (Doctor of Laws), and one (McGill University) offers a D. C. L (Doctor of Civil Law). Some universities such as the University of Oxford, award Doctor of Civil Law (DCL degrees instead of Doctor of Laws (LL The differences largely reflect the divide between Canada's two legal systems (the common law and the civil law). The Canadian legal system has its foundation in the British Common law system inherited from being a part of the Commonwealth. Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive Civil law or Romano-Germanic law or Continental law is the predominant system of law in the world. Faculties that teach in the civil law tradition grant LL. D degrees, whereas those in the common law tradition grant either Ph. Ds or S. J. Ds.
European and Commonwealth usage
In the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Europe, the degree is a higher doctorate usually awarded on the basis of exceptionally insightful and distinctive publications that contain significant and original contributions to the study of law. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island To publish is to make content Publicly known. The term is most frequently applied to the distribution of text or images on paper or to the placing of content Some universities, such as the University of Oxford, award a Doctor of Civil Law degree instead. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the Some universities such as the University of Oxford, award Doctor of Civil Law (DCL degrees instead of Doctor of Laws (LL In South Africa, the LL. D. is awarded by many university law faculties as the highest degree in law, also based upon research and completion of a Ph. D. equivalent dissertation like in most European countries. The LL. D. may also be awarded as an honorary degree based upon a person's contributions to society. An honorary degree or a degree honoris causa ( Latin: 'for the sake of the honour' is an Academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding
Germany
In Germany the Doctor of Law (observe the singular) is the advanced degree in law (the basic degree being a successfully passed first Staatsexamen) awarded as Dr. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The de Staatsexamen is a German Government licensing examination that future Doctors Teachers Lawyers Judges Public iur. (Doctor iuris) based on a dissertation. It usually requires the grade of Fully Satisfactory in the student's first Staatsexamen though having successfully passed the second Staatsexamen (the German equivalent to the bar exam) is not required. The de Staatsexamen is a German Government licensing examination that future Doctors Teachers Lawyers Judges Public The de Staatsexamen is a German Government licensing examination that future Doctors Teachers Lawyers Judges Public A bar examination is an examination to determine whether a candidate is qualified to practice Law in a given Jurisdiction. Only
The Doctor of Laws (now note the plural), awarded as Dr. iur. utr. (Doctor iuris utriusque) is almost extinct, since it means considering both Civil Law and Canonical Law. A doctorate solely in latter area is the degree of Dr. iur. can. (Doctor iuris canonici).
The Doctor of Law is still only the first step to tenure in German Law. Despite the initiative to establish a junior professor, to become a university professor of law a habilitation is still mandatory. Habilitation is the highest academic qualification a person can achieve by their own pursuit in certain European and Asian countries
Czech Republic and Slovak Republic (former Czechoslovakia)
In Czech Republic and Slovak Republic the Doctor is a postgraduate degree awarded as JUDr. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million (Juris utrisque doctor) based upon research and completion of a dissertation. This dissertation differs from a Ph. D. dissertation in its lesser time and work (approx. 2 - 3 years for full time candidates, 5 years for PhD). The PhD is chosen by candidates interested in an academic career since it comprises the capacity for teaching at universities.
Malta
In Malta, the European Union's smallest member state, the LL. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in D. is a doctorate-level academic degree in law requiring at least six years (three for the LL. B. and 3 for the LL. D) of full time study at the University of Malta[1], Malta's national university. The University of Malta ( Maltese L-Università ta' Malta) is the highest educational institution in Malta. Students are required to complete coursework in a number of core areas of law, as well as to submit a thesis which is to be "an original work on the approved subject or other contribution to the knowledge showing that he/she has carried out sufficient research therein" [2]. It confers the title of Doctor, which in Malta is rigorously used to address a holder of the degree. Doctor ( gen: doctoris) means teacher in Latin. The word is originally an Agentive noun of the verb docēre ('teach' The LL. D. is one of the requirements for admission to the profession of advocate in Malta (an advocate, as opposed to a legal procurator, has rights of representation in superior courts). An advocate is one who speaks on behalf of another person especially in a legal context Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands
In Malta, practising lawyers are of three designations – notaries, legal procurators and advocates. A one-year full time taught post-graduate diploma of Notary Public (N. P. ) is required for admission to the profession of notary public, while a taught post-graduate diploma of Legal Procurator (L. A notary public is an officer who can administer Oaths and Statutory Declarations Witness and authenticate documents P. ) is required for admission to the profession of legal procurator. A legal procurator is a Lawyer in Malta who assists Advocates in lawsuits in courts of various levels A legal procurator is a lawyer in Malta that has rights of audience in the lower courts, a profession that was existent in Malta as early, and even prior to 1553[3]. A legal procurator is a Lawyer in Malta who assists Advocates in lawsuits in courts of various levels The Bachelor of Laws (LL. B. ) degree, also offered by the university, is an undergraduate degree that of itself is not sufficient for admission into any of the legal professions. All three professions also require members to be holders of a warrant issued by the President of Malta, obtainable after a minimum of one year of work experience in that profession, and examination. It is not possible for a Maltese lawyer to hold a warrant in more than one of the professions at a time.
Notable holders of the LL. D. degree include Dr. Guido de Marco (former President of the United Nations General Assembly and former President of Malta), Dr. Guido de Marco (born July 22, 1931) was President of Malta from 1999 to 2004 George Borg Olivier (first post-independence Prime Minister of Malta), and Dr. Giorgio Borg Olivier (Ġorġ Borġ Olivier ( 5 July 1911 - 29 October 1980) was twice Prime Minister of Malta (1950 to 1955 and Lawrence Gonzi (current Prime Minister of Malta). Lawrence Gonzi (born July 1, 1953) is the incumbent Prime Minister of Malta.
United States
There are two doctorates in law awarded in the U. S. , the research doctorate Doctor of Juridical Science or J. S. D. (also S.J.D. and sometimes awarded as Doctor of the Science of Law) and the professional doctorate Juris Doctor or J.D.[1]
Italy
In Italy, the title of "Doctor of legal science" (dottore in scienze giuridiche) is the title given to anybody who graduates from university having completed a normal course of undergraduate studies in law (3yrs). Doctor of Laws ( Latin: Legum Doctor, LLD) is a Doctorate -level Academic degree in Law. Juris Doctor (abbreviated JD or JD, from the Latin, Teacher of Law) is a first professional graduate degree and Professional These can be compared to the British Bachelor of Laws degree. The Bachelor of Laws (abbreviated LLB, LLB or rarely LlB) is an undergraduate or bachelor degree in law offered in most Common law The title of "doctor of law" (dottore in giurisprudenza)is the title given to students who, after first level degree, complete the master degree in law (+2 years), and, previously, this was the title given to the students that completed the old courses of studies in law(4 years). The Ph. D. title can be earned after (+3 years) of schooling, by students that have the master in law and are "doctor of law". Once a prospective lawyer has been awarded the "doctor of law" (dottore in giurisprudenza),and worked two years like trainee layer, he or she is required to pass a state bar examination in order to be licensed to practice as an Attorney at Law.
See also
- Juris Doctor (J. Juris Doctor (abbreviated JD or JD, from the Latin, Teacher of Law) is a first professional graduate degree and Professional D. )
- Master of Laws (LL. The Master of Laws is an advanced Academic degree, or research degree and is commonly abbreviated LL M. )
- Bachelor of Laws (LL. The Bachelor of Laws (abbreviated LLB, LLB or rarely LlB) is an undergraduate or bachelor degree in law offered in most Common law B. )
- Doctor of Canon Law
References
- ^ Association of American Universities Data Exchange. Doctor of Canon Law ( Latin: Juris Canonici Doctor; JCD) is the Doctoral -level Terminal degree in the studies of Glossary of Terms for Graduate Education. Accessed May 26, 2008; National Science Foundation (2006). “Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients,” ‘’InfoBrief, Science Resource Statistics’’ NSF 06-312, 2006, p. 7. (under "Data notes" mentions that the J. D. is a professional doctorate); San Diego County Bar Association (1969). ‘’Ethics Opinion 1969-5’’. Accessed May 26, 2008. (under “other references” discusses differences between academic and professional doctorate, and statement that the J. D. is a professional doctorate); University of Utah (2006). University of Utah – The Graduate School – Graduate Handbook. Accessed May 28, 2008. (the J. D. degree is listed under doctorate degrees); German Federal Ministry of Education. ‘’U.S. Higher Education / Evaluation of the Almanac Chronicle of Higher Education’’. Accessed May 26, 2008. (report by the German Federal Ministry of Education analysing the Chronicle of Higher Education from the U. S. and stating that the J. D. is a professional doctorate); Encyclopedia Britannica. (2002). ‘’Encyclopedia Britannica’’, 3:962:1a. (the J. D. is listed among other doctorate degrees).
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