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Dmitri Shepilov
Dmitri Shepilov

Dmitri Trofimovich Shepilov (Russian: Дмитрий Трофимович Шепилов) (5 November [O.S. 23 October] 1905 – 8 August 1995) was a Soviet politician and foreign minister who joined the abortive plot to oust Nikita Khruschev from power in 1957. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The Political system of the Soviet Union was characterized by the superior role of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU the only party permitted by This page lists foreign ministers of Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and Russian Federation: Heads of Posolsky Prikaz, 1549-1699 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 17 1894 – September 11 1971 served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 following Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) He is not to be confused with another Soviet politician, Alexander Shelepin[1]

Contents

Biography

Childhood

Dmitri Shepilov was born to a worker's family in Askhabad. Alexander Nikolayevich Shelepin (Александр Николаевич Шелепин 18 August 1918, Voronezh - October 24, 1994 Ashgabat ( Aşgabat in Turkmen) (or formerly Ashkhabad or Poltoratsk is the Capital and largest city of Turkmenistan, a country in He graduated from the Law School of the Moscow State University in 1926 and was sent to work in Yakutsk, where he worked as a deputy prosecutor and acting prosecutor for Yakutia. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Yakutsk (Яку́тск Дьокуускай) is a city in the Russian Far East, located about 4° (450 kilometres The Sakha Republic (Yakutia (Респу́блика Саха́ (Яку́тия Саха Республиката is a federal subject of Russia (a Republic In 1928-1929 Shepilov worked as an assistant regional prosecutor in Smolensk. Smolensk (Смоленск is a city in western Russia, located on the Dnieper River, the administrative centre of Smolensk Oblast. In 1931-1933 Shepilov studied at the Institute of the Red Professors[2] in Moscow while simultaneously working as the "responsible secretary" of the magazine On the Agrarian Front. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of After graduating in 1933, Shepilov was made head of the political department of a sovkhoz. A sovkhoz ( Russian language: Совхоз, Советское хозяйство, Sovetskoye khozyaystvo, "soviet Farm " In 1935 he was made Deputy Chief of the Sector of Agricultural Science of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party. The Central Committee, abbreviated in Russian as ЦК, "Tse-ka" was the highest body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU

In 1937 Shepilov became a Doctor of Science and was made the Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Economics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. DSc ScD SD, or DrSc are common abbreviations for the Latin Scientiæ Doctor, meaning Doctor of Science. The Russian Academy of Sciences (Российская Академия Наук Rossi'iskaya Akade'miya Nau'k, shortened to PAH RAN) consists of the National He also taught economics in Moscow's colleges between 1937 and 1941. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Shortly after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, Shepilov joined the Soviet People's Militia (Narodnoe Opolcheniye) in July 1941 and was a Political commissar of its Moscow component during the Battle of Moscow in 1941-1942. Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II The term militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary Citizens to provide defense emergency law enforcement or Paramilitary service Narodnoe Opolcheniye or Opolchenie (Народное ополчение lit A political commissar, or politruk, is an officer appointed by a government to oversee a unit of the military The Battle of Moscow (Битва под Москвой Romanized: Bitva pod Moskvoy, Schlacht um Moskau is the name given by the Soviet historians to the two In 1942-1943 he was the political commissar of the 23rd Guard Army and in 1944-1946 of the 4th Guard Army, ending the war with the rank of Major General. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Between May 1945 and February 1946, Shepilov was one of the top Soviet officials in Vienna during the early stages of the Soviet occupation of eastern parts of Austria. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich

Rise to the top

In February 1946, Shepilov was appointed deputy head of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Soviet Army's Main Political Directorate. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya On August 2, 1946 he became the head of the propaganda department of the main Communist Party daily Pravda. Pravda (Правда "The Truth" was a leading Newspaper of the Soviet Union and an official organ of the Central Committee of the

In mid-1947, the head of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Communist Party Central Committee Georgy Aleksandrov and his deputies were subject to public criticism for being insufficiently vigilant and removed from their positions. Georgy Fedorovich Aleksandrov (March 22 1908 ( Old Style) Saint Petersburg - July 7 1961 ( New Style, Moscow) was a Marxist Shepilov was appointed deputy chief of the Department on September 18, 1947. Since the new department head, Mikhail Suslov, had other responsibilities, Shepilov had almost complete control of the Department's day to day operations. Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov ( Russian: Михаил Андреевич Суслов; November 21, 1902 - January 25, 1982

While in Moscow, Shepilov – famous for his near-eidetic memory, erudition and polished manners – became an expert on Communist ideology and a protege of Joseph Stalin's chief of Communist ideology Andrei Zhdanov[3]. Eidetic memory, photographic memory, or total recall is the ability to recall Images Sounds, or objects in Memory Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Andrei Aleksandrovich Zhdanov (Андре́й Алекса́ндрович Жда́нов ( Mariupol', &ndash August 31, 1948 The 1 December 1947 appointment of Yuri Zhdanov, Andrei Zhdanov's son, to lead the Propaganda Department's Science Sector put Shepilov in a delicate position of supervising his patron's son. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The situation was made even more delicate by the fact that Yuri Zhdanov had just married Joseph Stalin's daughter Svetlana and the fact that Andrei Zhdanov, Stalin's closest advisor at the time, had many enemies in the Soviet leadership.

When in April 1948 Shepilov approved Yuri Zhdanov's speech critical of Soviet biologist and Stalin favorite Trofim Lysenko, it started an intense political battle between Andrei Zhdanov on the one hand and his rivals who were using the episode to discredit Zhdanov[4]. Trofim Denisovich Lysenko (Трофи́м Дени́сович Лысе́нко ( September 29, 1898 &ndash November 20, 1976) was an agronomist On 1 July 1948, Zhdanov's main rival, Georgy Malenkov, took over at the Communist Party Secretariat while Zhdanov was sent on a two-month vacation, where he died. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Georgy Maximilianovich Malenkov (Гео́ргий Максимилиа́нович Маленко́в Georgij Maksimilianovič Malenkov; January 8, Shepilov, however, not only survived this change at the top, but even improved his position and was appointed as the next head of the Propaganda and Agitation Department on July 10, 1948. He also survived the next round of the intra-Party struggle associated with the removal and later execution of the Politburo member Nikolai Voznesensky. The Politburo ( in Russian: Политбюро, full Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, abbreviated Nikolai Alekseevich Voznesensky (Никола́й Алексе́евич Вознесе́нский 1903 &ndash 1950 was the Soviet economic planner who oversaw However, on 14 July 1949, he was censured by the Central Committee for allowing the Party's main theoretical magazine Bolshevik to publish Voznesensky's book on economics back when Voznesensky was still in power[5]. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

In 1952 Stalin put Shepilov in charge of writing a new Soviet economics textbook based on Stalin's recently published treatise Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR[6]. A treatise is a formal lengthy systematic Discourse on some subject On 18 November 1952, after the 19th Communist Party Congress, Shepilov was appointed editor-in-chief of Pravda[7]. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Khruschev's theoretician

After Stalin's death in March 1953, Shepilov became an ally and protege of the new Soviet Communist Party leader Nikita Khruschev[8], providing ideological support in the latter's struggle with the Soviet prime minister Georgy Malenkov. Georgy Maximilianovich Malenkov (Гео́ргий Максимилиа́нович Маленко́в Georgij Maksimilianovič Malenkov; January 8, He was made a Corresponding Member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences the same year. The title Academician denotes a Full Member of an art literary or scientific Academy. The Russian Academy of Sciences (Российская Академия Наук Rossi'iskaya Akade'miya Nau'k, shortened to PAH RAN) consists of the National While Malenkov argued in favor of producing more consumer goods, Shepilov emphasized the role of heavy and defense industries and characterized Malenkov's position as follows:

“ In generally understandable language this means: we surrender the advantage of forcing forward the development of heavy industry, machine construction, energy, chemical industry, electronics, jet technology, guidance systems, and so forth, to the imperialist world. . . It is hard to imagine a more anti-scientific, rotten theory, which could disarm our people more. [9] ”

In February 1955 Malenkov was ousted as prime minister while Shepilov was elected one of the Secretaries of the Central Committee on 12 July 1955. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) He retained his Pravda post and became a senior Communist theoretician, contributing to Khruschev's famous "secret speech" denouncing Stalin at the 20th Party Congress in February 1956[10].

Soviet Foreign Minister

Even though his field was Communist ideology, Shepilov soon began to branch out into foreign policy. In late May 1955 he accompanied Khruschev and the new Soviet prime minister Nikolai Bulganin to Yugoslavia to end the confrontation between the two countries which had begun in 1947-1948. Nikolai Alexandrovich Bulganin (Никола́й Алекса́ндрович Булга́нин Nikolaj Aleksandrovič Bulganin; – February 24 1975 See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian According to Veljko Mićunović, then a member of the Yugoslav leadership:

At a lunch with Tito in 1955, Khruschev several times asked Shepilov to confirm an incident he had just described. "Shepilov would remove the table napkin," Micunovic recalled, "stand up from the table, and as though he were reporting officially, would reply: 'Just so, Nikita Sergeyevich!' and sit down again. I found such behavior on Shepilov's part most unusual, as I did Khruschev's in tolerating it". [11]

In July 1955 Shepilov traveled to Egypt for talks with the Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser and secured an arms deal, which meant de facto Soviet recognition of Egypt's military regime and paved the way for subsequent Soviet-Egyptian alliance[12]. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Gamal Abdel Nasser (جمال عبد الناصر Gamāl ‘Abd an-Nāṣir; - January 15 1918 September 28 1970) was the second President It also signaled the Soviet Union's new found flexibility in dealing with non-Communist Third World countries in marked contrast to the intransigence of Stalin's years. Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically On 27 February 1956, after the Soviet Communist Party's 20th Congress, Shepilov was made a candidate (non-voting) member of the Central Committee's Presidium (the Politburo's name in 1952-1966)[13]. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

On 1 June 1956, Shepilov replaced Vyacheslav Molotov as the Soviet foreign minister. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Molotov redirects here For other uses see Molotov (disambiguation. He gave up his Pravda post, but remained a Secretary of the Central Committee until 24 December [14]. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes In early June 1956 Shepilov went back to Egypt and offered Soviet assistance in building the Aswan Dam, which was eventually accepted after a competing American-World Bank offer was withdrawn in July 1956 in the context of general deterioration of Western-Egyptian relations. Aswan (Assuan is a city on the first cataract of the Nile in Egypt. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e

On 27 July 1956, one day after Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company, Shepilov met the Egyptian ambassador to the Soviet Union and offered general support for Egypt's position, which Khruschev made official in his 31 July speech. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Although the Soviet Union, as a signatory to the Constantinople Convention of 1888, was invited to the international conference on the Suez issue to be held in London in mid-August, Shepilov at first hesitated to accept the offer. The Convention of Constantinople was a Treaty signed by the United Kingdom, Germany, Austro-Hungary, Spain, France London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. However, once the decision to go was made, he led the Soviet delegation at the conference. Although the conference adopted the American resolution on the internationalization of the Suez Canal 18 votes against 4, Shepilov succeeded in striking an alliance with India, Indonesia and Ceylon as directed by the Soviet leadership. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Suez Canal is a Canal in Egypt. Opened in 1869 it allows Water transportation between Europe and Asia without circumnavigation India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island

Shepilov represented the Soviet Union at the UN Security Council during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and the Suez Crisis in October-November 1956, although all important political decisions were made by Khruschev and other top Soviet leaders[15]. The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ( Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom) was a spontaneous nationwide Revolt against the Stalinist government of The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh

Overseeing the Communist propaganda apparatus

On 14 February 1957 Shepilov was once again made Secretary of the Central Committee[16] responsible for Communist ideology and the next day, Andrei Gromyko replaced him as the Soviet foreign minister. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko (Андре́й Андре́евич Громы́ко Андрэй Андрэевіч Грамыка July 2 1989 was a Soviet politician In his new capacity, Shepilov oversaw the Second Composers' Congress in March 1957, which re-affirmed the decision of the First Congress (January 1948) to denounce Dmitri Shostakovich and other modernist composers[17]. Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich ( Russian: ru Дмитрий Дмитриевич Шостакович ( &ndash 9 August 1975 was a Russian Composer Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century When Shostakovich privately composed a satirical cantata Rayok (Peepshow) later that year (published in 1989), he made one of the basses a caricature of Shepilov[1]. Bass (pronounced like the word "base" refers to a variety of Musical instruments that can be collectively regarded as bass instruments since they produce Shepilov also denounced jazz and rock music at the Congress, warning against "wild cave-man orgies" and the "explosion of basic instincts and sexual urges"[18]. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums.

Fall from power

Shepilov was the only Central Committee Secretary to oppose Khruschev in June 1957 when a majority of the Presidium members tried to oust Khruschev during the so-called Anti-Party Group affair. The Anti-Party Group was an epithet used by Nikita Khrushchev to describe Stalinist members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the He reportedly joined the plot at the last moment when Lazar Kaganovich assured him that the plotters had a majority in the Presidium[19] When Khruschev prevailed at the Central Committee meeting, he was furious over what he saw as Shepilov's betrayal. Shepilov was ousted from the Central Committee on June 29, 1957 and vilified in the press along with Molotov, Malenkov and Kaganovich, the only 3 other Soviet leaders whose participation in the coup attempt was made public at the time. Shepilov was friend of Marshal Georgy Zhukov and perhaps that was one of the reasons why a few months later Zhukov himself was removed from the office.

After losing his Central Committee positions, Shepilov was sent to Kyrgizstan to head the Economics Institute of the local Academy of Sciences, but was soon demoted to deputy director. Kyrgyzstan (ˈkɻ̩gɪztɑn (AmE or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия or Киргизстан or Кыргызстан In 1960 he was recalled to Moscow, expelled from the Soviet Academy of Sciences and sent to the Soviet State Archive (Gosarkhiv) to work as a clerk, where he remained until his retirement in 1982. Following a second wave of denunciations of the "Anti-Party Group" at the 22nd Communist Party Congress in November 1961, Shepilov was expelled from the Communist Party on 21 February 1962. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 1976 he was allowed to re-join the Communist Party, but remained on the sidelines.

When Khruschev was ousted as the Soviet leader in October 1964, Shepilov began working on his memoirs, a project which he continued intermittently until circa 1970. His papers were lost after his death at age 89 in Moscow, but were eventually found and published in 2001.

Trivia

Cliché and joined with them Shepilov was so persvisive in the press that it became part of folklore:

Both of these jokes make reference to the way the Soviet press described the plotters against Khrushchev--the three main plotters "and joined with them Shepilov. "

Preceded by
Vyacheslav Molotov		 Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union
1956–1957		 Succeeded by
Andrei Gromyko

Bibliography

Autobiography

Other works in English

Other works in Russian

Notes

  1. ^ For example, Victor Israelyan calls Shepilov "Aleksanrd Shepilov" in On the Battlefields of the Cold War: A Soviet Ambassador's Confession, Penn State Press, 2003, ISBN 0-271-02297-3, p. 70, and Pier Horensma calls Shelepin "Aleksanr Shepilov" in The Soviet Arctic, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-05537-7, p. 112
  2. ^ William Taubman. Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, New York, W. W. Norton and Co. , 2003, ISBN 0-393-05144-7 p. 314.
  3. ^ Transcripts of frank conversations between Zhdanov and Shepilov in Jonathan Brent and Vladimir Naumov. Stalin's Last Crime: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors, 1948-1953, Harper Collins Publishers, 2003, ISBN 0-06-093310-0 p. 79.
  4. ^ See Alexei Kojevnikov. "Games of Stalinist Democracy: ideological discussions in the Soviet sciences 1947-1952" in Stalinism: New Directions, ed. Sheila Fitzpatrick, London, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-15234-8 p. 158-159
  5. ^ Current Digest of the Soviet Press, Volume 4, No. 50, 24 January 1953, p. 15.
  6. ^ I primknuvshii k nim Shepilov: pravda o cheloveke uchyonom, voine, politike, eds. Tamara Tochanova and Mikhail Lozhnikov, Moscow, 1998, pp. 127-28, 180-82, 281-82
  7. ^ See Yoram Gorlizki, Oleg V Khlevniuk. Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945-1953, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-516581-0 p. 215
  8. ^ Taubman, op. cit. , p. 313.
  9. ^ Pravda, January 24, 1955. Quoted in Lawrence Freedman. Sir Lawrence David Freedman is Professor of War Studies at King's College London, a post he has held since 1982 The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 (third edition), ISBN 0-312-02843-1 p. 140
  10. ^ Roger D. Markwick. Rewriting History in Soviet Russia, New York, Palgrave, 2001, ISBN 0-333-79209-2 p. 262, note 146
  11. ^ Quoted in Taubman, op. cit. , p. 312
  12. ^ Rami Ginat. The Soviet Union and Egypt, 1945-1955, London, Frank Cass and Company Ltd. , 1993, ISBN 0-7146-3486-7 pp. 213-214.
  13. ^ USSR: Communist Party: Presidium at www.archontology.org
  14. ^ Since Central Committee Secretaries were only appointed and dismissed by infrequent Central Committee plenary meetings, Shepilov formally retained the post until the next meeting
  15. ^ Laurent Rucker. "The Soviet Union and the Suez Crisis", in The 1956 War: Collusion and Rivalry in the Middle East, ed. David Tal, London, Frank Cass Publishers, 2001, ISBN 0-7146-4394-7 pp. 67-82.
  16. ^ USSR: Communist Party: Secretariat at www.archontology.org
  17. ^ L. N. Lebedinsky. "Rayok: The Music Lesson" in Modernism and Music: An Anthropology of Sources, ed. Daniel Albright, University of Chicago, 2004, ISBN 0-226-01267-0 p. 363. Also see Daniel Zhitomirsky. "Shostakovich the public and the private: reminiscences, materials, comments" in Daugava, 1990, No. 3. An English translation is available online as of March 2006
  18. ^ Quoted in David Caute. The Dancer Defects: The Struggle for Cultural Supremacy During the Cold War, Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-19-924908-3 p. 457
  19. ^ Taubman. op. cit. , p. 313.

References

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